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Is to study the character of deflection of fragments of a semi-jacketed shell (a semi-jacketed bimetallic bullet with a lead core of a 5.45×39 mm cartridge for the Saiga carbine) and the ejection of fragments of the triplex glass shot with it. The experiments results showed that when a triplex glass pierced at an angle of 60° with respect to the sightline, there is a deflection towards the normal line of the flight direction of the shell and obstacle fragments. The shell speed far exceeds the ballistic limit, but the fragments speed is much lower and the trajectory is formed by alternating waves of compression and decompression.Исследование характера отклонения осколков огнестрельного полуоболочечного снаряда (полуоболочечная биметаллическая пуля со свинцовым сердечником патрона 5,45×39 мм к карабину «Сайга») и выброса осколков пораженного им триплексного стекла. В результате экспериментальных исследований установили, что при пробитии триплексного стекла, расположенного под углом 60º по отношению к линии прицеливания, происходит отклонение в сторону нормали не только направления полета осколков снаряда, но и осколков преграды. Скорость снаряда значительно превышает баллистический предел, однако выброс осколков происходит со значительно меньшей скоростью и формируется чередующимися волнами сжатия и разгрузки.

The purpose of our work was to assess the capabilities of the SEM in the framework of expert studies of gunshot injuries of targets made of cotton fabric. In the study of experimental injuries resulting from shots fired from the KO-M1-98 carbine with 8x57JS cartridges at various distances (from the stop to 3.5 m), the presence of features of the soot morphology was established, by which it is possible to judge the distance of the shot. Thus, by examining fragments of target tissue from the central and peripheral zones of soot deposition, electron microscopy revealed a change in the ratio, intensity, and topography of soot particles. The energy-dispersion analysis revealed that with increasing distance, the number of chemical elements that make up the capsule decreases, with the exception of tin, which has an unstable inversely proportional bond.Оценка возможностей сканирующей электронной микроскопии при проведении экспертных исследований огнестрельных повреждений мишеней из хлопчатобумажной ткани. При исследовании экспериментальных повреждений, полученных в результате выстрелов из карабина КО-М1-98 патронами 8х57JS на различных расстояниях (от упора до 3,5 м), установлено наличие особенностей морфологии копоти, по которым можно судить о дистанции выстрела. Так, исследуя фрагменты ткани мишени из центральной и периферической зон отложения копоти с помощью электронной микроскопии, установили изменение соотношения, интенсивности и топографии частиц копоти. При энергодисперсионном анализе установлено, что с увеличением расстояния количество химических элементов, входящих в состав капсюля, уменьшается, за исключением олова, которое имеет неустойчивую обратно пропорциональную связь.

This article reports the results of a forensic medical expertise of the gunshot wound in a serviceman wearing a bulletproof vest with special reference to the behaviour of the bullet that underwent deformation upon hitting the jacket. The authors emphasize the difficulty of differential diagnostics between the entry and exit wounds in the cases like that described in the paper. A series of experiments provided the data suggesting the specific mechanism by which exit gunshot wounds are formed in those parts of the body that adjoin the material from which the bulletproof vest is made. Special attention is given to the morphological features of such wounds and injuries to the biological tissues.Приведено судебно-медицинское исследование огнестрельного ранения военнослужащего пулей, деформировавшейся в результате удара о бронежилет, надетый на потерпевшем. Отмечена сложность проведения дифференциальной диагностики входной и выходной ран в подобных случаях. В серии экспериментов изучили особый механизм образования выходных огнестрельных ранений в частях тела, непосредственно соприкасающихся с бронезащитой, особую морфологию таких ранений и повреждений тканей одежды.

The objective of the present study was to obtain the ballistic characteristics of the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the 18×45T cartridges of the 'Osa' pistol produced by different manufacturers. The experiments included a series of shots fired from the 'Osa' pistol with the use of cartridges having an energy of 85 Joules ('Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad) and 88 Joules ('A+A', Ltd, Tula). The shooting distance varied from the point blank range to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. The targets were either the femoral soft tissue of the cut-off human lower extremity, white cotton fabric, and the 1-5 cm high gelatin cylinder 25 cm in diameter. The experiments have demonstrated that the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the cartridges manufactured by the 'Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad, served as an additional factor of the shot responsible for the penetrating power of the ammunition at a distance of 50 cm. The data on the composition of metals used for the manufacturing of the igniting primers under consideration are presented.Цель исследования - установление баллистических характеристик капсюля (электровоспламенителя) для патрона 18×45Т различных производителей. Провели серию выстрелов из пистолета 'Оса' с использованием патронов, обладающих энергией 85 Дж (ООО 'Новые оружейные технологии', Сергиев Посад), и патронов с энергией 88 Дж (ООО 'А+А', Тула). Выстрелы осуществляли с расстояния: в упор, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 и 50 см. В качестве мишеней использовали мягкие ткани бедра ампутированной нижней конечности, белую бязь и цилиндрические мишени из желатина диаметром 25 см, высотой 1-5 см. Экспериментально установлено, что капсюль (электровоспламенитель) патронов производства ООО 'Новые оружейные технологии' (Сергиев Посад) выступает в качестве дополнительного фактора выстрела на расстоянии до 50 см и обладает проникающей способностью. Определен состав металлов, которые используются при изготовлении данного капсюля.

The objective of the present study was to improve the method for the calculation and graphical sighting with the use of the modern program products for three-dimensional visualization.Цель исследования - усовершенствование метода расчетно-графического визирования с помощью современных программных продуктов трехмерной визуализации.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the possibility of using computer-assisted three-dimensional modeling for the solution of selected problems of forensic medical expertise. This approach is illustrated by an example of the reconstruction of the scene of action and circumstances of the injury taking into consideration blood stains.

The objective of the present work was to study the mechanisms of formation of the gunshot fracture of the flat bones with special reference to the translational and rotational motion of the projectile. A total of 120 real and experimental injuries of this type were available for the investigation with the use of simulation by the finite-elemental analysis. A set of morphological features has been identified that make it possible to determine the direction of rotation of the gunshot projectile.

The mechanisms of formation of gunshot fractures in flat bones inflicted by a semispherical bullet were investigated using expert and experimental materials. The process of crack formation was considered in terms of the Hertzian contact problem and the Hill-Johnson model. It was shown that the fracture develops as a result of combination of stresses and strains in the bone tissue leading to the formation of a hydrostatic nucleus prior to tissue fragmentation. Dynamic fluctuations (waves) generated in the zone of hydrostatic compression resulting from the gunshot injury propagate with the velocity of sound from the nucleus in the direction of the bullet movement. According to the Hill-Johnson model, the waves propagate in the direction of the impact within a parabolically expanding space; this accounts for the mechanism of formation of parabolic cracks and the specific shape of the defect that the bullet produces in the flat bones. The dynamic load applied by means of an indentor forms at a higher rate than the velocity of sound in the affected material. It gives reason to consider the effect of a bullet moving with the speed of 250 m/s as quasi-static loading. The results obtained in this study make a contribution to the theory of impact effect of a bullet and provide a deeper insight into the physical nature of the direct and sideway action of a gunshot projectile. Moreover, they explain the cause behind the widening of the outlet part of the perforating fracture in the flat bones.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the specific features of the injuries inflicted by rubber bullets of traumatic weapons based on the results of real and experimental observations. Morphological characteristics of external lesions are presented as determined by peculiarities of tissue destruction caused by mechanical impact. Metric characteristics of morphological features of contour (circular) bruises and elastic projectiles coincide with the dimensional ratio in the model of interaction of interest, i.e. the action of a dull indenter on the elastoplastic semispace.

A method for the three-dimensional modeling is proposed designed to enhance the objective value of situational expert investigations of the mechanism of gunshot wounds. The method was successfully validated in a number of forensic medical situational studies and allowed their objectiveness, demonstrativeness, and evidentiary force to be significantly improved.