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Ağaçlandırmalar dünya ormanlık alanının %7’sini oluşturmasına karşın, toplam odun hammaddesi üretiminin %50’sini karşılamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, ABD’nin güney eyaletlerinde 1950’lerden bu yana çok başarılı ağaçlandırma çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmalar için özel kuruluşlar, devlet orman işletmeleri ve üniversitenin bir araya geldiği bir kooperatif sistemi oluşturulmuştur. 1950’lerden bu yana ağaçlandırma alanları yaklaşık 15 kat, yıllık ortalama artım ise beş kat artırılmıştır. Ayrıca yıllık ortalama artımda sağlanan bu başarının bir sonucu olarak da idare süreleri 50 yıldan 18 yıla inmiştir. Türkiye’de de yarım yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir ağaçlandırma çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. Ayrıca ağaç ıslahında da Türkiye’de en büyük yayılış alanına sahip kızılçam için iyi bir alt yapı olduğu görülmektedir. Türkiye’deki ağaçlandırma çalışmalarının, devlet ve özel sektör tarafından geniş ölçüde benimsenmiş, ormancılık yönetiminin ayrılmaz bir parçası haline getirilmiş, sürdürülebilir bir yapı gösteremediği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda ABD’nin güney eyaletlerinde yapılan ağaçlandırma çalışmaları incelenmiş ve Türkiye için bir değerlendirme yapılarak, öneriler getirilmiştir.

Rationalization and optimization of work is becoming increasingly important in the European forestry sector. In this study a tool for modeling three different precommercial thinning approaches in young beech mountain stands was developed based on several field studies. The simulation examines three primary types of precommercial thinning: selective thinning and two types of situational thinning. We studied the impact of the number of candidates/crop trees and the impact of harvesting intensity on the structure and consumption of productive time. We found that in terms of costs situational precommercial thinning is more rational than selective precommercial thinning, that harvesting intensity has a significant impact on time consumption and that the number of candidates or crop trees has a significant impact on time consumption as well as on the relationships between main and auxiliary productive time. The modeling has shown that situational thinning is an alternative to selective thinning and that, in addition to requiring smaller and more efficient harvesting machines, it offers a cost-effective and ergonomic option (more walking, less chainsaw operation) for the pre-commercial thinning of young forest.

Regional climate change projections for Europe agree in predicting a statistically significant warming in all seasons. The most significant climate change effect is its impact on water cycle through altering precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration processes at multiple scales. The anticipated changes in the distribution and precipitation amounts together with continuously increasing temperatures may induce a higher rate of water consumption in plants, which can generate changes in soil moisture, groundwater, and the water cycle. Thus, climate change can cause changes in the water balance equations structure. A Thornthwaite-type monthly step water balance model was established to compare the water balance in three different surface land cover types: (i) a natural forested area; (ii) a parcel with mixed surface cover; (iii) an agricultural area. The key parameter of the model is the water storage capacity of the soil. Maximal rooting depth of the given area is also determinable during the calibration process using actual evapotranspiration (AET) and soil physical data. The locally calibrated model was employed for assessing future AET and soil moisture of selected land cover types using data from four bias-corrected regional climate models. The projections demonstrate increasing actual evapotranspiration values in each surface cover type at the end of the 21st century. Regarding the 10th percentile minimum soil moisture values, the forested area displayed an increasing trend, while the agricultural field and mixed parcel showed a strong decrease. The 30-year monthly means of evapotranspiration shows the maximum values in June and July, while the minimum soil moisture in September. Water stress analysis indicates water stress is expected to occur only in the agricultural field during the 21st century. The comparison of the three surface covers reveals that forest has the greatest soil water storage capacity due to the highest rooting depth. Thus, according to the projections for 21st century, less water stress is predicted to occur at the forested area compared to the other two surface covers which shows shallow rooting depth.

Through a common garden (provenance) experiment, we investigated the metabolic responses to climatic stress with regard to the acclimation potential of different European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations. Selected enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were analyzed in leaves. Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity, total protein content as well as ABTS [2.2’-azino-bis-(3-etylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid] antioxidant capacity were measured in the leaves of selected populations. Major leaf polyphenols were identified and their relative amounts were compared. Significant correlations were found between phenotypic (diameter growth) response to simulated climatic stress and the activity (and amount) of selected chemical components. The concentrations of certain polyphenols, POD enzyme activity, and total protein content may be chemical indicators of the acclimation potential of populations and may contribute to the forecasting of climate change effects, which can aid in the selection of suitable propagation material for adaptive silviculture.

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) has been cultivated since centuries in Mediterranean areas for its products and economic benefits, including edible pine nuts, timber, mushrooms, firewood, and grazing. However, current management objectives of stone pine stands also include recreational use, biodiversity conservation, protection from soil erosion, and CO2 fixation. Stone pine stands are considered to be among the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change, and the current increase in drought frequency in the Mediterranean Basin has been shown to negatively impact their long-term establishment. Understanding the effects of climate change on the distribution, tree-ring growth and water use of stone pine forests can help assessing the adaptive capacity of the species, and developing management programs aimed at its conservation. This paper reviews the impacts of climate change on stone pine in the Mediterranean region. The high sensitivity of stone pine to climate change has been widely demonstrated in that: (i) climatic models predict the loss of suitable habitats and the shift of its geographical distribution in the next future; (ii) tree-ring analysis showed that winter and spring rainfalls have positive effects on growth, whereas high spring temperature has a negative effect; (iii) the strategy of stone pine to cope with water deficit affects the processes regulating its growth, including wood formation, leading to peculiar tree-ring anatomical features such as intra-annual density fluctuations. The silvicultural interventions and the most effective management strategies for stone pine forests are reviewed and discussed in the context of current climate change in the Mediterranean Basin.

Tropical forests have a great potential for the exploitation of natural resources. Among the economic activities that depend on forest resources, timber production is the most important one. Nevertheless, these activities may negatively affect wildlife, the availability of natural resources, and ecosystem process. Here we analysed the effects of low-impact logging on understory bird species richness, number of individuals captured, species composition, and assemblage structure in central Brazilian Amazon. We compared logged and unlogged areas over a period of three years (from August 2014 to May 2017). We captured a total of 180 birds and 42 species (20 families) in the logged area and 226 birds and 49 species (20 families) in the unlogged area. Bird assemblage structure in the logged area changed more intensely over the three years of study and became more similar to the assemblage found in the unlogged area. The degree of similarity (Jaccard’s index) in species composition between logged and unlogged areas increased from 18% in the third year to 39% in the fifth year after logging. The results suggest that the minor effects of low-impact logging were reduced a few years after the disturbance, probably due to ecological succession. The proximity of logged and unlogged areas and the reduced impact in the study site may facilitate the recovery of the bird assemblage after the disturbance.

With increasing concern for forest water use and anthropogenic alteration of forest structures, understanding the effects of structural changes in forests on transpiration is important. Our aim is to develop a stand transpiration model relating canopy conductance with stand sapwood area (SA) and environmental conditions for assessing the interannual variation in stand transpiration. The stand transpiration model is developed based on multiplicative empirical Gc estimations at eight Korean pine stands with different SAs. The model integrated the response of stomatal conductance to various environmental variables as vapor pressure deficit (D), photosynthetic active radiation (Q), air temperature (Ta), and soil water content (θ). The reference Gc (Gc at D=1kPa) and stomatal sensitivity to D was found to have a significant relationship with the SA, whereas other parameters like stomatal sensitivity to Q or Ta did not show significant relationships with it. The Gc model successfully reproduced changes in stand transpiration with changes in SA and climatic conditions. As this model uses SA, a simple and easily measurable structural variable, it can be easily applied to other Korean pine forests and can help estimate the spatial and temporal variations in stand transpiration.

The formation of databases of digitized vegetation relevés and the publication of content about them promote cooperation between researchers in solving problems of biodiversity analysis, the exchange of the used data, and, thus, the increase in research representativeness. The article is devoted to the review of the origin and use of the database of relevés of forest vegetation and considers the tasks in which it is used. The current stage of work is characterized as follows: improvement of the database structure, features of the stored information, replenishment of the database, issues of administration, and cooperation organization. Based on the analysis of current trends in the vegetation science and taking into account the features of information stored in the database, the relevant scientific problems, for the solution of which the use of the database is promising, and technical tasks that need to be solved to ensure its continued use were formulated.

The regular planting and periodic harvesting of a single tree species are features of plantations, which are associated with a reduction of biodiversity. Such plantations are strongly encouraged to be converted into mixed forests. However, the spatial structure dynamics of plantations during the conversion process are poorly understood. In subtropical regions, thinned forest of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook.) and mixed forest of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei Dandy are considered two ideal modes of plantation management. In this study, we analyzed the spatial structure dynamics of two forest stands and their six main tree populations over a rotation of 27 years, using spatial point analyses. We found that Chinese fir and M. macclurei had a regular distribution pattern (scale, r = 0-1 m) in the early stages of planting (1993), and Chinese fir maintained this pattern after experiencing self-thinning and selective cutting. In addition, non-planted tree species (i.e., natural regeneration of late-seral species, NRLSS) displayed significantly intraspecific clumping, which resulted in the distribution patterns of the forest stands changing from regular to aggregated (r = 0-5.5, 1-20 m), and the species distribution of mixed forest changed from random to clumped (r = 0-20 m). Moreover, during the management period (1993-2018), individuals were significantly differentiated in terms of size, and some small trees in the thinned forest were aggregated together. For the NRLSS, the diameter at breast height was randomly distributed (r = 0-20 m). Furthermore, Chinese fir and M. macclurei were separated at r = 0-1 m in the planting stage, but any pair of the six main populations in the thinned forest and mixed forest were randomly correlated over a rotation. Finally, the nearest neighbor distance of the stands became shorter after conversion, while the values for Chinese fir increased. After 25 years, the mixed plantation and the thinned plantation had a complex spatial structure. They develop towards natural forests and could be used as a template for future plantation management.

Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus dunnii are the most planted tree species in Uruguay. Anticipating information about the quantity and quality of wood is important for managing intensive forest plantation. The estimate of merchantable and total wood volume is an essential tool in forest planning and management. The aim of this study was to evaluate four systems of taper and merchantable volume that consisted in a taper, a merchantable volume and a total tree volume function. A modified second-order continuous autoregressive error structure corrected the inherent serial autocorrelation of different observations in one tree. Taper and volume equations were fitted simultaneously after autocorrelation correction by full information maximum likelihood method. The segmented system proposed by Fang et al. (2000) produced the best fit as it explained more than 98% of the taper, merchantable volume and total volume variability for both species. In addition, precision of the segmented system was compared with and without incorporating stand density as a variable. Results of this analysis showed that for E. grandis, the predictive accuracy of the model was improved by including the stand density variable, whereas for E. dunnii this variable was not statistically significant. This modelling framework provides an improvement in taper and tree volume predictions for E. dunnii and E. grandis in Uruguay. The possibilities offered by this methodology could be of interest for its application in countries where fast growing plantations are managed.

Forest planning, forest management, and forest policy require updated, reliable, and harmonized spatial datasets. In Italy a national geographic Forest Information System (FIS) designed to store and facilitate the access and analysis of spatial datasets is still missing. Among the different information layers which are useful to start populating a FIS, two are essential for their multiple use in the assessment of forest resources: (i) forest mapping, and (ii) data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS). Both layers are not available wall-to-wall for Italy, though different local sources of information potentially useful for their implementation already exist. The objectives of this work were to: (i) review forest maps and ALS data availability in Italy; (ii) develop for the first time a high resolution forest mask of Italy which was validated against the official statistics of the Italian National Forest Inventory; (iii) develop the first mosaic of all the main ALS data available in Italy producing a consistent Canopy Height Model (CHM). An on-line geographic FIS with free access to both layers from (ii) and (iii) was developed for demonstration purposes. The total area of forest and other wooded lands computed from the forest mask was 102.608.82 km2 (34% of the Italian territory), i.e., 1.9% less than the NFI benchmark estimate. This map is currently the best wall-to-wall forest mask available for Italy. We showed that only the 63% of the Italian territory (the 60% of the forest area) is covered by ALS data. These results highlight the urgent need for a national strategy to complete the availability of forest data in Italy.

The use of wood ash as a soil amendment in afforestation and reforestation efforts is increasing. While most studies suggest benefits or neutral results on tree growth and survival, a few studies indicate adverse effects. Hybrid larch, jack pine and white spruce were studied at three northwestern Quebec plantation sites after they received wood ash at two application rates. Soil chemical properties, foliar nutrients and seedling growth and mortality were monitored over a period of eight years. The response of soil to ash application was mostly observed in the forest floor and was more pronounced in year 3 than year 8, likely due to the acidifying nature of the boreal soils studied. Jack pine growth increased linearly with wood ash application rates, white spruce growth showed an inconsistent and delayed positive response under the higher application rate, and hybrid larch growth and survival were either increased or decreased under the lower application rate depending of site but decreased at all sites under the higher application rate. The divergence in growth response between tree species underlines a trade-off between species with rapid acquisition of resources (e.g., pine, larch) to species that use more conservative strategies and store nutrients in their tissues for longer periods (e.g., spruce). In the case of hybrid larch, it accumulated larger amounts of Mn in its needles under the higher application rate and thus, the high bioavailability of Mn appears to have been detrimental to its survival and growth. Its higher sensitivity to Mn addition from ash is likely due to its highly acquisitive (nutrients) nature compared to other coniferous species as well as the initial levels of available Mn levels in the soil. The contrasted growth responses reported here under similar growing conditions highlight the importance of identifying suitable species, sites and application rates to maximize the benefits of wood ash amendments for future tree plantations in the boreal forest.

In this study, cone production, altitude and growth characteristics (height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter) were related, and also some genetics parameters were estimated. The data were collected from 150 individual trees of three natural populations sampled altitudinal (P1 260 m, P2 740 m, P3 1100 m) of Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) in Mugla-Fethiye district in 2020. Fertility variation based on cone production was found to be 1.91 for one old cones and 1.77 for two old cones in all populations. Genetic relatedness was estimated at 0.006 for one year cones and 0.005 for two year old cones in all populations. The number of effective parents was found to be 78 and 84 for one year and two year cones, respectively. As a result of the correlation analysis applied, statistically significant (p

Humus forms are good indicators of environmental conditions and thus important in forest ecological processes. Altitudinal gradients are considered as natural laboratory for evaluating soil ecological processes and humus form distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the macromorphology of humus forms along an altitudinal gradient (0-2000 m a.s.l.) covered with plain forest, mixed and pure forests and forest-grassland ecotone, in Alborz Mountains in northern Iran. In total, 225 humus profiles were evaluated. Forest stand variables including tree density, basal area, crown density, and height, forest floor and soil physico-chemical properties along with biological features were measured. We found that altitudinal gradients influence both humus forms distribution and soil properties but with different mechanisms. While soil properties (i.e., temperature, pH, CaCO3, soil N content, soil C/N and microbial biomass N) were significantly correlated with altitude, the forest floor properties were more influenced by tree species composition. Particularly, the abundance of Mull was decreased in plain mixed forests compared to mountain pure forests, whereas the frequency of Amphi was increased. Moreover, Oligomull and Leptoamphi were abundant in mixed beech forests, while Eumacroamphi, Eumesoamphi and Pachyamphi were only observed in pure beech forests. Such a distribution influenced soil fertility where higher values of nitrogen (N), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and pH were observed at lower altitudes under mixed forests compared to pure forests at higher altitudes.

Estimating carbon stocks in wooded systems is crucial to quantify national greenhouse gas balance estimates. However, inaccurate estimates are likely due to the divergent architecture of many species. The monkey puzzle tree Araucaria araucana, with its umbrella-like architecture is a vivid example. This species, often found in monodominant stands at high elevations, is the greatest carbon reservoir in the landscape, hence estimating its carbon storage is crucial. To provide the necessary basis for these estimations, we documented the variation in basic density and moisture content along the stem profile, identified the most suitable biomass estimation models, and quantified biomass allocation for three age ranges. We measured, felled, weighed, and separated trees into three categories: stem wood, stem bark, and foliage (branches + scaly leaves). The log-linear form of the simple allometric equation Y = aXb, based on diameter at breast height as the explanatory variable, covered a large part of the variation and showed good cross-validation performance (>0.96). Models using more covariates achieved lower absolute errors, but the estimation of the additional model parameters was associated with greater uncertainty. A multi-objective model comparison revealed that the best additional covariate to further improve biomass estimation was total tree height. The mean absolute percentage error was 9.8% for the total aboveground biomass, 8% for stem wood, 12% for stem bark and 24% for foliage. Changes in biomass distribution among tree components were related to age. For older trees, there was a relative increase in stem wood, a decreased proportion of foliage, but no change in stem bark. The proportion of stem bark biomass is similar to that of Araucaria angustifolia, but higher than in other conifers and most trees in general. Our results provide key properties for A. araucana and general guidance for the selection of easily-measurable variables allowing for excellent predictive power for local biomass estimation.

With global nitrogen (N) deposition continuously increasing, few reports exist describing how soil bacteria respond at the molecular level to long-term addition of excess N in variously aged forests. To reveal the responses of soil bacteria to the elevated N, an experiment was conducted with a chronic nutrient addition within differently aged stands (46-, 78-, and 200-years-old) in the northern subtropical China since 2011, including three treatments, CK (no N nor phosphorus (P) additions), N treatment (N, 100 kg N ha-1), and N with P (N+P, 100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P ha-1) to examine potential P limitation under N deposition. Metagenomic sequencing was used to examine the snapshot responses of soil bacterial communities. Soil moisture and texture, ammonium, nitrate, SOC (soil organic carbon), TN (soil total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus), DOC (dissolved organic carbon), DON (dissolved organic nitrogen) were measured to explain the influence mechanism of forest age and fertilization on changes of microbial community. Following N addition, soil bacterial community diversity and most dominant phyla increased, but they showed a decrease with increasing stand age. The effects of fertilization on the same taxa were variable across forest ages. Soil bacterial community responded differently in 7-year fertilization, with distinct shift in 46-year-old forest and adaptability to long-term N addition in the 200-year-old forest. Soil texture and moisture, DOC, DON, pH, SOC/TN and TP were significantly correlated with bacterial community across stand ages, while N fertilization affected the bacterial community mostly via inducing soil moisture, NO3--N, DOC and pH in the 46-year-old forest, whose effects decreased with increasing stand age. Our results suggest that due to the variation of soil physicochemical properties among forest ages, soil bacterial communities are more stable and resilient to N deposition with increasing the age of stands. Soil bacterial communities might not encounter P limitation following the long-term addition of N in the subtropics.

We propose a method to classify priority sites for Atlantic Rainforest restoration aiming to increase basin streamflows. The Rainfall Forest to Water Production (RFWP) method uses multicriteria analysis supported by GIS techniques and hydrological modeling. The method was applied to the Itapemirim River Basin, southeastern Brazil. The application of RFWP provided a map of areas with different priority for forest restoration by overlapping standardized numerical criteria with different weights (climatological, soil type/land use, and relief). The results indicated the influence of the wide distribution of the restoration sites on the streamflows. The RFWP proved to be suitable for the spatial analysis of the effect of different restoring areas on streamflows. Based on simulated scenarios, an increase in the native forest cover by restoration up to 27.6% of the basin area is expected to significantly enhance water production. The priority areas where forest restoration could better contribute to increase streamflows were delineated, especially at high altitude and in pastures, which are mostly in degraded conditions.

Old-growth forests have an important role in maintaining animal and plant diversity, are important carbon (C) reservoirs and are privileged sites to study long-term plant physiological responses, long-term forest dynamics and climate change impact on forest ecosystems. Several studies have highlighted how old-living trees undergo age-related declines with hydraulic limitations and reduction in photosynthesis, though some recent works have suggested that such a decline is not always observed. Our study aims at understanding the role of atmospheric CO2 increase on tree C uptake and stomatal conductance (gs) in old-living trees by analysing the long-term patterns of tree growth and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in three old-growth forests in the Balkans (Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro), using dendrochronology and isotopic analysis. We hypothesised a long-term increase in iWUE in the studied old-growth forests, mostly related to enhanced photosynthesis rather than reduced stomatal conductance. Tree cores were sampled from dominant silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) trees in each forest. Tree-ring widths were measured and basal area increments (BAI) were assessed for each sampled tree and, from the six longest chronologies, five decades were chosen for cellulose extraction, its isotopic analysis (δ13C, δ18O), iWUE and leaf water 18O evaporative enrichment above the source water (Δ18OL) determination. We observed a continuous and significant increase in iWUE from 1800 to 2010 in the sampled dominant trees at all the three old-growth forests. Our BAI data and our estimates of Δ18OL across the study period support the idea that enhanced photosynthesis rather than reduced stomatal conductance is the major driver of the measured iWUE increase. Thus, our results support some recent findings challenging the hypothesis that iWUE in forests is primarily the result of a CO2-induced reduction in stomatal conductance as well as the so called hydraulic limitation hypothesis.

Leaching of leaf litter is the primary source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forest soils. However, the interspecific variations of litter-derived DOM characteristics and biodegradation and their controlling factors remain unclear in subtropical plantations. Using fresh leaf litter of two broadleaf trees (Liquidambar formosana and Schima superba) and two coniferous trees (Pinus massoniana and P. elliottii) in subtropical plantations of China, we assessed the effects of tree species on the amounts and properties of litter-derived DOM with a short-term leaching experiment, and examined the interspecific variation of DOM biodegradation using a 56-day laboratory incubation method. Broadleaf tree litter generally leached higher amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) than coniferous tree litter. Compared with coniferous trees, broadleaf trees had higher DOM aromaticity and molecular weight, but lower DOC:DTP and DTN:DTP ratios in the litter leachates. Despite greater DOM aromaticity and molecular weight, broadleaf trees had higher litter-derived DOM biodegradation than coniferous trees because of the relatively lower DOC:DTP and DTN:DTP ratios. These results indicate the distinct patterns of litter-derived DOM characteristics and biodegradation between broadleaf and coniferous trees, and also highlight the predominant role of C:N:P stoichiometry in driving the interspecific variation of litter-derived DOM biodegradation in subtropical plantations of China.

The economic loss caused by herbivore browsing in forest plantations is a concerning problem in many areas around the world. Information on the spatial distribution of browsing damage is important for forest owners when selecting locations for new plantations, because planting trees in areas of high browsing pressure increases economic losses. Although it is difficult to survey browsing damage across large areas, sporadic sampling data on browsing damage are often collected by foresters, governments, and researchers. Thus, in this study, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) for analysis of sporadic data to reveal large-scale spatial variation in deer (Cervus nippon) browsing damage. A map of browsing pressure produced by a GAM that used years after planting (plantation age) and location as independent factors showed a few areas of high browsing pressure. In addition, browsing damage increased with increasing plantation age, and plantation stands aged 2+ years showed more browsing damage. Areas with high browsing damage estimated based on plantation stands aged 2+ years generally coincided with areas of high deer abundance, with some exceptions. Thus, this model reflects large-scale browsing damage relatively well and will help forest owners to avoid locating new plantations in areas of high browsing pressure.

Long-distance-exploration type (LDET) ectomycorrhizae have been reported to be best adapted to infertile soils, but variation within LDET ectomycorrhizae have not been thoroughly examined. Concentrations of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in LDET ectomycorrhizae were examined in Xerocomus-Pinus sylvestris and Scleroderma-Quercus petraea ectomycorrhizae. The study determined how concentrations of these elements vary in ectomycorrhizae in fertile (organic, uppermost mineral) and infertile (brunic) soil layers. The organic horizon in both Scots pine and sessile oak forest soils had the highest mineral status and exchange cations. In contrast, low mineral concentrations, high base saturation, and pH were characteristic of the brunic horizon in both forest stands. Xerocomus ectomycorrhizae had a higher concentration of N in the fertile (organic and uppermost mineral) soil horizons (3.4%) than in the infertile (brunic) soil horizon (2.2%). N concentration in Scleroderma ectomycorrhizae varied from 2.8%-3.0 % and did not differ between the studied soil horizons. The mean concentration of carbon in Xerocomus ectomycorrhizae varied from 29%-46% in Scots pine stands and from 41%-44% in Scleroderma ectomycorrhizae in sessile oak stands. The concentration of carbon in both Xerocomus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizae was significantly higher in the fertile horizons (organic and uppermost mineral) compared to the brunic (infertile) horizon. In summary, the analysis conducted in the present study indicates that the LDET ectomycorrhizae, Xerocomus and Scleroderma, possess inherent variations in C and N content to manage soil resources.

Wood quality results from the interaction between the genotype of trees and the silvicultural conditions to which they were subjected. Based on this interaction, research on the factors that add value to the woody raw material has an impact on the production of various forest products. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different planting spacings (3×1, 3×2, 3×3 and 3×4 m) on the wood properties of three 4-year-old Eucalyptus clones. The wood of each clone was evaluated based on basic density, dry mass, anatomy, structural chemical composition, ash content and higher heating value. For at least one of the three clones studied, the planting spacing explained the variations in the basic density, dry mass, diameter and frequency of vessels and wall thickness of the wood fibers. Regardless of the eucalyptus clone, the area of vessels, the length and fraction of the fiber wall, as well as the contents of extractives, lignin, ash and the higher heating value of the wood were not influenced by the planting spacing. In summary, the change in the useful area alters the properties of wood in eucalyptus genetic materials in different ways and intensities at 4 years old.

The Tuscan Region (Central Italy) spends about 12 million euros every year in the prevention and suppression of forest fires. In this context, this study aims to analyse the economic and environmental benefits derived from fire suppression activities. Starting from a case study of a real fire event in Tuscany, we simulated three hypothetical scenarios (with different fire durations) without fire extinction activities planned by using the open source software FARSITE. Benefits derived from fire extinction activities can be quantified as the avoided damage, which has been calculated through the estimation of the total economic value of forests not destroyed by fire thanks to the extinction action. The avoided damage is represented by the difference between values of forest areas burned by the real fire event and those burned by simulated fire. By providing an economic estimation of avoided damages, our results confirm that forest fire services and forest management have a high impact on both the economy and the environment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of multivariate models using Near infrared (NIR) spectra for predicting total extractives content of solid and powdered wood of planted and native species from tropical savanna. NIR spectra were recorded on the milled wood and radial surface of solid wood specimens of Cedrela sp., Jacaranda sp., Apuleia sp., Aspidosperma sp. and clones of Eucalyptus hybrids via an integrating sphere and fiber optics probe. NIR spectral signatures were evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then associated to the total extractive content quantified by extraction in toluene/ethanol (2:1) solutions, pure ethanol and hot water by Partial Least Squares (PLS) regressions. PCA revealed that NIR spectra measured in solid wood by integrating sphere gave a better discrimination of wood species. A global PLS model was developed based on NIR obtained by integrating sphere with satisfactory estimations both for solid wood (R²cv= 0.87, RMSECV= 1.08%) and wood powder (R²cv= 0.85, RMSECV= 1.19%). An independent test-set validation was performed with 25% of the samples and yielded R²p= 0.93 and RMSEP= 0.95% (for solid wood) and R²p= 0.87 and RMSEP= 1.40% (for wood powder). Both models can be applied for rapid screenings, though models developed from NIR spectra by integrating sphere on solid wood are considered more suitable for rapid predictions of extractive content in unknown wood specimens.

El estudio desarrolló un modelo empírico para predecir la altura dominante (H) y el índice de sitio (IS) de plantaciones de Gmelina arborea Roxb., considerando para ello variables biofísicas y de rodal. Se utilizaron datos de 160 rodales localizados en las regiones Andina, Caribe y Pacífica de Colombia. El modelo de Chapman-Richards fue seleccionado para predecir la H e IS de cada rodal. Un análisis de correlación identificó al espaciamiento relativo, la altitud y la precipitación como variables relacionadas al IS. Un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple con estas variables explicó el 70 % de la variación total observada en el IS. Estas variables incorporadas al modelo de H permitieron aumentar en 30 % y reducir en 40 y 41 % el índice de ajuste, error absoluto y error medio cuadrático, respectivamente. Los modelos desarrollados son adecuados para estimar la productividad en áreas sin historia de plantaciones forestales, adicionando flexibilidad y capacidad predictiva en un entorno cambiante.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) stands are spread over an approximately 7,000-ha belt, ranging from 150 to 700 m above sea level. The largest population of sweet chestnuts in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be found in the northwest of the country in the Bosanska Krajina area. This study aimed to determine the quality of the 16 subpopulations selected from a single large sweet chestnut population in Bosanska Krajina based on the morphological traits of fruits to determine the future selection and breeding of this promising species. We studied qualitative traits of fruits from 3 locations and 16 subpopulations of a sweet chestnut population in Bosanska Krajina. The observed traits were fruit shape, fruit embryony, and penetration of seed coat into embryo. The results showed that the most common shape of fruit in all subpopulations (except B9) was cylindrical, with a total of 41% of all tested fruits sharing that shape. Out of all subpopulations, 99.4% of the tested fruits were monoembryonic. The penetration of seed coat into embryo was absent in 74.4% of the tested fruits. This type of research of variability within a population can act as a starting point for further research on the quality of sweet chestnut fruits in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of such studies can serve as a good basis for selecting high-quality stands, breeding, and preserving genetic diversity. © 2022 by the authors.

"Fondo de Investigacion del Bosque Nativo" CONAF Project 008/2016 ANID-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional 2020-21201582

Se analizó la variación temporal de biomasa en un remanente del bosque atlántico del Alto Paraná en Paraguay, haciendo énfasis en la dinámica forestal y las clases diamétricas. Se estimó la biomasa total de los árboles con DAP ≥ 10 cm, en una parcela permanente de 1 ha ubicada en la Reserva Natural Tati Yupi de Itaipú Binacional, empleando datos de mediciones de los años 1995, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 y 2016. En 21 años hubo un aumento de biomasa de 0.82 Mg.ha-1.año-1; sin embargo, la variación no fue uniforme entre las mediciones. En los periodos 1995-2002 y 2002-2005 se presentó reducción de biomasa de 4.28 y 0.81 Mg.ha-1.año-1, principalmente debido a la elevada mortandad de los árboles. Mientras que en los lapsos de 2005-2008, 2008-2011 y 2011-2016 hubo aumento de 6.00, 2.97 y 4.53 Mg.ha-1.año-1, respectivamente. La variación fue más notable en las clases diamétricas inferiores.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Field deployable computer vision wood identification systems can be relevant in combating illegal logging in the real world. This work used 764 xylarium specimens from 84 taxa to develop an image data set to train a classifier and identify 14 commercial Colombian timbers. We took images of specimens from various xylaria outside Colombia, trained and evaluated an initial identification model and then collected additional images from a Colombian xylarium (BOFw) and incorporated these images to refine and produce a final model. The specimen classification accuracy of this final model was ~ 97%, which demonstrates that including local specimens can augment the accuracy and reliability of the XyloTron system. Our study demonstrates the first deployable computer vision model for wood identification in Colombia, which is developed on a timescale of months rather than years by leveraging on international cooperation. We conclude that field testing and advanced forensic and machine learning training are the next logical steps. Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Center for Wood Anatomy Research USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Facultad de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas DISAFA University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University Departamento de Ciências Biolôgicas (Botânica) Universidade Estadual Paulista Department of Sustainable Bioproducts Mississippi State University Departamento de Ciências Biolôgicas (Botânica) Universidade Estadual Paulista

Forest fragmentation is the separation or division of large forests into smaller units. Areas with non-forest lands significantly threaten the health. function. and value of the remaining forest. This study describes the effects of fragmentation on diversity of forest in the city of Istanbul. We obtained inventory data from local forest management and silvicultural plans (2007-7007). The data were used to determine the spatial variation in forest structure and biodiversity across six urban forest fragments in Istanbul, Turkey. We calculated a core set of patch- and class-level metrics in order to predict forest basal area within sample plots. We tested a number of regression models and employed the best-fitted model to extrapolate forest diversity across the urban forest fragments. Results indicate consistent relationship between spatial and silvicultural variables. suggesting the impact of fragmentation on the forest structure and biodiversity in Istanbul. Species richness of green spaces in urban areas was higher when compared to that of peri-urban areas. The location and the sizes of urban forests were associated with difference in societal expectations from these areas. As a consequence of the expectations, there was a change in forest structure in Istanbul. This study could be conducted for any other urban areas including large growing cities and megalopolis. Istanbul University Scientific Research ProjectsIstanbul University [3951] This project was supported by Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects No. 3951.

Importantes desafíos en la restauración de ecosistemas terrestres colombianos pueden superarse de forma parcial través de la investigación. Por tal razón, en el presente artículo de revisión hicimos un análisis bibliométrico de varios artículos para identificar los temas abordados y los vacíos usando un marco de trabajo publicado en 2017. Este marco se presenta como una agenda de investigación en ecología cuyo desarrollo tiene una aplicación directa en la práctica de la restauración. Encontramos 167 casos provenientes de 143 artículos; la mayoría trataron temas relacionados con planificación (35 %) y monitoreo de intervenciones (25 %). Pocos abordaron temas relacionados con implementación: obtención de propágulos (12 %), establecimiento de plántulas (13 %) y desempeño del material plantado (15 %). También identificamos un sesgo geográfico, ya que 93 % de los estudios se realizaron en las regiones Andina y Caribe; lo que equivale a menos de la mitad del territorio colombiano. Estos resultados y su análisis se presentan como una agenda preliminar de investigación en restauración que involucra intereses de diferentes actores.

Se evaluó la biomasa aérea acumulada en lo concerniente a familias botánicas en un bosque siempreverde piemontano sometido a diferentes grados de intervención en la zona alta de la microcuenca del río Puyo. En cinco transectos de 0.1 ha se registraron las especies con DAP ≥ 10 cm. Se encontró menor número de familias en sitios con alto grado de perturbación. La biomasa aérea varió de 161.84 a 339.70 Mg.ha-1, presentándose mayor acumulación en individuos de menor clase diamétrica. Las familias con mayor índice de valor de importancia de biomasa fueron Moraceae, Arecaceae y Euphorbiaceae, reconocidas por su potencial en cuanto a estructura y carbono. El análisis de correspondencia canónica sin tendencia (DCA) indicó variación en la contribución de biomasa para cada sitio, existiendo un pequeño número de familias para mantener las reservas de carbono. Los resultados de este estudio brindan información relevante que facilita la toma de decisiones con respecto la restauración de sitios perturbados.

Understanding how and why species abundance distributions (SADs) vary with sampling scale has been a long-standing issue in ecology. By fitting various SAD models with observations collected in three large forest field plots, the objective of this study is to explore how the shape of SADs and the predictive ability of SAD models vary with sampling scales. Based on a large dataset collected in the Changbaishan, Jiaohe and Liangshui forests in northeastern China, observed SADs were compared with SADs estimated using five different models (log-normal, broken stick, Zipf, niche preemption and neutral model) at four sampling scales (10 × 10 m, 30 × 30 m, 60 × 60 m and 90 × 90 m). The results show that the studied SADs are scale dependent. Niche-based models provided a better fit at small sample sizes, the predictive ability decreasing with increasing sampling scale. The neutral model performed better at large sample sizes, the predictive ability increasing with increasing sampling scale. We identify the models that provided the best fit to observed species abundance distributions across spatial scales, and conclude that there is not one best SAD model for all spatial scales. Future studies should consider the scale effects on the species abundance distribution.

Urban foresters require methodologies that help to select tree species for urban environments, mainly in places where there is a large number of potential species such as the Valley of Mexico. We applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select suitable native tree species that are under-represented or non-existent in Mexico City trees. Through bibliographic research, the selection criteria and the list of trees to be evaluated were selected; later, a group of specialists in urban forestry and arboriculture determined by pair-wise comparison matrices the specific weight of each selection criterion, while a set of taxonomists evaluated the rating of each attribute for each species. Finally, for practical purposes, the synthesis of both evaluations resulted in a ranking of 15 tree species according to their degree of aptitude suggested for Mexico City. According to results, Buddleja cordata, Quercus glaucoides and Litsea glaucescens obtained the highest degree of suitability as a large, medium and small-size species, respectively. The AHP proved to be an appropriate methodology to solve a complex problem through multiple criteria evaluation by diverse specialists in the subject. The implementation of the results contributes to the selection process of suitable tree species for urban environments.

In Italy, forest tree crops cover an area of about 100.000 hectares of farmland: more than half are represented by specialized poplar plantations, while the remaining consists mainly of hardwood broadleaves plantations. The profitability of poplar and hardwood broadleaved plantations, assessed by field data collected on a representative number of plantation sites, was evaluated in terms of net present value and equivalent annual value under different levels of wood prices and in presence or absence of financial public incentives. Under current market conditions the investment in specialized poplar plantations is usually positive, even without subsidies. On the contrary, hardwood broadleaves plantations usually do not provide positive financial results without public incentives, while better financial results can be obtained by polycyclic plantations including both hardwood broadleaves (medium-long rotation) and hybrid poplar (short rotation) on the same parcel.

This study aims to determine the impact of forest harvesting machinery on the temporarily moist soil of spruce forests (Picea abies Karst.) during the summer. For research purposes, we investigated 23 sites of the boreal forest in the European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk region) where logging operations had been carried out using harvesters and forwarders (CTL, cut-to-length harvesting). In the 15 years after logging, the sites were monitored for changes in physical soil properties and the depth/width of ruts and vegetation. In freshly cut areas, the depth of the ruts was linked to the amount of logging residue that had been used to strengthen skidding trails. After 15 years, the ruts were smooth but had not disappeared entirely. The average depth of the ruts decreased from 36 cm to 18 cm during the period under review. At a depth of 0-10 cm, the soil bulk density of the section between the control area and the wheel track increased by 19-27% within the first two years. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the soil bulk density only increased by 16-17% within the two-year period. After 15 years, the soil bulk density had decreased to the extent that there were no signs of heavy machinery movement. The natural restoration of vegetation in the ruts was affected by the presence of stagnant water in the initial post-logging period. Ruderal species and species with broad ecological amplitude to environmental factors grew over the skid trails. 15 years after logging, this overgrowth had stabilised, with the biodiversity level in the control area approaching its pre-logging state. Primarily, the renewal of the cutting areas occurred through species such as birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and aspen (Populus tremula L.). The highest amount of undergrowth (more than 30.000 ha-1) was detected 6-8 years after logging. This then decreases in areas that were cut down earlier. There are environmental consequences of clear-cutting (using the CTL system) on temporarily moist soil. To prevent the formation of deep ruts, it is recommended to leave 15-20 kg m-2 of felling residue.

Biomass estimation of secondary forests is required to support the emission reduction of carbon dioxide through an enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Commonly, forest biomass is indirectly estimated using tree biomass allometric models that are developed based on a destructive sampling of sample trees. The availability of biomass allometric models for secondary forests in Indonesia is still limited, particularly for secondary forest ecosystems in eastern Indonesia. This study aimed to develop allometric biomass models for mixed-species trees in a secondary forest of East Halmahera, North Maluku, and to compare their accuracies with some other allometric biomass models that commonly used for estimating biomass of secondary forests. The tree biomass measurement was conducted by using a destructive sampling of 18 mixed-species trees (with diameter range of 5,4 – 36,9 cm) in a secondary forest. The samples of each tree component (stem, branch, twig, and leaf) were analyzed in a laboratory to determine the biomass of each sample tree. Allometric models were developed by using a non-linear regression analysis, which were then compared with other allometric models. This study revealed that the biomass of mixed-species trees in the study area could be estimated accurately using the M7 model that used diameter, height, and wood density variables. Such local allometric model was more accurate than other allometric models commonly used for estimating tropical forest biomass. Alternatively, the M3 model that used diameter and height variables could also be used when wood density data was not available. The local allometric models from this study can enrich the availability of biomass allometric models for secondary forest ecosystems in eastern Indonesia. Keyword: allometric model, destructive sampling, mixed-species, REDD+ , secondary forest

Terrestrial road networks constitute the main transportation and transportation infrastructure for opening up of the forests in an optimal way. Skidding distances are tried to be shortened by constructing skidding and / or tractor roads as tertiary roads in main and secondary forest roads and forest areas that cannot be opened to operation sufficiently. Any treatment on the forest ecosystem has negative effects. Drag road networks also contain the potential to damage the forest ecosystem with their temporary and permanent effects. However, there is not enough data, information and records about how the skidding path length increases during or after the production in any production chamber or divider. The aim of this study is; to summarize the characteristics of the skidding paths, to calculate the skidding densities in some sample production blocks, and to evaluate the potential ecological effects of the skidding path networks. Within the boundaries of Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry, data on the existence of skidding paths was collected and analyzed over the pre-production and post-production satellite images of 30 randomly selected production sections using the Google Earth program. Accordingly, at the end of the production season, it was determined that the average length of the skidding road per production compartment was 3290 m and the skidding road density was 83.1 m/ha on average. When it is accepted that the skidding roads cause an area loss of 3 m width; approximately 2.5 % of 1 ha of forest area is lost due to skidding roads.

Perubahan penggunaan lahan memiliki dampak terhadap sifat fisik tanah maupun proses hidrologi daerah aliran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan sifat fisik tanah pada penggunaan lahan agroforestri dan hutan lahan kering sekunder di Sub-DAS Wuno, Kabupaten Sigi. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei dilanjutkan dengan pengambilan sampel untuk bahan analisis di Laboratorium. Analisis tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Tadulako. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel tanah ditentukan secara sengaja untuk mendapatkan 6 titik sampel. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan 3 kali untuk setiap penggunaan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tekstur tanah pada lahan agroforestri memiliki fraksi pasir 79,8%, kemudian fraksi debu 19,1%, dan fraksi liat 1,1%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder memiliki fraksi pasir 62%, fraksi debu 37,2%, dan fraksi liat 0,8%. Permeabilitas tertinggi pada kedalaman 0-20 cm ditemukan di lahan agroforestri 10,44 cm/jam, dan terendah di hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 2,29 cm/jam. Bobot isi pada lahan agroforestri adalah 1,41 g/cm3, hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 1,64 g/cm3. Porositas tanah lahan agroforestri adalah 40,85%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 22,90%. Bahan organik tanah pada lahan agroforestri adalah 4,23%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 3,81%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang cukup siginfikan terhadap parameter sifat fisik tanah diantara kedua penggunaan lahan baik pada tekstur tanah, bobot isi, dan bahan organik, namun demkian nilai porositas tanah dan permeabilitas pada lahan agroforestri lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hutan lahan kering sekunder.

The Nantu Forest in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia holds one of the few remaining pristine habitats in the island. The reserve is surrounded by human habituation which provide opportunity to study the impact of forest lost on biodversity. In addition, data on Nantu mostly focused on big mammals, as there is no previous herpetofauna survey at the area. Sampling of amphibian and reptile was conducted in June 2013 and in May–June 2014 using Visual Encounter Survey method, glue traps and transect sampling in seven different sites at the eastern part of Nantu. We categorized four habitat types based on human disturbances: high disturbed habitat (HDH), moderate disturbed habitat (MDH), low disturbed habitat (LDH) and pristine habitat (PH). A total of 680 individual amphibians (4 families; 17 species) and 119 individual reptiles (9 families; 29 species) were recorded. Species richness and species composition for amphibians and reptiles differs according to the level of human disturbances. Low level disturbances habitat demonstrated the highest diversity of amphibians and reptiles, whereas as expected, high distubed habitat showed the lowest diversity. Anthropogenic pressures in forest will decrease species richness of amphibian and reptiles. Although most amphibian and reptiles will be able to persist in low disturbances habitat, forest-dependent species will be lost when pristine forests are disturbed.

Aren (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) is a high ecological and economical value species of Indonesia. Aren grows spreading in Indonesia including at Meru Betiri National Park in the province of East Java, Indonesia. The community in Meru Betiri National Park uses aren fruit which is called kolang-kaling. Even though aren grows naturally in this area, the community has not maximized its utilization. This study aims to identify the actual and ideal conditions for aren conservation also to analyse the gap between them, and to formulate the conservation actions to realize a sustainable aren conservation in Meru Betiri National Park. The data wascollected by using vegetation analysis and in-depth interviews with all of the aren farmers. Aren regeneration in Meru Betiri National Park is categorized stable and seems to be decreased. The use of aren by the community is limited only from the fruit as kolang-kaling. There is a gap between current and ideal conditions for achieving aren sustainability. To achieve the ideal conditions, conservation actions are needed among aren farmers by utilizing agroforestry systems, increasing the value of aren, intensive coaching for aren farmers, and forming a group of aren farmer

Safety perception is the most important part of people's choice in determining tourist sites. Standing trees that are prone to falling are very dangerous for both visitors and employees. Standing tree with decay wood inside is often the cause of tree failure. Therefore, there is a need for research examining the risk of collection and non-collection trees in Bali Botanical Garden. Tree risk checks were carried out using the Tree Risk Assessment method from the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), which has been modified. The result of this research gives valuable information for the manager to determine tree handling to minimize tree risk.

Local wisdom has been coexisting with the state system in several places in Indonesia. The Mountain Mutis Nature Reserve in East Nusa Tenggara province is the strict nature reserves, but a customary land tenure system, called suf, exists so far in the nature reserve. The objectives of this study are (1) to organize the historical territorialization process, (2) to clarify the customary land tenure system and activities for livelihoods by local people, and (3) to discuss the challenges of its land tenure system to manage forests sustainably as well as policy methods to harmonize legal pluralism in Mutis Area. Field observation and in-depth interviews with key informants were employed for data collection, and the collected data were analyzed by a qualitative descriptive method. The findings showed the traditional reward and punishment systems regarding extracting non-timber forest products, grazing livestock, and preventing forest fires were working well for sustainable forest management. However, increased pressure on forests due to future population growth appears to have an impact on the traditional system. It also showed the government officers and local people started some discussions to recognize the suf in the formal legal order. However, there were institutional problems to introduce current state systems. Therefore, it is required to flexibly operate or revise the state laws according to the actual situation to harmonize society between state and people.

Limestone mining has the potential into environmental damage that involve modify an ecosystem. The attempt that contrived to reduce the disturbances are rehabilitation. This research was conducted to examine the growth response of Leucaena leucocephala inoculated with AMF and soil ameliorant in a limestone post-mining soil. The design used was a split-plot design in a completely randomized design with 3 factors. The first factor was AMF inoculum (Daemonorops draco AMF and MycoSilvi), the second factor was organic fertilizer of compost, and the third factor was inorganic fertilizer. The variables used in this study expressed by height, diameter, biomass, root colonization, and nutrient absorption of the plant. The analysis showed that the combination of MycoSilvi and compost 7.5% gave best result of height, diameter, and biomass, with significantly increased by 962.67%, 899.41% and 1440.67% to control plant. It also gave best result of nutrient uptake N, P, and K, with significantly increased up to 17.64 g plant-1, 2.42 g plant-1, and 18.05 g plant-1. In general, AMF showed a good percentage of root colonization with an average 36.67-86.67%. Further research is needed to determine the response to the growth of seedlings planted in the field.

The saprotrophic, endophytic, and parasitic fungi were detected from the samples collected in the forest of the management unit East Psunj and Papuk Nature Park in Croatia. The disease symptoms, the morphology of fruiting bodies and fungal culture, and DNA barcoding were combined for determining the fungi at the genus or species level. DNA barcoding is a standardized and automated identification of species based on recognition of highly variable DNA sequences. DNA barcoding has a wide application in the diagnostic purpose of fungi in biological specimens. DNA samples for DNA barcoding were isolated from infected tree tissues, fungal fruiting bodies or fungal cultures. The ITS or ITS2 sequences of the fungal DNA were sequenced and aligned with the reference sequences in GenBank (NCBI) using BLAST. The size of ITS and ITS2 sequences were 512-584 bp and 248-326 bp, respectively. The sequences showed a high identity of 97.21%-100% at 98%-100% coverage with reference sequences in GenBank (NCBI). The exception was the species Amphilogia gyrosa that showed 95.65% identity at 100% coverage. Two fungi were determined at genus level: Cladosporium sp., and Cytospora sp., while 11 fungi were determined at species level: Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Amphilogia gyrosa, Capronia pilosella, Cryphonectria parasitica, Exidia glandulosa, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium glabrum, Pezicula carpinea, Rosellinia corticium, and Stereum hirsutum.

Oak lace bug (OLB) Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) is native to North America. In 2000 it got to Italy and has spread for recent 20 years in many countries in Europe. In 2017 OLB first registered in Kherson region of Ukraine. The aim of the research was to summarize the first data on oak lace bug spread in Ukraine. The studies were carried out in 2020 at 31 sample plots in the south-western part of the Kherson region (46°10 ' to 47°21' N, 32°10' to 33°05' E). The sample plots were located in forest stands, shelterbelts, and oaks in cities. The age of inspected stands is from 25 to 250 years old. The presence of oak lace bug and the threat to oak trees was assessed by a point system: 0 – OLB is absent; 1 – single, one egg mass per whole plot; 2 – rare, below 10% of trees damaged; 3 – common, OLB presents not in all trees, foliage damage up to 50%; 4 – widespread, OLB presents in all trees, foliage damage up to 100%. The weighted average score of OLB presence was evaluated for different groups of stands and some of their characteristics. The specimens of OLB and the traces of their vital activity were found at 19 sample plots (61,3%). At 51.6% of sample plots examined the OLB was common or widespread. The pest is widespread at 8 sample plots, including oaks in cities Kherson, Oleshki, and Hola Prystan, Doslidne forestry of the Steppe branch of Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration named after G.M. Vysotsky (URIFFM) and Burkutske forestry of the Velikokopanske Forest & Hunting Enterprise. Mean OLB score is higher in forests than in shelterbelts and has a trend to increase with oak age. The highest OLB infestation was assessed in the sample plots neighbouring city streets and forest roads and in the sample plots near the waterway. The proportion of SP with common and widespread OLB from all inhabited plots near city streets, forest roads, and waterways exceeds 80%. The data obtained can be considered preliminary, since the reproduction, distribution, and settlement of the oak lace bug in the territory of the Kherson region began only 2 years ago.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de Sakarya, Samsun ve Bursa illerinde kavak odunu işleyen işletmelerin sosyoekonomik yapısını, yapısal özelliklerini ve sorunlarını belirlemek, işletme sahiplerinin iş doyumlarını etkileyen faktörleri saptamak, iş doyumlarının bazı temel özelliklere göre farklılığını denetlemek ve aralarındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma verileri işletmelerin kayıtlarından ve işletme sahipleriyle yapılan anketlerden elde edilmiştir. Veriler 2017-2018 yıllarında toplanmış ve 243 işletme sahibine yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle anket uygulanmıştır. Verileri değerlendirmek için tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Faktör Analizi, Kruskal-Wallis H Testi, Korelasyon ve Regresyon Analizleri kullanılmıştır. Değerlendirmeler sonucunda kavak odunu işleyen işletmelerin katma değer yaratan, istihdam sağlayan ve genellikle atölye şeklinde çalışan küçük ve orta boy işletme niteliğinde olduğu ve işletme sahiplerinin iş doyumunu etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin; (1) İşteki özerklik, başarı ve ahlaki değerler, (2) Çalışanın işteki yeterliliği, (3) İşteki güvenlik ihtiyacı ve çalışma şartları, (4) Saygınlık-iletişim-bağımsızlık, (5) Gelir düzeyi olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca işletme sahiplerinin toplam iş doyumunun bazı temel özelliklere göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sosyoekonomik yapının iyileştirilmesi, iş doyumunun ve işletmelerin verimlilik, kârlılık ve performans düzeylerinin artırılması için bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir., The aim of this study is to determine the socioeconomic structure, structural features and the problems of poplar wood-processing companies in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces in Turkey, to find out the factors affecting the job satisfaction of the business owners, to check the differences of job satisfaction according to some basic features, and to reveal the relationships between them. The data were obtained from the business records and surveys with their owners. The data were collected in 2017-2018, and a survey was conducted on 243 business owners using face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics, Factor Analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Correlation and Regression Analyses were used to evaluate the data. As a result, it has been determined that poplar wood-processing companies are small and medium-sized enterprises that create added value, provide employment and generally operate as a workshop and the most important factors affecting job satisfaction of business owners are; (1) Autonomy, success and ethical values at work, (2) Employee’s competence at work, (3) Security needs and working conditions at work, (4) Respect-communication-independence, (5) Income level. Additionally, it has been determined that the total job satisfaction of the business owners varies according to some basic features. Some suggestions were developed to improve the socioeconomic structure, to increase the job satisfaction and the productivity, profitability and performance levels of the companies.

This paper examines the identification of key indicators that could be used to measure the success of reclamation plants in post-exploration oil and gas mining areas. The main objective of this research was to find key indicators or variables for evaluating the level success of reclamation results in the post-mining of oil and gas area. In this study, 44 environmental variables of the physical, biological, soil, water and air indicators were analyzed from 70 field plots of 6 reclamation and 2 natural forest sites. The analysis methods included (1) cluster analysis using the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering method with the Ward's method, and (2) quadratic discriminant analysis. The results of the clustering analysis showed that there were some clusters due to variation of biomass, water, soil and air conditions. The three clusters developed based on water and/or air variables provided high cophenetic correlation (0.80) with low within-cluster (14.5%) and high between-cluster variations (85.5%). Based on the multicollinearity analysis, average vector difference test, variance matrix variance test, unidimensional test of each variable and quadratic discriminant function, this study found that there were 3 key indicators determining variations of the quality of the reclamation plantations within the study sites, namely, biological indicator of biomass volume (Bio_B); soil indicator of P content in the soil (Tnh_P), saturation base of soil (Tnh_Kb), Manganese (Mn) content in the soil (Tnh_Mn), Sulfur content in the soil (Tnh_S), percentage of ash in the soil (Tnh_Ab), percentage of clay in the soil (Tnh_Li), and water indicator of chloride content in the surface water (Air_Cl). The examination on four classes of the reclamation quality showed that the classes were successfully classified having excellent cross-validation error matrix with overall accuracy more than 90%.