Search

Deadwood (DW) is a crucial component of habitats, with both its volume and diversity considered critical for saproxylic organisms. Deadwood position, thickness, snag height, species composition, and decay stage were studied in the context of eight factors characterizing habitats, stands, and management types. A multivariate multiple regression model was used to analyze data from 29,098 sample plots.Deadwood diversity (a 5-dimensional dependent variable) was found to strongly depend on DW volume in a given area and on the species composition of the stand. A less pronounced effect was exerted by site fertility and moisture, the age and DBH structure of the stand, and terrain type. The model also revealed that the location of the stand in managed or unmanaged areas did not have a direct impact on deadwood diversity, with stand features being more important.Analysis of individual qualitative characteristics showed that DW thickness was affected by the same seven factors as DW diversity. DW position and decay stage were influenced by four factors: site fertility and moisture as well as stand age and species composition. In addition to the species composition of stands, DW species composition was positively influenced by more fertile and moist sites and a more varied DBH structure of stands. A significant negative effect was identified for high DW volume, which indicates that the deadwood accumulated in a stand tends to be derived from the tree species that was most vulnerable to mortality at a given time. Snag height variation was influenced by such stand characteristics as age, DBH structure, and species composition; the other significant factors were DW volume and terrain type. The diversity levels of individual DW characteristics were significantly and positively correlated, which means that all of them often revealed high or low diversity at the same time.Our study showed that forests with low DW volume additionally face the problem of DW quality. Thus, efforts to increase DW volume should be focused on those DW characteristics that are lacking (large trees, species diversity, and height variation of snags). DW diversity is lower in younger stands, with little DBH variation, and in forests which are more easily accessible, located mostly in the lowlands, and growing on less fertile and dry or mesic sites.

Saproxylic species from different taxonomic groups often occur only on certain types of deadwood with specific qualitative characteristics. The various types of deadwood are very dynamic elements of forest ecosystems, associated with many site and stand features, as well as with the type of forest management. Using a pool of 29,098 sample plots spread across Poland, we analyzed 30 different deadwood types defined on the basis of three characteristics: position (standing, lying), degree of decomposition, and size. Statistical hurdle models were used to assess changes in the volume of individual deadwood types based on a broad range of independent variables. Depending on the type of management, terrain, site fertility, stand volume, tree density, and stand age, the models revealed substantial differences in the volume of different deadwood types, ranging from 0 to approx. 4 m3 ha−1. It was found that the volume of most deadwood types (except for a few, mostly with diameters under 15 cm) increases with stand age or stand volume. In managed forests at all stages of stand development there is a deficiency of thick deadwood. Both standing and lying deadwood at different decay stages is available continuously, irrespective of the values of individual independent variables, but considerable differences exist. While most lying deadwood exhibits higher levels of decomposition, in standing deadwood the proportions of different decay stages are strongly associated with tree diameter at breast height. The developed models make it possible to predict the volume of individual deadwood types for a broad range of independent variables. The current work presents several examples, with the results showing extremely complex relationships between deadwood diversity and site and stand features at every stage of forest development, with continuous changes in the volume and proportions of different deadwood types. In general, at the landscape level Polish forests contain both standing and lying deadwood at all decay stages in more or less equal proportions. However, in forest management one should pay special attention to the dimensions of retained deadwood. The absence of thick deadwood is particularly conspicuous in lowland managed forests. • The total deadwood volume consists of many deadwood types with very different characteristics. • Statistical models based on stand features describe the diversity of dead wood with high accuracy. • The diversity of the deadwood changes with the age of the stand, the method of management and habitat conditions. • Some types of deadwood are not found in all forests, especially thick deadwood is completely removed. • Management of deadwood resources should be largely based on its diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]