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1. Floristic evidence for alternative biome states in tropical Africa.

Author

Aleman JC, Fayolle A, Favier C, Staver AC, Dexter KG, Ryan CM, Azihou AF, Bauman D, Te Beest M, Chidumayo EN, Comiskey JA, Cromsigt JPGM, Dessard H, Doucet JL, Finckh M, Gillet JF, Gourlet-Fleury S, Hempson GP, Holdo RM, Kirunda B, Kouame FN, Mahy G, Gonçalves FMP, McNicol I, Quintano PN, Plumptre AJ, Pritchard RC, Revermann R, Schmitt CB, Swemmer AM, Talila H, Woollen E, and Swaine MD

Subjects
Africa, Fires, Rain, Seasons, Trees, Tropical Climate, Climate, Ecosystem, Forests, Grassland
Abstract

The idea that tropical forest and savanna are alternative states is crucial to how we manage these biomes and predict their future under global change. Large-scale empirical evidence for alternative stable states is limited, however, and comes mostly from the multimodal distribution of structural aspects of vegetation. These approaches have been criticized, as structure alone cannot separate out wetter savannas from drier forests for example, and there are also technical challenges to mapping vegetation structure in unbiased ways. Here, we develop an alternative approach to delimit the climatic envelope of the two biomes in Africa using tree species lists gathered for a large number of forest and savanna sites distributed across the continent. Our analyses confirm extensive climatic overlap of forest and savanna, supporting the alternative stable states hypothesis for Africa, and this result is corroborated by paleoecological evidence. Further, we find the two biomes to have highly divergent tree species compositions and to represent alternative compositional states. This allowed us to classify tree species as forest vs. savanna specialists, with some generalist species that span both biomes. In conjunction with georeferenced herbarium records, we mapped the forest and savanna distributions across Africa and quantified their environmental limits, which are primarily related to precipitation and seasonality, with a secondary contribution of fire. These results are important for the ongoing efforts to restore African ecosystems, which depend on accurate biome maps to set appropriate targets for the restored states but also provide empirical evidence for broad-scale bistability., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

Published
2020
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2. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests.

Author

Slik JWF, Franklin J, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Field R, Aguilar S, Aguirre N, Ahumada J, Aiba SI, Alves LF, K A, Avella A, Mora F, Aymard C GA, Báez S, Balvanera P, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Bellingham PJ, van den Berg E, da Conceição Bispo P, Boeckx P, Boehning-Gaese K, Bongers F, Boyle B, Brambach F, Brearley FQ, Brown S, Chai SL, Chazdon RL, Chen S, Chhang P, Chuyong G, Ewango C, Coronado IM, Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Culmsee H, Damas K, Dattaraja HS, Davidar P, DeWalt SJ, Din H, Drake DR, Duque A, Durigan G, Eichhorn K, Eler ES, Enoki T, Ensslin A, Fandohan AB, Farwig N, Feeley KJ, Fischer M, Forshed O, Garcia QS, Garkoti SC, Gillespie TW, Gillet JF, Gonmadje C, Granzow-de la Cerda I, Griffith DM, Grogan J, Hakeem KR, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hector A, Hemp A, Homeier J, Hussain MS, Ibarra-Manríquez G, Hanum IF, Imai N, Jansen PA, Joly CA, Joseph S, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kelly DL, Kessler M, Killeen TJ, Kooyman RM, Laumonier Y, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Lawes MJ, Letcher SG, Lindsell J, Lovett J, Lozada J, Lu X, Lykke AM, Mahmud KB, Mahayani NPD, Mansor A, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Calderado Leal Matos D, Meave JA, Melo FPL, Mendoza ZHA, Metali F, Medjibe VP, Metzger JP, Metzker T, Mohandass D, Munguía-Rosas MA, Muñoz R, Nurtjahy E, de Oliveira EL, Onrizal, Parolin P, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Paudel E, Perez R, Pérez-García EA, Pommer U, Poorter L, Qie L, Piedade MTF, Pinto JRR, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Powers JS, Prasad RC, Puyravaud JP, Rangel O, Reitsma J, Rocha DSB, Rolim S, Rovero F, Rozak A, Ruokolainen K, Rutishauser E, Rutten G, Mohd Said MN, Saiter FZ, Saner P, Santos B, Dos Santos JR, Sarker SK, Schmitt CB, Schoengart J, Schulze M, Sheil D, Sist P, Souza AF, Spironello WR, Sposito T, Steinmetz R, Stevart T, Suganuma MS, Sukri R, Sultana A, Sukumar R, Sunderland T, Supriyadi, Suresh HS, Suzuki E, Tabarelli M, Tang J, Tanner EVJ, Targhetta N, Theilade I, Thomas D, Timberlake J, de Morisson Valeriano M, van Valkenburg J, Van Do T, Van Sam H, Vandermeer JH, Verbeeck H, Vetaas OR, Adekunle V, Vieira SA, Webb CO, Webb EL, Whitfeld T, Wich S, Williams J, Wiser S, Wittmann F, Yang X, Adou Yao CY, Yap SL, Zahawi RA, Zakaria R, and Zang R

Subjects
Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Forests, Phylogeny, Plants classification, Plants genetics, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: ( i ) Indo-Pacific, ( ii ) Subtropical, ( iii ) African, ( iv ) American, and ( v ) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: V.A.-R., K.B.-G., B.B., F.Q.B., N.F., M.K., W.F.L., S. G. Letcher, C.B.S., D.S., T. Stevart, and S. Wiser have coauthored papers with Jens-Christian Svenning in the past 48 months. A.M.L. and Jens-Christian Svenning are both affiliated with Aarhus University., (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Published
2018
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3. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species.

Author

Slik JW, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Aiba S, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ashton P, Balvanera P, Bastian ML, Bellingham PJ, van den Berg E, Bernacci L, da Conceição Bispo P, Blanc L, Böhning-Gaese K, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Boyle B, Bradford M, Brearley FQ, Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba M, Bunyavejchewin S, Calderado Leal Matos D, Castillo-Santiago M, Catharino EL, Chai SL, Chen Y, Colwell RK, Chazdon RL, Clark C, Clark DB, Clark DA, Culmsee H, Damas K, Dattaraja HS, Dauby G, Davidar P, DeWalt SJ, Doucet JL, Duque A, Durigan G, Eichhorn KA, Eisenlohr PV, Eler E, Ewango C, Farwig N, Feeley KJ, Ferreira L, Field R, de Oliveira Filho AT, Fletcher C, Forshed O, Franco G, Fredriksson G, Gillespie T, Gillet JF, Amarnath G, Griffith DM, Grogan J, Gunatilleke N, Harris D, Harrison R, Hector A, Homeier J, Imai N, Itoh A, Jansen PA, Joly CA, de Jong BH, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kelly DL, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Kitayama K, Kooyman R, Larney E, Laumonier Y, Laurance S, Laurance WF, Lawes MJ, Amaral IL, Letcher SG, Lindsell J, Lu X, Mansor A, Marjokorpi A, Martin EH, Meilby H, Melo FP, Metcalfe DJ, Medjibe VP, Metzger JP, Millet J, Mohandass D, Montero JC, de Morisson Valeriano M, Mugerwa B, Nagamasu H, Nilus R, Ochoa-Gaona S, Onrizal, Page N, Parolin P, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Paudel E, Permana A, Piedade MT, Pitman NC, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Poulsen J, Powers J, Prasad RC, Puyravaud JP, Razafimahaimodison JC, Reitsma J, Dos Santos JR, Roberto Spironello W, Romero-Saltos H, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Ruokolainen K, Rutishauser E, Saiter F, Saner P, Santos BA, Santos F, Sarker SK, Satdichanh M, Schmitt CB, Schöngart J, Schulze M, Suganuma MS, Sheil D, da Silva Pinheiro E, Sist P, Stevart T, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Sunderland T, Suresh HS, Suzuki E, Tabarelli M, Tang J, Targhetta N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Tchouto P, Hurtado J, Valencia R, van Valkenburg JL, Van Do T, Vasquez R, Verbeeck H, Adekunle V, Vieira SA, Webb CO, Whitfeld T, Wich SA, Williams J, Wittmann F, Wöll H, Yang X, Adou Yao CY, Yap SL, Yoneda T, Zahawi RA, Zakaria R, Zang R, de Assis RL, Garcia Luize B, and Venticinque EM

Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources, Databases, Factual, Ecosystem, Phylogeography, Rainforest, Species Specificity, Statistics, Nonparametric, Biodiversity, Forests, Trees classification, Tropical Climate
Abstract

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

Published
2015
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