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1. The science case and challenges of space-borne sub-millimeter interferometry

Author

Leonid I. Gurvits, Zsolt Paragi, Ricardo I. Amils, Ilse van Bemmel, Paul Boven, Viviana Casasola, John Conway, Jordy Davelaar, M. Carmen Díez-González, Heino Falcke, Rob Fender, Sándor Frey, Christian M. Fromm, Juan D. Gallego-Puyol, Cristina García-Miró, Michael A. Garrett, Marcello Giroletti, Ciriaco Goddi, José L. Gómez, Jeffrey van der Gucht, José Carlos Guirado, Zoltán Haiman, Frank Helmich, Ben Hudson, Elizabeth Humphreys, Violette Impellizzeri, Michael Janssen, Michael D. Johnson, Yuri Y. Kovalev, Michael Kramer, Michael Lindqvist, Hendrik Linz, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Andrei P. Lobanov, Isaac López-Fernández, Inmaculada Malo-Gómez, Kunal Masania, Yosuke Mizuno, Alexander V. Plavin, Raj T. Rajan, Luciano Rezzolla, Freek Roelofs, Eduardo Ros, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Tuomas Savolainen, Karl Schuster, Tiziana Venturi, Marjolein Verkouter, Pablo de Vicente, Pieter N.A.M. Visser, Martina C. Wiedner, Maciek Wielgus, Kaj Wiik, J. Anton Zensus, Delft University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, and Astronomy

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astronomy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Millimeter and sub-millimeter astronomy, Aerospace Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, Space-borne astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Physical sciences [FOS], Radio interferometry, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, VLBI, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Full list of authors: Gurvits, Leonid, I; Paragi, Zsolt; Amils, Ricardo, I; van Bemmel, Ilse; Boven, Paul; Casasola, Viviana; Conway, John; Davelaar, Jordy; Diez-Gonzalez, M. Carmen; Falcke, Heino; Fender, Rob; Frey, Sandor; Fromm, Christian M.; Gallego-Puyol, Juan D.; Garcia-Miro, Cristina; Garrett, Michael A.; Giroletti, Marcello; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gomez, Jose L.; van der Gucht, Jeffrey; Guirado, Jose Carlos; Haiman, Zoltan; Helmich, Frank; Hudson, Ben; Humphreys, Elizabeth; Impellizzeri, Violette; Janssen, Michael; Johnson, Michael D.; Kovalev, Yuri Y.; Kramer, Michael; Lindqvist, Michael; Linz, Hendrik; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Lopez-Fernandez, Isaac; Malo-Gomez, Inmaculada; Masania, Kunal; Mizuno, Yosuke; Plavin, Alexander, V; Rajan, Raj T.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Roelofs, Freek; Ros, Eduardo; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schuster, Karl; Venturi, Tiziana; Verkouter, Marjolein; de Vicente, Pablo; Visser, Pieter N. A. M.; Wiedner, Martina C.; Wielgus, Maciek; Wiik, Kaj; Zensus, J. Anton., Ultra-high angular resolution in astronomy has always been an important vehicle for making fundamental discoveries. Recent results in direct imaging of the vicinity of the supermassive black hole in the nucleus of the radio galaxy M87 by the millimeter VLBI system Event Horizon Telescope and various pioneering results of the Space VLBI mission RadioAstron provided new momentum in high angular resolution astrophysics. In both mentioned cases, the angular resolution reached the values of about 10–20 microarcseconds (0.05–0.1 nanoradian). Further developments towards at least an order of magnitude “sharper” values, at the level of 1 microarcsecond are dictated by the needs of advanced astrophysical studies. The paper emphasis that these higher values can only be achieved by placing millimeter and submillimeter wavelength interferometric systems in space. A concept of such the system, called Terahertz Exploration and Zooming-in for Astrophysics, has been proposed in the framework of the ESA Call for White Papers for the Voyage 2050 long term plan in 2019. In the current paper we present new science objectives for such the concept based on recent results in studies of active galactic nuclei and supermassive black holes. We also discuss several approaches for addressing technological challenges of creating a millimeter/sub-millimeter wavelength interferometric system in space. In particular, we consider a novel configuration of a space-borne millimeter/sub-millimeter antenna which might resolve several bottlenecks in creating large precise mechanical structures. The paper also presents an overview of prospective space-qualified technologies of low-noise analogue front-end instrumentation for millimeter/sub-millimeter telescopes. Data handling and processing instrumentation is another key technological component of a sub-millimeter Space VLBI system. Requirements and possible implementation options for this instrumentation are described as an extrapolation of the current state-of-the-art Earth-based VLBI data transport and processing instrumentation. The paper also briefly discusses approaches to the interferometric baseline state vector determination and synchronisation and heterodyning system. The technology-oriented sections of the paper do not aim at presenting a complete set of technological solutions for sub-millimeter (terahertz) space-borne interferometers. Rather, in combination with the original ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper, it sharpens the case for the next generation microarcsecond-level imaging instruments and provides starting points for further in-depth technology trade-off studies. © 2022 The Author(s)., YYK and AVP were supported in the framework of the State project “Science” by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the contract 075-15-2020-778. JD is supported by a Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship. Research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation, United States. JD is supported by NASA, United States grant NNX17AL82G., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Published
2022

2. Searching for pulsars in the Galactic Centre at 3 and 2 mm

Author

Miguel Sánchez-Portal, A. Noutsos, Carsten Kramer, Luciano Rezzolla, Karl Schuster, Pablo Torne, Kuo Liu, S. Navarro, R. P. Eatough, S. Sánchez, Heino Falcke, Gregory Desvignes, Michael Kramer, Robert Wharton, Gabriel Paubert, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Subjects
Milky Way, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, black hole physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, stars: magnetars, Pulsar, surveys, pulsars: general, 0103 physical sciences, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, education.field_of_study, Supermassive black hole, Galaxy: center, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, scattering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galaxy, Black hole, Sagittarius A, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Pulsars in the Galactic centre promise to enable unparalleled tests of gravity theories and black hole physics and to serve as probes of the stellar formation history and evolution and the interstellar medium in the complex central region of the Milky Way. The community has surveyed the innermost region of the galaxy for decades without detecting a population of pulsars, which is puzzling. A strong scattering of the pulsed signals in this particular direction has been argued to be a potential reason for the non-detections. Scattering has a strong inverse dependence on observing frequency, therefore an effective way to alleviate its effect is to use higher frequencies in a survey for pulsars in the Galactic centre, in particular, close to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. We present the first pulsar survey at short millimetre wavelengths, using several frequency bands between 84 and 156 GHz (3.57-1.92 mm), targeted to the Galactic centre. The observations were made with the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30m Telescope in 28 epochs between 2016 December and 2018 May. This survey is the first that is essentially unaffected by scattering and therefore unbiased in population coverage, including fast-spinning pulsars that might be out of reach of lower-frequency Galactic centre surveys. We discovered no new pulsars and relate this result mainly to the decreased flux density of pulsars at high frequencies, combined with our current sensitivity. However, we demonstrate that surveys at these extremely high radio frequencies are capable of discovering new pulsars, analyse their sensitivity limits with respect to a simulated Galactic centre pulsar population, and discuss the main challenges and possible improvements for similar surveys in the future., 14 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A. This version includes language editor corrections

Published
2021
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3. The Diverse Molecular Gas Content of Massive Galaxies Undergoing Quenching at z ∼ 1

Author

Ken-ichi Tadaki, Rebecca L. Davies, Hannah Übler, Jinyi Shangguan, Reinhard Genzel, Natascha M. Förster-Schreiber, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Joel Leja, Minju Lee, Erica J. Nelson, Dieter Lutz, Roberto Neri, Linda J. Tacconi, T. Taro Shimizu, Sedona H. Price, Karl Schuster, Francoise Combes, Richard I. Davies, Santiago García-Burillo, Sandro Tacchella, Alessandra Contursi, Benjamin D. Johnson, Sirio Belli, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stellar population, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Luminosity, Photometry (optics), 0103 physical sciences, Spectroscopy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Quenching, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Molecular gas, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Galaxy stellar content, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Galaxy quenching, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), High-redshift galaxies, Spectral energy distribution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], CO line emission
Abstract

We present a detailed study of the molecular gas content and stellar population properties of three massive galaxies at 1 < z < 1.3 that are in different stages of quenching. The galaxies were selected to have a quiescent optical/near-infrared spectral energy distribution and a relatively bright emission at 24 micron, and show remarkably diverse properties. CO emission from each of the three galaxies is detected in deep NOEMA observations, allowing us to derive molecular gas fractions Mgas/Mstar of 13-23%. We also reconstruct the star formation histories by fitting models to the observed photometry and optical spectroscopy, finding evidence for recent rejuvenation in one object, slow quenching in another, and rapid quenching in the third system. To better constrain the quenching mechanism we explore the depletion times for our sample and other similar samples at z~0.7 from the literature. We find that the depletion times are highly dependent on the method adopted to measure the star formation rate: using the UV+IR luminosity we obtain depletion times about 6 times shorter than those derived using dust-corrected [OII] emission. When adopting the star formation rates from spectral fitting, which are arguably more robust, we find that recently quenched galaxies and star-forming galaxies have similar depletion times, while older quiescent systems have longer depletion times. These results offer new, important constraints for physical models of galaxy quenching., 9 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

Published
2021
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4. NOEMA complementarity with NIKA2

Author

Carsten Kramer, Stefano Berta, Roberto Neri, Karl Schuster, Charlène Lefèvre, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
QC1-999, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Continuum (measurement), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Complementarity (physics), Galaxy, Interferometry, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Millimeter, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

IRAM operates two observatories - the 30-meter Telescope on Pico Veleta in Spain and NOEMA, an interferometer of ten 15-meter antennas on Plateau de Bure in France. Both observatories allow to observe at millimeter wavelengths. Here, we aim at discussing the complementary between continuum observations with NOEMA and NIKA2 at the 30m and their role at the cutting edge of research in astronomy. In particular, we will review possible synergies of continuum studies from nearby star forming regions to high redshift galaxies at cosmological distances., 6 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the international conference entitled mm Universe @ NIKA2, Grenoble (France), June 2019, EPJ Web of conferences

Published
2020
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5. Rotation Curves in z~1-2 Star-Forming Disks: Evidence for Cored Dark Matter Distributions

Author

N. M. Förster Schreiber, H. Übler, Stijn Wuyts, Alvio Renzini, Reinhard Genzel, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Alessandra Contursi, Richard Davies, Ralf Bender, Karl Schuster, Roger L. Davies, Taro Shimizu, Thorsten Naab, A. Nestor, Roberto P. Saglia, Andreas Burkert, Emily Wisnioski, Dieter Lutz, Sedona H. Price, Avishai Dekel, Roberto Neri, Linda J. Tacconi, Amiel Sternberg, Minju Lee, R. Coogan, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Redshift, Galaxy, Baryon, Space and Planetary Science, Bulge, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Halo, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy rotation curve, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We report high quality, Halpha or CO rotation curves (RCs) to several Re for 41 large, massive, star-forming disk galaxies (SFGs), across the peak of cosmic galaxy evolution (z~0.67-2.45), taken with the ESO-VLT, the LBT and IRAM-NOEMA. Most RC41 SFGs have reflection symmetric RCs plausibly described by equilibrium dynamics. We fit the major axis position-velocity cuts with beam-convolved, forward modeling with a bulge, a turbulent rotating disk, and a dark matter (DM) halo. We include priors for stellar and molecular gas masses, optical light effective radii and inclinations, and DM masses from abundance matching scaling relations. Two-thirds or more of the z>1.2 SFGs are baryon dominated within a few Re of typically 5.5 kpc, and have DM fractions less than maximal disks (=0.12). At lower redshift (z, Comment: 15 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2020
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6. Gas and dust cooling along the major axis of M 33 (HerM33es)

Author

Paul van der Werf, Thomas Nikola, S. Anderl, Jonathan Braine, Markus Röllig, Frank P. Israel, Karl Schuster, Francoise Combes, Christof Buchbender, Emmanuel M. Xilouris, I. Hermelo, Martina C. Wiedner, Monica Relaño, Frank Bertoldi, Christian Henkel, Floris van der Tak, Fatemeh Tabatabaei, Carsten Kramer, Simon Verley, Médéric Boquien, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateforme Génomique de l'IBENS, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Physik (Institut für Physik), Universität Potsdam, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Dpto. Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Astronomy, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Galaxies: individual: M33, Infrared, ISM [Infrared], Continuum (design consultancy), FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, individual: M33 [Galaxies], galaxies [Infrared], ISM [Galaxies], 0103 physical sciences, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation), Infrared: ISM, Luminous infrared galaxy, Physics, Spiral galaxy, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, individual:M33 [Galaxies], Infrared: galaxies, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, galaxies: individual: M 33, Interstellar medium, Galaxies: ISM, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

Context. M 33 is a gas rich spiral galaxy of the Local Group. Its vicinity allows us to study its interstellar medium (ISM) on linear scales corresponding to the sizes of individual giant molecular clouds. Aims. We investigate the relationship between the two major gas cooling lines and the total infrared (TIR) dust continuum. Methods. We mapped the emission of gas and dust in M 33 using the far-infrared lines of [C ii] and [O i](63 µm) and the total infrared continuum. The line maps were observed with the PACS spectrometer on board the Herschel Space Observatory. These maps have 50 pc resolution and form a ∼370 pc wide stripe along its major axis covering the sites of bright H ii regions, but also more quiescent arm and inter-arm regions from the southern arm at 2 kpc galacto-centric distance to the south out to 5.7 kpc distance to the north. Full-galaxy maps of the continuum emission at 24 µm from Spitzer/MIPS, and at 70 µm, 100 µm, and 160 µm from Herschel/PACS were combined to obtain a map of the TIR. Results. TIR and [C ii] intensities are correlated over more than two orders of magnitude. The range of TIR translates to a range of far ultraviolet (FUV) emission of G0,obs ∼ 2 to 200 in units of the average Galactic radiation field. The binned [C ii]/TIR ratio drops with rising TIR, with large, but decreasing scatter. The contribution of the cold neutral medium to the [C ii] emission, as estimated from VLA H i data, is on average only 10%. Fits of modified black bodies to the continuum emission were used to estimate dust mass surface densities and total gas column densities. A correction for possible foreground absorption by cold gas was applied to the [O i] data before comparing it with models of photon dominated regions. Most of the ratios of [C ii]/[O i] and ([C ii]+[O i])/TIR are consistent with two model solutions. The median ratios are consistent with one solution at n ∼ 2 × 102 cm−3 , G0 ∼ 60, and a second low-FUV solution at n ∼ 104 cm−3 , G0 ∼ 1.5. Conclusions. The bulk of the gas along the lines-of-sight is represented by a low-density, high-FUV phase with low beam filling factors ∼1. A fraction of the gas may, however, be represented by the second solution., Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AYA2014-53506-P AYA2017-84897-P, Junta de Andalucia FQM108, Junta de Andalucia, European Union (EU) SOMM17/6105/UGR, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) AYA2016-76219-P, European Union (EU)

Published
2020
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7. Properties and rotation of molecular clouds in M 33

Author

Edvige Corbelli, Jonathan Braine, Karl Schuster, Pierre Gratier, Erik Rosolowsky, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2020, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMOR 2020, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Rotation period, Metallicity, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, stars: formation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Escape velocity, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, galaxies: individual: M 33, ISM: molecules, Rotational energy, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Local Group, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], galaxies: ISM
Abstract

The sample of 566 molecular clouds identified in the CO(2--1) IRAM survey covering the disk of M~33 is explored in detail.The clouds were found using CPROPS and were subsequently catalogued in terms of their star-forming properties as non-star-forming (A), with embedded star formation (B), or with exposed star formation C.We find that the size-linewidth relation among the M~33 clouds is quite weak but, when comparing with clouds in other nearby galaxies, the linewidth scales with average metallicity.The linewidth and particularly the line brightness decrease with galactocentric distance.The large number of clouds makes it possible to calculate well-sampled cloud mass spectra and mass spectra of subsamples.As noted earlier, but considerably better defined here, the mass spectrum steepens (i.e. higher fraction of small clouds) with galactocentric distance.A new finding is that the mass spectrum of A clouds is much steeper than that of the star-forming clouds.Further dividing the sample, this difference is strong at both large and small galactocentric distances and the A vs C difference is a stronger effect than the inner/outer disk difference in mass spectra.Velocity gradients are identified in the clouds using standard techniques.The gradients are weak and are dominated by prograde rotation; the effect is stronger for the high signal-to-noise clouds.A discussion of the uncertainties is presented.The angular momenta are low but compatible with at least some simulations.The cloud and galactic gradients are similar; the cloud rotation periods are much longer than cloud lifetimes and comparable to the galactic rotation period.The rotational kinetic energy is 1-2\% of the gravitational potential energy and the cloud edge velocity is well below the escape velocity, such that cloud-scale rotation probably has little influence on the evolution of molecular clouds., Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11 pages

Published
2018
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8. The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): The Role of Spiral Arms in Cloud and Star Formation

Author

Adam K. Leroy, Jérôme Pety, Miguel Querejeta, Sharon E. Meidt, Annie Hughes, Rupali Chandar, Carsten Kramer, Clare Dobbs, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Karl Schuster, Dario Colombo, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
H-ALPHA, Extinction (astronomy), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, individual (M51a [galaxies], 01 natural sciences, Density wave theory, 0103 physical sciences, DISTRIBUTIONS, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, DENSITY-WAVE, GALACTIC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, DISKS, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, SPITZER SURVEY, Astronomy and Astrophysics, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, NGC 5194), Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Interstellar medium, Physics and Astronomy, Space and Planetary Science, GALAXIES S(4)G, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Spur, PATTERN SPEED, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Spiral (railway), STELLAR MASS, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], GIANT MOLECULAR ASSOCIATIONS
Abstract

The process that leads to the formation of the bright star forming sites observed along prominent spiral arms remains elusive. We present results of a multi-wavelength study of a spiral arm segment in the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M51 that belongs to a spiral density wave and exhibits nine gas spurs. The combined observations of the(ionized, atomic, molecular, dusty) interstellar medium (ISM) with star formation tracers (HII regions, young, 52 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables, accepted to ApJ

Published
2017
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9. THE EMPIRE SURVEY: SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE DENSE GAS FRACTION AND STAR FORMATION EFFICIENCY FROM FULL-DISK MAPPING OF M51

Author

Carsten Kramer, Adam K. Leroy, Karin Sandstrom, M. González-García, Laura K. Zschaechner, Alberto D. Bolatto, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Dario Colombo, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, D. Cormier, Frank Bigiel, Annie Hughes, Jérôme Pety, Andreas Schruba, Neven Tomičić, Karl Schuster, Amanda A. Kepley, Antonio Usero, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP)

Subjects
Milky Way, High density, FOS: Physical sciences, Fraction (chemistry), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Luminosity, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, High surface, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

We present the first results from the EMPIRE survey, an IRAM large program that is mapping tracers of high density molecular gas across the disks of nine nearby star-forming galaxies. Here, we present new maps of the 3-mm transitions of HCN, HCO+, and HNC across the whole disk of our pilot target, M51. As expected, dense gas correlates with tracers of recent star formation, filling the "luminosity gap" between Galactic cores and whole galaxies. In detail, we show that both the fraction of gas that is dense, f_dense traced by HCN/CO, and the rate at which dense gas forms stars, SFE_dense traced by IR/HCN, depend on environment in the galaxy. The sense of the dependence is that high surface density, high molecular gas fraction regions of the galaxy show high dense gas fractions and low dense gas star formation efficiencies. This agrees with recent results for individual pointings by Usero et al. 2015 but using unbiased whole-galaxy maps. It also agrees qualitatively with the behavior observed contrasting our own Solar Neighborhood with the central regions of the Milky Way. The sense of the trends can be explained if the dense gas fraction tracks interstellar pressure but star formation occurs only in regions of high density contrast., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, ApJL accepted

Published
2016
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10. Microfabrication Technology for Large Lekid Arrays: From Nika2 to Future Applications

Author

J. Goupy, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, A. Catalano, H. le Sueur, Alain Benoit, Martino Calvo, Alessandro Monfardini, Samuel Leclercq, Karl Schuster, Christophe Hoarau, Gregoire Coiffard, I. Peck, A. Adane, Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Cryogénie (Cryo), Electronique (ElecLab), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Fabrication, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, Large array, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Pixel, business.industry, Coplanar waveguide, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Kinetic inductance detectors, Cardinal point, Microfabrication, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Proceedings of LTD-16; International audience; The lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKID) demonstrated full maturity in the New IRAM KID Arrays (NIKA) instrument. These results allow directly comparing LEKID performance with other competing technologies (TES, doped silicon) in the mm and sub-mm range. A continuing effort is ongoing to improve the microfabrication technologies and concepts in order to satisfy the requirements of new instruments. More precisely, future satellites dedicated to cosmic microwave background (CMB) studies will require the same focal plane technology to cover, at least, the frequency range of 60–600 GHz. Aluminium LEKID developed for NIKA have so far demonstrated, under real telescope conditions, a performance approaching photon noise limitation in the band 120–300 GHz. By implementing superconducting bi-layers, we recently demonstrated LEKID arrays working in the range 80–120 GHz and with sensitivities approaching the goals for CMB missions. NIKA itself (350 pixels) is followed by a more ambitious project requiring several thousand (3000–5000) pixels. NIKA2 has been installed in October 2015 at the IRAM 30-m telescope. We will describe in detail the technological improvements that allowed a relatively harmless tenfold up-scaling in pixels count without degrading the initial sensitivity. In particular, we will briefly describe a solution to simplify the difficult fabrication step linked to the slot-line propagation mode in coplanar waveguide.

Published
2016
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11. xCOLD GASS: The Complete IRAM 30 m Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas for Galaxy Evolution Studies

Author

Sanchayeeta Borthakur, Timothy M. Heckman, Romeel Davé, Luca Cortese, Isabella Lamperti, Carsten Kramer, Guinevere Kauffmann, Linda J. Tacconi, Guido Roberts-Borsani, David Schiminovich, Barbara Catinella, Katharina Lutz, David J. Rosario, Jing Wang, Karl Schuster, Amélie Saintonge, Steven Janowiecki, Reinhard Genzel, Thomas J. Fletcher, Stijn Wuyts, and Javier Graciá-Carpio

Subjects
Stellar mass, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], Physics, education.field_of_study, ISM [galaxies], general [ISM], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Full sample, Galaxy, Redshift, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), star formation [galaxies]
Abstract

We introduce xCOLD GASS, a legacy survey providing a census of molecular gas in the local Universe. Building upon the original COLD GASS survey, we present here the full sample of 532 galaxies with CO(1-0) measurements from the IRAM-30m telescope. The sample is mass-selected in the redshift interval $0.0110^9$M$_{\odot}$. The CO(1-0) flux measurements are complemented by observations of the CO(2-1) line with both the IRAM-30m and APEX telescopes, HI observations from Arecibo, and photometry from SDSS, WISE and GALEX. Combining the IRAM and APEX data, we find that the CO(2-1) to CO(1-0) luminosity ratio for integrated measurements is $r_{21}=0.79\pm0.03$, with no systematic variations across the sample. The CO(1-0) luminosity function is constructed and best fit with a Schechter function with parameters {$L_{\mathrm{CO}}^* = (7.77\pm2.11) \times 10^9\,\mathrm{K\,km\,s^{-1}\, pc^{2}}$, $\phi^{*} = (9.84\pm5.41) \times 10^{-4} \, \mathrm{Mpc^{-3}}$ and $\alpha = -1.19\pm0.05$}. With the sample now complete down to stellar masses of $10^9$M$_{\odot}$, we are able to extend our study of gas scaling relations and confirm that both molecular gas fraction and depletion timescale vary with specific star formation rate (or offset from the star-formation main sequence) much more strongly than they depend on stellar mass. Comparing the xCOLD GASS results with outputs from hydrodynamic and semi-analytic models, we highlight the constraining power of cold gas scaling relations on models of galaxy formation., Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS. The full xCOLD GASS survey data products are available at http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/xCOLDGASS/

Published
2017
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12. The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): Environmental Dependence of Giant Molecular Cloud Properties in M51

Author

Clare Dobbs, Jérôme Pety, Dario Colombo, Sharon E. Meidt, Gaelle Dumas, Annie Hughes, Carsten Kramer, Adam K. Leroy, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Todd A. Thompson, Karl Schuster, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid

Subjects
galaxies: spiral, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), STRUCTURE, ISM: structure, FOS: Physical sciences, PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Power law, ISM: clouds, Virial theorem, STAR-FORMATION, Luminosity, evolution, NEARBY GALAXIES, CARBON-MONOXIDE, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, Mass distribution, Star formation, Molecular cloud, LOW-METALLICITY, Velocity dispersion, individual (M51 [galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysics, NGC 5194), Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, galaxies: individual: M51 NGC 5194, spiral [galaxies], [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), galaxies: star formation, LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, SPIRAL, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], star formation [galaxies], structure [ISM], (CO)-C-12 2-1 MAP, clouds [ISM], LOCAL GROUP, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Using data from the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS), we have generated the largest extragalactic Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC) catalog to date, containing 1,507 individual objects. GMCs in the inner M51 disk account for only 54% of the total 12CO(1-0) luminosity of the survey, but on average they exhibit physical properties similar to Galactic GMCs. We do not find a strong correlation between the GMC size and velocity dispersion, and a simple virial analysis suggests that 30% of GMCs in M51 are unbound. We have analyzed the GMC properties within seven dynamically-motivated galactic environments, finding that GMCs in the spiral arms and in the central region are brighter and have higher velocity dispersions than inter-arm clouds. Globally, the GMC mass distribution does not follow a simple power law shape. Instead, we find that the shape of the mass distribution varies with galactic environment: the distribution is steeper in inter-arm region than in the spiral arms, and exhibits a sharp truncation at high masses for the nuclear bar region. We propose that the observed environmental variations in the GMC properties and mass distributions are a consequence of the combined action of large-scale dynamical processes and feedback from high mass star formation. We describe some challenges of using existing GMC identification techniques for decomposing the 12CO(1-0) emission in molecule-rich environments, such as M51's inner disk., 73 pages, 18 figures, 14 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2014
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13. First observation of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Author

F. Pajot, Alessandro Monfardini, F. Mayet, Pascal André, A. Sievers, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, L. Rodriguez, V. Revéret, Samuel Leclercq, Martino Calvo, J. Martino, Carole Tucker, Nicolas Ponthieu, R. Zylka, Enzo Pascale, Aurelien Bideaud, Giorgio Savini, Etienne Pointecouteau, A. Catalano, Barbara Comis, Gregoire Coiffard, Peter A. R. Ade, N. Billot, Simon Doyle, Alain Benoit, Francois-Xavier Désert, Alexandre Beelen, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, N. Boudou, A. D'Addabbo, Johannes Goupy, Carsten Kramer, L. Perotto, R. Adam, A. Adane, Karl Schuster, Benoit Belier, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astronomy Instrumentation [Cardiff], School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University-Cardiff University, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'électronique fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Cryogénie (Cryo), Department of Physics [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University College of London [London] (UCL), ANR-11-LABX-0013,FOCUS,Des détecteurs pour Observer l'Univers(2011), ANR-11-BS56-0015,MULTIVERSE,Etude multi-échelles de l'évolution des structures de l'Univers(2011), European Project: 291294,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,ORISTARS(2012), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Field of view, Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, law.invention, Telescope, Techniques: high angular resolution, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], law, intra cluster medium, Cluster (physics), Angular resolution, Instrumentation: detectors, QC, QB, Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Galaxies: clusters: individual: RX J1347.5-1145, Space and Planetary Science, Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Clusters of galaxies provide valuable information on the evolution of the Universe and large scale structures. Recent cluster observations via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect have proven to be a powerful tool to detect and study them. In this context, high resolution tSZ observations (~ tens of arcsec) are of particular interest to probe intermediate and high redshift clusters. Observations of the tSZ effect will be carried out with the millimeter dual-band NIKA2 camera, based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) to be installed at the IRAM 30-meter telescope in 2015. To demonstrate the potential of such an instrument, we present tSZ observations with the NIKA camera prototype, consisting of two arrays of 132 and 224 detectors that observe at 140 and 240 GHz with a 18.5 and 12.5 arcsec angular resolution, respectively. The cluster RX J1347.5-1145 was observed simultaneously at 140 and 240 GHz. We used a spectral decorrelation technique to remove the atmospheric noise and obtain a map of the cluster at 140 GHz. The efficiency of this procedure has been characterized through realistic simulations of the observations. The observed 140 GHz map presents a decrement at the cluster position consistent with the tSZ nature of the signal. We used this map to study the pressure distribution of the cluster by fitting a gNFW model to the data. Subtracting this model from the map, we confirm that RX J1347.5-1145 is an ongoing merger, which confirms and complements previous tSZ and X-ray observations. For the first time, we demonstrate the tSZ capability of KID based instruments. The NIKA2 camera with ~ 5000 detectors and a 6.5 arcmin field of view will be well-suited for in-depth studies of the intra cluster medium in intermediate to high redshifts, which enables the characterization of recently detected clusters by the Planck satellite., Accepted by A&A

Published
2014
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14. The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): Multi-phase Cold Gas Kinematic of M51

Author

Annie Hughes, Clare Dobbs, Gaelle Dumas, Karl Schuster, Jérôme Pety, Carsten Kramer, Adam K. Leroy, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Dario Colombo, Todd A. Thompson, Sharon E. Meidt, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
DYNAMICS, galaxies: spiral, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, kinematics and dynamics, FOS: Physical sciences, Kinematics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, SPIRAL DENSITY WAVE, Omega, STAR-FORMATION, NEARBY GALAXIES, [galaxies], Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, galaxies: kinematics and dynamics, media_common, Physics, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, ISM [galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysics, GALACTIC DISCS, individual (M51 [galaxies], DISK GALAXIES, Position angle, NGC 5194), Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, MOLECULAR GAS, galaxies: individual: M51 NGC 5194, kinematics and dynamics [ISM], Amplitude, spiral [galaxies], [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Physics and Astronomy, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), structure [galaxies], galaxies: structure, Vector field, MODAL APPROACH, VELOCITY DISPERSION, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], galaxies: ISM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The kinematic complexity and the favorable position of M51 on the sky make this galaxy an ideal target to test different theories of spiral arm dynamics. Taking advantage of the new high resolution PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS) data, we undertake a detailed kinematic study of M51 to characterize and quantify the origin and nature of the non-circular motions. Using a tilted-ring analysis supported by several other archival datasets we update the estimation of M51's position angle (PA=(173 +/- 3) deg) and inclination (i=(22 +/- 5) deg). Harmonic decomposition of the high resolution (40 pc) CO velocity field shows the first kinematic evidence of an m=3 wave in the inner disk of M51 with a corotation at R(CR,m=3)=1.1 +/- 0.1 kpc and a pattern speed of Omega_p(m=3) = 140 km/(s kpc). This mode seems to be excited by the nuclear bar, while the beat frequencies generated by the coupling between the m=3 mode and the main spiral structure confirm its density-wave nature. We observe also a signature of an m=1 mode that is likely responsible for the lopsidedness of M51 at small and large radii. We provide a simple method to estimate the radial variation of the amplitude of the spiral perturbation (Vsp) attributed to the different modes. The main spiral arm structure has =50-70 km/s, while the streaming velocity associated with the m=1 and m=3 modes is, in general, 2 times lower. Our joint analysis of HI and CO velocity fields at low and high spatial resolution reveals that the atomic and molecular gas phases respond differently to the spiral perturbation due to their different vertical distribution and emission morphology., Comment: 42 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2014
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15. A Comparative Study of Giant Molecular Clouds in M51, M33, and the Large Magellanic Cloud

Author

Dario Colombo, Annie Hughes, Karl Schuster, Jérôme Pety, Todd A. Thompson, Gaelle Dumas, Adam K. Leroy, Sharon E. Meidt, Carsten Kramer, Clare Dobbs, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), and Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica

Subjects
galaxies: individual: M51 M33 Large Magellanic Cloud, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), DWARF SEYFERT NUCLEI, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], ISM: structure, High resolution, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, ISM: clouds, 01 natural sciences, STAR-FORMATION, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR, 0103 physical sciences, NEARBY GALAXIES, Large Magellanic Cloud), Large Magellanic Cloud, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, molecules [ISM], M33, Physics, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Velocity dispersion, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, individual (M51 [galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, ISM: molecules, ON SPIRAL GALAXIES, Interstellar medium, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), VELOCITY DISPERSION, structure [ISM], ALL-DISK SURVEY, clouds [ISM], galaxies: ISM, H-I, LOCAL GROUP, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We compare the properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in M51 identified by the Plateau de Bure Interferometer Whirlpool Arcsecond Survey (PAWS) with GMCs identified in wide-field, high resolution surveys of CO emission in M33 and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We find that GMCs in M51 are larger, brighter and have higher velocity dispersions relative to their size than equivalent structures in M33 and the LMC. These differences imply that there are genuine variations in the average mass surface density of the different GMC populations. To explain this, we propose that the pressure in the interstellar medium surrounding the GMCs plays a role in regulating their density and velocity dispersion. We find no evidence for a correlation between size and linewidth in any of M51, M33 or the LMC when the CO emission is decomposed into GMCs, although moderately robust correlations are apparent when regions of contiguous CO emission (with no size limitation) are used. Our work demonstrates that observational bias remains an important obstacle to the identification and study of extragalactic GMC populations using CO emission, especially in molecule-rich galactic environments., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. Uses emulateapj LaTeX macros. For more information on PAWS, further papers and data, see http://www.mpia.de/PAWS/

Published
2013
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16. Probability Distribution Functions of 12CO(J = 1 → 0) Brightness and Integrated Intensity in M51: The PAWS View

Author

Dario Colombo, Annie Hughes, Todd A. Thompson, Karl Schuster, Gaelle Dumas, Adam K. Leroy, Jérôme Pety, Sharon E. Meidt, Clare Dobbs, Carsten Kramer, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), oan, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid

Subjects
Brightness, STRUCTURE, galaxies: individual: M51 M33 Large Magellanic Cloud, GLOBAL SCHMIDT LAW, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], INITIAL MASS FUNCTION, ISM: structure, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 0103 physical sciences, STAR-FORMING GALAXIES, NEARBY GALAXIES, Large Magellanic Cloud), Large Magellanic Cloud, ISOTHERMAL TURBULENCE, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS, molecules [ISM], Physics, M33, Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, individual (M51 [galaxies], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, ISM: molecules, STELLAR FEEDBACK, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Brightness temperature, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Log-normal distribution, LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, SPIRAL, structure [ISM], galaxies: ISM
Abstract

We analyse the distribution of CO brightness temperature and integrated intensity in M51 at ~40 pc resolution using new CO data from the Plateau de Bure Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). We present probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the CO emission within the PAWS field, which covers the inner 11 x 7 kpc of M51. We find variations in the shape of CO PDFs within different M51 environments, and between M51 and M33 and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Globally, the PDFs for the inner disk of M51 can be represented by narrow lognormal functions that cover 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in CO brightness and integrated intensity. The PDFs for M33 and the LMC are narrower and peak at lower CO intensities. However, the CO PDFs for different dynamical environments within the PAWS field depart from the shape of the global distribution. The PDFs for the interarm region are approximately lognormal, but in the spiral arms and central region of M51, they exhibit diverse shapes with a significant excess of bright CO emission. The observed environmental dependence of the shape of the CO PDFs is qualitatively consistent with changes that would be expected if molecular gas in the spiral arms has a larger range of average densities, gas temperatures and velocity fluctuations, though further work is required to disentangle the importance of large-scale dynamical effects versus star formation feedback in regulating these properties. We show that the shape of the CO PDFs for different M51 environments is only weakly related to global properties of the CO emission, but is strongly correlated with some properties of the local giant molecular cloud (GMC) and young stellar cluster populations. For galaxies with strong spiral structure such as M51, our results indicate that galactic-scale dynamical processes play a significant role in the formation and evolution of GMCs and stellar clusters.(abridged), 30 pages, 18 figures, accepted to ApJ PAWS special issue

Published
2013
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17. The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). I. A Cloud-Scale/Multi-Wavelength View of the Interstellar Medium in a Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy

Author

Carsten Kramer, Adam K. Leroy, Clare Dobbs, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Michael W. Regan, Karl Schuster, Dario Colombo, Annie Hughes, Jérôme Pety, Sharon E. Meidt, Todd A. Thompson, Gaelle Dumas, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), and oan

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Radio galaxy, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], INTER-STELLAR, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, FAR-INFRARED LINE, RADIO-CONTINUUM EMISSION, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Gravitational potential, NEARBY DISK GALAXIES, 0103 physical sciences, GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, galaxies: individual: NGC 5194, STAR-FORMATION LAW, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, CLOUDS, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, Grand design spiral galaxy, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Interstellar medium, Stars, GAS DEPLETION TIME, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), individual (NGC 5194) [galaxies], SPATIALLY-RESOLVED CHEMISTRY, galaxies: ISM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The PdBI (Plateau de Bure Interferometer) Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS) has mapped the molecular gas in the central ~9kpc of M51 in its 12CO(1-0) line emission at cloud-scale resolution of ~40pc using both IRAM telescopes. We utilize this dataset to quantitatively characterize the relation of molecular gas (or CO emission) to other tracers of the interstellar medium (ISM), star formation and stellar populations of varying ages. Using 2-dimensional maps, a polar cross-correlation technique and pixel-by-pixel diagrams, we find: (a) that (as expected) the distribution of the molecular gas can be linked to different components of the gravitational potential, (b) evidence for a physical link between CO line emission and radio continuum that seems not to be caused by massive stars, but rather depend on the gas density, (c) a close spatial relation between the PAH and molecular gas emission, but no predictive power of PAH emission for the molecular gas mass,(d) that the I-H color map is an excellent predictor of the distribution (and to a lesser degree the brightness) of CO emission, and (e) that the impact of massive (UV-intense) young star-forming regions on the bulk of the molecular gas in central ~9kpc can not be significant due to a complex spatial relation between molecular gas and star-forming regions that ranges from co-spatial to spatially offset to absent. The last point, in particular, highlights the importance of galactic environment -- and thus the underlying gravitational potential -- for the distribution of molecular gas and star formation., 52 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables, (several minor typos corrected) accepted by ApJ, high resolution version available, see http://www.mpia.de/PAWS/pub/paws_schinnerer.pdf ; for more information on PAWS, further papers and the data, see http://www.mpia.de/PAWS

Published
2013
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18. Low CO Luminosities in Dwarf Galaxies

Author

Antonio Usero, Carsten Kramer, Adam K. Leroy, Frank Bigiel, Erik Rosolowsky, Fabian Walter, W. J. G. de Blok, Karin Sandstrom, Karl Schuster, Andreas Schruba, Elias Brinks, Axel Weiss, and Helmut Wiesemeyer

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Star formation, Metallicity, Local Group, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Dust emission, Dwarf galaxy, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

[Abridged] We present maps of CO 2-1 emission covering the entire star-forming disks of 16 nearby dwarf galaxies observed by the IRAM HERACLES survey. The data have 13 arcsec angular resolution, ~250 pc at our average distance of 4 Mpc, and sample the galaxies by 10-1000 resolution elements. We apply stacking techniques to perform the first sensitive search for CO emission in dwarfs outside the Local Group ranging from single lines-of-sight, stacked over IR-bright regions of embedded star formation, and stacked over the entire galaxy. We detect 5 dwarfs in CO with total luminosities of L_CO = 3-28 1e6 Kkmspc2. The other 11 dwarfs remain undetected in CO even in the stacked data and have L_CO < 0.4-8 1e6 Kkmspc2. We combine our sample of dwarfs with a large literature sample of spirals to study scaling relations of L_CO with M_B and metallicity. We find that dwarfs with metallicities of Z ~ 1/2-1/10 Z_sun have L_CO about 1e2-1e4x smaller than spirals and that their L_CO per unit L_B is 10-100x smaller. A comparison with tracers of star formation (FUV and 24 micron) shows that L_CO per unit SFR is 10-100x smaller in dwarfs. One possible interpretation is that dwarfs form stars much more efficiently, however we argue that the low L_CO/SFR ratio is due to significant changes of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, alpha_CO, in low metallicity environments. Assuming a constant H2 depletion time of 1.8 Gyr (as found for nearby spirals) implies alpha_CO values for dwarfs with Z ~ 1/2-1/10 Z_sun that are more than 10x higher than those found in solar metallicity spirals. This significant increase of alpha_CO at low metallicity is consistent with previous studies, in particular those which model dust emission to constrain H2 masses. Even though it is difficult to parameterize the metallicity dependence of alpha_CO, our results suggest that CO is increasingly difficult to detect at lower metallicities., Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal, 19 pages, 7 figures

Published
2012
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19. A dual-band millimeter-wave kinetic inductance camera for the IRAM 30-meter telescope

Author

O. Bourrion, F.-X. Désert, C. Hoffmann, Martino Calvo, Jochem J. A. Baselmans, Loren J. Swenson, C. Giordano, Simon Doyle, Andrey M. Baryshev, Alessandro Monfardini, Ph. Camus, Akira Endo, C. Tucker, Lorenza Ferrari, P. D. Mauskopf, M. Roesch, Aurélien Benoit, C. Vescovi, P. A. R. Ade, S. J. C. Yates, Karl Schuster, A. Bideaud, J. F. Macías-Pérez, S. Leclercq, Angelo Cruciani, Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cryogénie (Cryo)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Kinetic inductance, law.invention, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, radio continuum: general, techniques: miscellaneous, submillimeter: galaxies, submillimeter: general, instrumentation: detectors, radio continuum: galaxies, 010306 general physics, Cygnus A, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), media_common, Physics, business.industry, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Extremely high frequency, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Radio astronomy, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. The Neel IRAM KIDs Array (NIKA) is a fully-integrated measurement system based on kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) currently being developed for millimeter wave astronomy. In a first technical run, NIKA was successfully tested in 2009 at the Institute for Millimetric Radio Astronomy (IRAM) 30-meter telescope at Pico Veleta, Spain. This prototype consisted of a 27-42 pixel camera imaging at 150 GHz. Subsequently, an improved system has been developed and tested in October 2010 at the Pico Veleta telescope. The instrument upgrades included dual-band optics allowing simultaneous imaging at 150 GHz and 220 GHz, faster sampling electronics enabling synchronous measurement of up to 112 pixels per measurement band, improved single-pixel sensitivity, and the fabrication of a sky simulator to replicate conditions present at the telescope. Results. The new dual-band NIKA was successfully tested in October 2010, performing in-line with sky simulator predictions. Initially the sources targeted during the 2009 run were re-imaged, verifying the improved system performance. An optical NEP was then calculated to be around 2 \dot 10-16 W/Hz1/2. This improvement in comparison with the 2009 run verifies that NIKA is approaching the target sensitivity for photon-noise limited ground-based detectors. Taking advantage of the larger arrays and increased sensitivity, a number of scientifically-relevant faint and extended objects were then imaged including the Galactic Center SgrB2(FIR1), the radio galaxy Cygnus A and the NGC1068 Seyfert galaxy. These targets were all observed simultaneously in the 150 GHz and 220 GHz atmospheric windows., Comment: Submitted to ApJ (abstract reduced to fit ApJ standards)

Published
2011
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20. Detection of interstellar oxidaniumyl: Abundant H2O+ towards the star-forming regions DR21, Sgr B2, and NGC6334

Author

C. Joblin, A. Di Giorgio, Olivier Berné, Sylvie Cabrit, Carsten Dominik, S. Pacheco, Paul F. Goldsmith, Charlotte Vastel, H. W. Yorke, Pieter Dieleman, G. Melnick, S.-L. Quin, F. F. S. van der Tak, M. Salez, Nathan R. Crockett, Sandrine Bottinelli, Andrew I. Harris, Doug Johnstone, Patrick W. Morris, Asunción Fuente, Juergen Stutzki, Frank Helmich, Claudio Codella, Sébastien Maret, David A. Neufeld, P. Saraceno, Neil Trappe, Adam Walters, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Robert Simon, Javier R. Goicoechea, C. McCoey, Tom Bell, Pierre Encrenaz, T. Jacq, M. H. D. van der Wiel, D. C. Lis, Carsten Kramer, Simon Bruderer, Pierre Hily-Blant, R. Plume, J. A. Murphy, F. Boulanger, A. Lorenzani, Karl Jacobs, Peter Schilke, Serena Viti, Mihkel Kama, S. Wang, N. Whyborn, Arnold O. Benz, Alain Baudry, Jesús Martín-Pintado, A. C. A. Boogert, Thomas G. Phillips, Stephan Schlemmer, Peter G. Martin, Martin Emprechtinger, K. Demyk, Milena Benedettini, Rolf Güsten, Edwin A. Bergin, Volker Ossenkopf, R. Rizzo, Audrey Coutens, Paola Caselli, D. Teyssier, Valentine Wakelam, Bhaswati Mookerjea, Shanshan Yu, Thomas F. Giesen, N. Crimier, Emmanuel Caux, Karl Schuster, Brunella Nisini, A. Bacman, C. Leinz, Alain Klotz, Claudia Comito, Markus Röllig, Cecilia Ceccarelli, M. Melchior, William D. Langer, A. G. G. M. Tielens, John C. Pearson, F. Daniel, Maryvonne Gerin, José Cernicharo, Geoffrey A. Blake, Holger S. P. Müller, Bertrand Lefloch, S. D. Lord, T. Klein, Karl M. Menten, Berengere Parise, E. Herbst, Marie-Lise Dubernet, Michel Perault, L. Pagani, Edith Falgarone, Claudine Kahane, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2010, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute of Astronomy [ETH Zürich], Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Univ Toulouse UPS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Centre Etud Spatiale Rayonnements Toulouse, CNRS INSU, UMR 5187, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France, UMR 5187 Toulouse, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid 28850, Spain, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron & Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Leibniz Institute, Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 Canada, Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Modélisation Multi-échelles des Combustibles (LM2C), Service d'Etudes de Simulation du Comportement du combustibles (SESC), Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Département d'Etudes des Combustibles (DEC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, KOSMA, I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, Osservatorio di Astrofisica di Roma (OAR), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Laboratoire de Didactique André Revuz (LDAR (EA_4434)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université d'Artois (UA), AMOR 2010, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Universiteit Leiden, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Astronomy, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])

Subjects
Experimental Physics, molecular data, Continuum (design consultancy), Rotational transition, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, Spectral line, ISM: abundances, 0103 physical sciences, ABSORPTION, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Hyperfine structure, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Line (formation), Physics, Range (particle radiation), SPECTROSCOPY, IDENTIFICATION, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, astrochemistry, NGC-6334, OH, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, ISM: molecules, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], COMET-KOHOUTEK, Space and Planetary Science, GROUND-STATE, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Outflow, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], EMISSION, ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM, line: identification
Abstract

We identify a prominent absorption feature at 1115 GHz, detected in first HIFI spectra towards high-mass star-forming regions, and interpret its astrophysical origin. The characteristic hyperfine pattern of the H2O+ ground-state rotational transition, and the lack of other known low-energy transitions in this frequency range, identifies the feature as H2O+ absorption against the dust continuum background and allows us to derive the velocity profile of the absorbing gas. By comparing this velocity profile with velocity profiles of other tracers in the DR21 star-forming region, we constrain the frequency of the transition and the conditions for its formation. In DR21, the velocity distribution of H2O+ matches that of the [CII] line at 158\mu\m and of OH cm-wave absorption, both stemming from the hot and dense clump surfaces facing the HII-region and dynamically affected by the blister outflow. Diffuse foreground gas dominates the absorption towards Sgr B2. The integrated intensity of the absorption line allows us to derive lower limits to the H2O+ column density of 7.2e12 cm^-2 in NGC 6334, 2.3e13 cm^-2 in DR21, and 1.1e15 cm^-2 in Sgr B2., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2010
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21. Ortho-to-para ratio of interstellar heavy water*

Author

J. M. Krieg, Alexandre Faure, A. Klotz, S. D. Lord, Paul F. Goldsmith, E. Herbst, Alain Castets, M. Salez, Laurent Pagani, Michael Olberg, William D. Langer, Peter Schilke, J. C. Pearson, T. Jacq, Cecilia Ceccarelli, Tom Bell, A. Lorenzani, F. F. S. van der Tak, Pierre Hily-Blant, Laurent Wiesenfeld, Sébastien Maret, Claudine Kahane, Carsten Dominik, Frank Helmich, Asunción Fuente, Pierre Encrenaz, Berengere Parise, Valentine Wakelam, M. H. D. van der Wiel, Charlotte Vastel, P. Cais, S. Cabrit, Thomas G. Phillips, Harold W. Yorke, Aurore Bacmann, Milena Benedettini, Patrick Hennebelle, Edith Falgarone, Edwin A. Bergin, Claudio Codella, Yohann Scribano, Adam Walters, Adwin Boogert, L. Ravera, S. Pacheco, Thomas Henning, G. Melnick, X. Tielens, Paolo Saraceno, Friedrich Wyrowski, David A. Neufeld, Dariusz C. Lis, Audrey Coutens, Karl Schuster, N. Crimier, Emmanuel Caux, Claudia Comito, Brunella Nisini, Paola Caselli, Geoffrey A. Blake, Maryvonne Gerin, José Cernicharo, Serena Viti, Mihkel Kama, Bertrand Lefloch, Alain Baudry, K. Demyk, Sandrine Bottinelli, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS INSU, UMR 5187, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France, UMR 5187 Toulouse, Univ Toulouse UPS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Centre Etud Spatiale Rayonnements Toulouse, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, FORMATION STELLAIRE 2010, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Radioastronomie (LRA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, AMOR 2010, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron & Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid 28850, Spain, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Osservatorio di Astrofisica di Roma (OAR), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), and Astronomy

Subjects
Opacity, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, ISM: abundances, PROTOSTAR IRAS 16293-2422, 0103 physical sciences, Protostar, Spectral resolution, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Line (formation), ENVELOPE, Physics, SPECTROSCOPY, 010304 chemical physics, Research Programm of Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, astrochemistry, CONSTRAINTS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISM: molecules, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, molecular processes, [PHYS.ASTR.GA]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Deuterium, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, submillimeter: ISM, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], line: identification
Abstract

Despite the low elemental deuterium abundance in the Galaxy, enhanced molecular D/H ratios have been found in the environments of low-mass star forming regions, and in particular the Class 0 protostar IRAS 16293-2422. The CHESS (Chemical HErschel Surveys of Star forming regions) Key Program aims at studying the molecular complexity of the interstellar medium. The high sensitivity and spectral resolution of the HIFI instrument provide a unique opportunity to observe the fundamental 1,1,1 - 0,0,0 transition of the ortho-D2O molecule, inaccessible from the ground, and to determine the ortho-to-para D2O ratio. We have detected the fundamental transition of the ortho-D2O molecule at 607.35 GHz towards IRAS 16293-2422. The line is seen in absorption with a line opacity of 0.62 +/- 0.11 (1 sigma). From the previous ground-based observations of the fundamental 1,1,0 - 1,0,1 transition of para-D2O seen in absorption at 316.80 GHz we estimate a line opacity of 0.26 +/- 0.05 (1 sigma). We show that the observed absorption is caused by the cold gas in the envelope of the protostar. Using these new observations, we estimate for the first time the ortho to para D2O ratio to be lower than 2.6 at a 3 sigma level of uncertainty, to be compared with the thermal equilibrium value of 2:1., 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted the A&A HIFI Special Issue as a letter

Published
2010
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22. Performance and calibration of the NIKA camera at the IRAM 30 m telescope

Author

V. Revéret, F. Pajot, Nicolas Ponthieu, Karl Schuster, A. Sievers, Gregoire Coiffard, Giorgio Savini, N. Billot, A. Catalano, A. Adane, Peter A. R. Ade, Alain Benoit, F.-X. Désert, R. Zylka, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, F. Mayet, Carole Tucker, Enzo Pascale, Ph. André, Alessandro Monfardini, A. D'Addabbo, Martino Calvo, J. Martino, L. Rodriguez, Benoit Belier, Aurelien Bideaud, Barbara Comis, Samuel Leclercq, Simon Doyle, N. Boudou, Johannes Goupy, R. Adam, Carsten Kramer, L. Perotto, Alexandre Beelen, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cryogénie (Cryo), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut d'électronique fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), NIKA, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Cryo - Cryogénie, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and HELFA - Hélium : du fondamental aux applications

Subjects
Submillimeter: general, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Kinetic inductance detectors, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Methods: observational, Submillimeter: galaxies, Submillimeter: ISM, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, law.invention, Telescope, law, Calibration, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), QC, QB, media_common, Physics, Detector, Astronomy, Readout electronics, Absolute calibration, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Sky, Atmospheric absorption, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The New IRAM KID Array (NIKA) instrument is a dual-band imaging camera operating with Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) cooled at 100 mK. NIKA is designed to observe the sky at wavelengths of 1.25 and 2.14 mm from the IRAM 30 m telescope at Pico Veleta with an estimated resolution of 13\,arcsec and 18 arcsec, respectively. This work presents the performance of the NIKA camera prior to its opening to the astrophysical community as an IRAM common-user facility in early 2014. NIKA is a test bench for the final NIKA2 instrument to be installed at the end of 2015. The last NIKA observation campaigns on November 2012 and June 2013 have been used to evaluate this performance and to improve the control of systematic effects. We discuss here the dynamical tuning of the readout electronics to optimize the KID working point with respect to background changes and the new technique of atmospheric absorption correction. These modifications significantly improve the overall linearity, sensitivity, and absolute calibration performance of NIKA. This is proved on observations of point-like sources for which we obtain a best sensitivity (averaged over all valid detectors) of 40 and 14 mJy.s$^{1/2}$ for optimal weather conditions for the 1.25 and 2.14 mm arrays, respectively. NIKA observations of well known extended sources (DR21 complex and the Horsehead nebula) are presented. This performance makes the NIKA camera a competitive astrophysical instrument.

Published
2014
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23. THE PLATEAU DE BURE + 30 m ARCSECOND WHIRLPOOL SURVEY REVEALS A THICK DISK OF DIFFUSE MOLECULAR GAS IN THE M51 GALAXY

Author

Sharon E. Meidt, Jérôme Pety, Gaelle Dumas, Dario Colombo, Karl Schuster, Todd A. Thompson, Clare Dobbs, Annie Hughes, Adam K. Leroy, Carsten Kramer, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exceter, University of Exceter, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), and oan

Subjects
spectroscopy, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Radio galaxy, FOS: Physical sciences, individual (M51) [galaxies], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY, Luminosity, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], CO EMISSION, 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], Thick disk, NEARBY GALAXIES, HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS, RADIO-CONTINUUM, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, SPIRAL STRUCTURE, STAR-FORMATION LAW, Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, high angular resolution [techniques], techniques: high angular resolution, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, imaging [techniques], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, methods: data analysis, Galaxy, GALAXIES, Physics and Astronomy, EDGE-ON, techniques: imaging spectroscopy, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), galaxies: individual: M51, structure [galaxies], galaxies: structure, (CO)-C-12 2-1 MAP, galaxies: ISM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the data of the Plateau de Bure Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS), a high spatial and spectral resolution 12CO(1-0) line survey of the inner 10 x 6 kpc of the M51 system, and the first wide-field imaging of molecular gas in a star-forming spiral galaxy with resolution matched to the typical size of Giant Molecular Clouds (40 pc). We describe the observation, reduction, and combination of the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) and IRAM-30m "short spacing" data. The final data cube attains 1.1"-resolution over the 270" x 170" field of view, with sensitivity to all spatial scales from the combination of PdBI and IRAM-30m data, and brightness sensitivity of 0.4 K (1 sigma) in each 5 km/s-wide channel map. We find a CO-luminosity of 9.10^8 K km/s pc^2, corresponding to a molecular gas mass of 4.10^9 Msol for a standard CO-to-H2 conversion factor. Unexpectedly, we find that a large fraction, (50 +/- 10)%, of this emission arises mostly from spatial scales larger than 36" or about 1.3 kpc. Through a series of tests, we demonstrate that this extended emission does not result from a processing artifact. We discuss its origin in light of the stellar component, the 12CO/13CO ratio, and the difference between the kinematics and structure of the PdBI-only and hybrid synthesis (PdBI + IRAM-30m) images. The extended emission is consistent with a thick, diffuse disk of molecular gas with a typical scale height of about 200 pc, substructured in unresolved filaments which fills about 0.1% of the volume., 42 pages, 35 PostScript figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Uses emulateapj LaTeX macros

Published
2013
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24. NIKA: A millimeter-wave kinetic inductance camera

Author

Peter A. R. Ade, Andrey M. Baryshev, Alessandro Monfardini, Carole Tucker, M. Roesch, Bernd Klein, Alain Benoit, Jochem J. A. Baselmans, S. Leclercq, Loren J. Swenson, Martino Calvo, Karl Schuster, Francois-Xavier Désert, C. Giordano, Aurelien Bideaud, C. Hoffmann, Philippe Camus, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, R. Guesten, Simon Doyle, Stephen J. C. Yates, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Astronomy

Subjects
Radio star, LARGE ARRAYS, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Kinetic inductance, law.invention, Telescope, RESONATORS, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, MULTIPLEXER, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Physics, instrumentation: detectors, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, submillimeter: general, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, BOLOMETER, Space and Planetary Science, Extremely high frequency, Millimeter, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Radio astronomy
Abstract

Current generation millimeter wavelength detectors suffer from scaling limits imposed by complex cryogenic readout electronics. To circumvent this it is imperative to investigate technologies that intrinsically incorporate strong multiplexing. One possible solution is the kinetic inductance detector (KID). In order to assess the potential of this nascent technology, a prototype instrument optimized for the 2 mm atmospheric window was constructed. Known as the N\'eel IRAM KIDs Array (NIKA), it was recently tested at the Institute for Millimetric Radio Astronomy (IRAM) 30-meter telescope at Pico Veleta, Spain. The measurement resulted in the imaging of a number of sources, including planets, quasars, and galaxies. The images for Mars, radio star MWC349, quasar 3C345, and galaxy M87 are presented. From these results, the optical NEP was calculated to be around $1 \times 10^{-15}$ W$ / $Hz$^{1/2}$. A factor of 10 improvement is expected to be readily feasible by improvements in the detector materials and reduction of performance-degrading spurious radiation., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Published
2010
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25. Latest NIKA Results and the NIKA-2 Project

Author

R. Zylka, F. Pajot, Enzo Pascale, Aurelien Bideaud, A. D'Addabbo, F. Mayet, Martino Calvo, L. Rodriguez, Carole Tucker, V. Revéret, Pascal André, A. Adane, Alexandre Beelen, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, Samuel Leclercq, Alain Benoit, Simon Doyle, R. Adam, Alessandro Monfardini, Benoit Belier, F.-X. Désert, Carsten Kramer, Barbara Comis, A. Sievers, Johannes Goupy, Gregoire Coiffard, N. Billot, Karl Schuster, J. Martino, Nicolas Ponthieu, Giorgio Savini, A. Catalano, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Peter A. R. Ade, Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut d'électronique fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cryogénie (Cryo), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), and NIKA

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Kinetic inductance detectors, Bolometer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Polarimeter, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], law.invention, Telescope, Photometry (astronomy), law, Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Millimeter astronomy, Superconducting detectors, Materials Science (all), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Transition edge
Abstract

NIKA (New IRAM KID Arrays) is a dual-band imaging instrument installed at the IRAM (Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique) 30-meter telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). Two distinct Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) focal planes allow the camera to simultaneously image a field-of-view of about 2 arc-min in the bands 125 to 175 GHz (150 GHz) and 200 to 280 GHz (240 GHz). The sensitivity and stability achieved during the last commissioning Run in June 2013 allows opening the instrument to general observers. We report here the latest results, in particular in terms of sensitivity, now comparable to the state-of-the-art Transition Edge Sensors (TES) bolometers, relative and absolute photometry. We describe briefly the next generation NIKA-2 instrument, selected by IRAM to occupy, from 2015, the continuum imager/polarimeter slot at the 30-m telescope., Comment: Proceedings of Low Temperature Detectors 15 (LTD-15), Pasadena, June 2013

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26. High angular resolution Sunyaev-Zel'dovich observations of MACS J1423.8+2404 with NIKA: multi-wavelength analysis

Author

Barbara Comis, Israel Hermelo, L. Rodriguez, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Etienne Pointecouteau, A. Sievers, Peter A. R. Ade, F. Mayet, Ph. André, Johannes Goupy, I. Bartalucci, Sébastien Triqueneaux, Aurelien Bideaud, Alessandro Monfardini, F.-X. Désert, Martino Calvo, Nicolas Ponthieu, A. Adane, G. W. Pratt, Monique Arnaud, A. Ritacco, Gregoire Coiffard, Samuel Leclercq, J. Martino, N. Billot, Alain Benoit, Giorgio Savini, A. Catalano, B. Hasnoun, Carole Tucker, F. Pajot, Benoit Belier, Alexandre Beelen, A. D'Addabbo, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, Karl Schuster, Guilaine Lagache, R. Zylka, Enzo Pascale, V. Revéret, Simon Doyle, Carsten Kramer, L. Perotto, R. Adam, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Cryogénie (Cryo), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), NIKA2, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), and ITA

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Point source, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], symbols.namesake, law, Intracluster medium, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Galaxies: clusters: individual: MACS J1423.8+2404, Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Redshift, symbols, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The prototype of the NIKA2 camera, NIKA, is an instrument operating at the IRAM 30-m telescope, which can observe simultaneously at 150 and 260GHz. One of the main goals of NIKA2 is to measure the pressure distribution in galaxy clusters at high resolution using the thermal SZ (tSZ) effect. Such observations have already proved to be an excellent probe of cluster pressure distributions even at high redshifts. However, an important fraction of clusters host submm and/or radio point sources, which can significantly affect the reconstructed signal. Here we report on, 15 pages, 17 figures, submitted to A&A

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27. Mapping the hot gas temperature in galaxy clusters using X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel’dovich imaging

Author

Carsten Kramer, G. W. Pratt, Monique Arnaud, R. Zylka, L. Perotto, Alain Benoit, Karl Schuster, R. Adam, I. Bartalucci, Nicolas Ponthieu, F. Pajot, L. Rodriguez, Charles Romero, Sophie Maurogordato, Alessandro Monfardini, F. Mayet, Etienne Pointecouteau, Giampaolo Pisano, Enzo Pascale, V. Revéret, Carole Tucker, Martino Calvo, A. Catalano, Chiara Ferrari, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Ph. André, A. D'Addabbo, Simon Doyle, Francois-Xavier Désert, Sébastien Triqueneaux, Gregoire Coiffard, N. Billot, Florian Ruppin, Hervé Bourdin, Alexandre Beelen, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, Samuel Leclercq, A. Sievers, Aurelien Bideaud, Johannes Goupy, Barbara Comis, Guilaine Lagache, Peter A. R. Ade, A. Ritacco, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE ( LAGRANGE ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie ( LPSC ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire AIM, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Néel ( NEEL ), Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica ( IRAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique ( IRAM ), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble ( IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [ PHYS.ASTR ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, galaxies:clusters– galaxies, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, clusters: intracluster medium, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Cluster (physics), Spectroscopy, Galaxies: clusters: individual: MACS J0717.5+3745, Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Techniques: high angular resolution, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, Galaxy cluster, QB, Physics, clusters:individual:MACSJ0717.5+3745–X-rays, Settore FIS/05, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, galaxies: clusters: individual: MACS J0717.5+3745, X-ray, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, techniques:highangularresolution–galaxies, Absolute calibration, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We propose a method to map the temperature distribution of the hot gas in galaxy clusters that uses resolved images of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect in combination with X-ray data. Application to images from the New IRAM KIDs Array (NIKA) and XMM-Newton allows us to measure and determine the spatial distribution of the gas temperature in the merging cluster MACS J0717.5+3745, at $z=0.55$. Despite the complexity of the target object, we find a good morphological agreement between the temperature maps derived from X-ray spectroscopy only -- using XMM-Newton ($T_{\rm XMM}$) and Chandra ($T_{\rm CXO}$) -- and the new gas-mass-weighted tSZ+X-ray imaging method ($T_{\rm SZ}$). We correlate the temperatures from tSZ+X-ray imaging and those from X-ray spectroscopy alone and find that $T_{\rm SZ}$ is higher than $T_{\rm XMM}$ and lower than $T_{\rm CXO}$ by $\sim 10\%$ in both cases. Our results are limited by uncertainties in the geometry of the cluster gas, contamination from kinetic SZ ($\sim 10\%$), and the absolute calibration of the tSZ map ($7\%$). Investigation using a larger sample of clusters would help minimise these effects., Comment: Accepted in AA, 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

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28. Short GMC lifetimes: an observational estimate with the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS)

Author

Annie Hughes, Dario Colombo, Sharon Meidt, Carsten Kramer, Karl Schuster, Gaelle Dumas, Adam Leroy, Santiago García-Burillo, Eva Schinnerer, Todd A. Thompson, Jérôme Pety, Clare Dobbs, and Miguel Querejeta

Subjects
EFFICIENCY, Population, individual (M51) [galaxies], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, STAR-FORMATION, education, Large Magellanic Cloud, GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS, Stellar evolution, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, education.field_of_study, Spiral galaxy, INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, M51, Star formation, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, EVOLUTION, Galaxy, kinematics and dynamics [ISM], Physics and Astronomy, GAS, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Elliptical galaxy, TURBULENCE, LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, CLUSTERS, SPIRAL GALAXIES, clouds [ISM]
Abstract

We describe and execute a novel approach to observationally estimate the lifetimes of giant molecular clouds (GMCs). We focus on the cloud population between the two main spiral arms in M51 (the inter-arm region) where cloud destruction via shear and star formation feedback dominates over formation processes. By monitoring the change in GMC number densities and properties from one side of the inter-arm to the other, we estimate the lifetime as a fraction of the inter-arm travel time. We find that GMC lifetimes in M51's inter-arm are finite and short, 20 to 30 Myr. Such short lifetimes suggest that cloud evolution is influenced by environment, in which processes can disrupt GMCs after a few free-fall times. Over most of the region under investigation shear appears to regulate the lifetime. As the shear timescale increases with galactocentric radius, we expect cloud destruction to switch primarily to star formation feedback at larger radii. We identify a transition from shear- to feedback-dominated disruption through a change in the behavior of the GMC number density. The signature suggests that shear is more efficient at completely dispersing clouds, whereas feedback transforms the population, e.g. by fragmenting high mass clouds into lower mass pieces. Compared to the characteristic timescale for molecular hydrogen in M51, our short lifetimes suggest that gas can remain molecular while clouds disperse and reassemble. We propose that galaxy dynamics regulates the cycling of molecular material from diffuse to bound (and ultimately star-forming) objects, contributing to long observed molecular depletion times in normal disk galaxies. We also speculate that, in more extreme environments such as elliptical galaxies and concentrated galaxy centers, star formation can be suppressed when the shear timescale becomes so short that some clouds can not survive to collapse and form stars., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

29. First Polarised Light with the NIKA Camera

Author

R. Zylka, Enzo Pascale, Carsten Kramer, C. Thum, L. Rodriguez, Barbara Comis, J. Martino, L. Perotto, A. Ritacco, Peter A. R. Ade, F. Mayet, Benoit Belier, Aurelien Bideaud, Johannes Goupy, A. Sievers, Samuel Leclercq, Ph. André, R. Adam, Martino Calvo, M. Rebolo-Iglesias, Simon Doyle, A. Adane, Alain Benoit, A. D'Addabbo, Carole Tucker, F.-X. Désert, Alexandre Beelen, O. Bourrion, J. F. Macías-Pérez, V. Revéret, Karl Schuster, Nicolas Ponthieu, F. Pajot, Gregoire Coiffard, N. Billot, Giorgio Savini, A. Catalano, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Alessandro Monfardini, Anaëlle Maury, Sébastien Triqueneaux, Giampaolo Pisano, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'électronique fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Cryogénie (Cryo), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NIKA, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), HELFA - Hélium : du fondamental aux applications, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Cryo - Cryogénie, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], FOS: Physical sciences, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Signal, Waveplate, Millimeter astronomy, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, symbols.namesake, KIDs, NIKA, Polarisation, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Materials Science (all), Condensed Matter Physics, Optics, law, Atomic and Molecular Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Stokes parameters, General Materials Science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Detector, Wavelength, Modulation, symbols, and Optics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

NIKA is a dual-band camera operating with 315 frequency multiplexed LEKIDs cooled at 100 mK. NIKA is designed to observe the sky in intensity and polarisation at 150 and 260 GHz from the IRAM 30-m telescope. It is a test-bench for the final NIKA2 camera. The incoming linear polarisation is modulated at four times the mechanical rotation frequency by a warm rotating multi-layer Half Wave Plate. Then, the signal is analysed by a wire grid and finally absorbed by the LEKIDs. The small time constant (< 1ms ) of the LEKID detectors combined with the modulation of the HWP enables the quasi-simultaneous measurement of the three Stokes parameters I, Q, U, representing linear polarisation. In this paper we present results of recent observational campaigns demonstrating the good performance of NIKA in detecting polarisation at mm wavelength., 7 pages, Proceeding for Journal of Low Temperature Physics

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