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Five organotin complexes with general formulae [LCSSSnR2]n (R = Me, n-Bu, Ph) and R3SnLCSSSnR3 (R = n-Bu, Ph) were synthesized by the reaction of equimolar quantities of sarcosine (HLH) with KOH, CS2 and either R2SnCl2 (R = Me, n-Bu, Ph) or R3SnCl (R = n-Bu, Ph) in methanol. Elemental (CHNS) analyses data and mass spectroscopy agreed well with the molecular composition of the synthesized products. FTIR spectroscopy verified the monodentate binding mode of the carboxylate group and a bidentate chelating behavior of the dithiocarboxylate moiety of the ligand for binding with tin(IV). Thus, penta- and hexa-coordinated environments around tin were observed in the solid state in di- and triorganotin complexes, respectively. The penta-coordinated geometry in diorganotin(IV) product 2 was further verified by its single-crystal XRD analysis. The organotin moieties and ligand units were interconnected with each other alternately in hexameric cyclic arrangement. The number of protons found in 1H NMR spectra was in good agreement with those calculated by incremental method. Complexes were examined for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, thrombolytic, hemolytic activities. The free ligand HLH was found inactive against all the four bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembly of CuSO4, para-methyl-2-phenyl acetate and 1,10-phenanthroline afforded good-quality crystalline complex in quantitative yield. The complex was characterized by FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and powder and single-crystal XRD studies. Its structure was found to possess axially elongated octahedral symmetry with CuO4N2 chromophore. Its purity was assessed by powder XRD spectrum. Absorption study yielded a broad band corresponding to 2Eg→2T2 g transition. Electrochemical solution study indicated diffusion-controlled irreversible electron transfer process corresponding to Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple with diffusion coefficient = 7.89(±0.1)×10−9 cm2s−1. Results of spectroscopic techniques support each other. Complex exhibited excellent DNA-binding ability through UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry yielding Kb values 1.399 × 104 M−1 and 5.81 × 103 M−1, respectively. The complex exhibited significant activity against bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus and good activity against Bacillus subtilis. These preliminary studies impart good biological relevance on the synthesized complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organotin(IV) thiocarboxylates R2SnL2(R = Me:1:Ph:2)/R2(Cl)SnL (R = n-Bu:3; Ph:4)/R3SnL (R = Me:5;n-Bu:6; Ph:7), where L = 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate, have been synthesized by stirring together 1,2-hydroxyethylpiperazine and CS2in methanol, and then refluxing with a di-/triorganotin chloride. The synthesized products have been characterized by various spectroscopic (IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, EI-MS) techniques and single crystal XRD. FT-IR data indicate bidentate binding of the ligand. The magnitude of2J(119Sn–1H) demonstrated a skew trapezoidal environment around tin(IV) in1,whereas the metal geometry in5was between distorted tetrahedral and trigonal bipyramidal in solution.13C NMR revealed four- and five-coordinate environments in6and7, respectively, in non-coordinating solvent. EI-MS data agreed very well with the structural skeleton of the products. Single crystal XRD study has shown skew trapezoidal- and trigonal-bipyramidal Sn(IV) in1and7, respectively. Compound6interacted with salmon sperm DNA (SS-DNA) with significant hypochromic effect and an intercalating mode of binding. Diorganotin(IV) derivatives (2and3) generally exhibited poor antibacterial/antifungal potential as compared to their trialkyltin(IV)/triaryltin(IV) counterparts (5and6). Thein vitrohemolytic activities show that average lysis of human red blood cells caused by1–7was significantly lower compared to triton X-100 (positive control, 100% lysis) and not very much higher than PBS (negative control, 0% lysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new binuclear O-bridged Cu(II) complex with 4-chlorophenyl acetate and 2,2′-bipyridine has been synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, powder and single crystal XRD and electrochemical solution studies. The results revealed that the two penta-coordinated Cu(II) centers are linked by two carboxylate ligands in end-on bonding fashion. The coordination geometry is slightly distorted square pyramidal (SP) with bridging oxygen atoms occupying the apical position and other ligands lying in the equatorial plane. The striking difference in Cu–O bond distance of the bridging oxygen atom in the complex may be responsible for the SP geometry of Cu(II) ion. The complex gave rise to metal centered irreversible electro-activity where one electron Cu(II)/Cu(III) oxidation process and a single step two electron Cu(II)/Cu(0) reduction process was observed. The redox processes were found predominantly adsorption controlled. The values of diffusion coefficient and heterogeneous rate constant for oxidation process were 6.98 × 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 and 4.60 × 10 −5 cm s −1 while the corresponding values for reduction were 5.30 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 and 5.41 × 10 −6 cm s −1 , respectively. The formal potential and charge transfer coefficient were also calculated. The DNA-binding ability was explored through cyclic voltammetry and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Diminution in the value of D o for oxidation indicated the binding of the complex with DNA corresponding to K b = 8.58 × 10 4 M −1 . UV–Visible spectroscopy yielded ε = 49 L mol −1 cm −1 and K b = 2.96 × 10 4 M −1 . The data of both techniques support each other. The self-induced redox activation of the complex, as indicated by cyclic voltammetry heralds its potential applications in redox catalysis and anticancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen new organotin(IV) complexes with general formula R2SnL2 or R3SnL where R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9, C6H5, C6H11, CH2-C6H5, C(CH3)3, C8H17 and L = N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)]-4-oxo-4-[oxy]butanamide were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR (¹H, 13C and 119Sn), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystallographic data for four triorganotin(IV) complexes (R3SnL, R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9, CH2-C6H5) showed the tin has approximate trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the R groups in the trigonal plane. The carboxylate groups of ligands L bridge adjacent tin atoms, resulting in polymeric chains. In case of the diorganotin(IV) derivatives a six-coordinate geometry at the tin atom is proposed from spectroscopic evidence. The Me-Sn-Me bond angle in complex 7 was determined from the ² J[119Sn-¹H] value as 166.3° that falls in the range of six-coordinate geometry. The ligand and its complexes (1-14) were screened for their antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic and antileishmanial activities and found to be biologically active. The ligand and its complexes bind to DNA via intercalative interactions resulting in hypochromism and minor bathochromic shifts as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Based on in vitro studies such as the potato disc method, the synthesized compounds were found to possess significant antitumor activity. Also, from cytotoxicity and DNA interaction studies, these compounds can also be used for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Gel electrophoresis assay was used to investigate the damage to double stranded super coiled plasmid pBR322 DNA by the synthesized compounds and compounds 1 and 7 were found to cause the maximum damage. All the synthesized compounds exhibit strong antileishmanial activity that was even higher than that of Amphotericin B, with significant cytotoxicity. This study, therefore, demonstrated the potential use of these compounds as source of novel agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of six organotin(IV) carboxylates [MeSnL] ( 1), [ n-BuSnL] ( 2), [ n-OctSnL] ( 3), [MeSnL] ( 4), n-BuSnL ( 5) and [PhSnL] ( 6), where L = 3-(4-cyanophenyl) acrylic acid have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and NMR (H, C). The complex ( 4) was also analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis which showed distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with polymeric bridging behavior. The complexes 1- 6 were screened for antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity. The results showed significant activity with few exceptions. The catalytic activity of complexes was assessed in transesterification reaction of Brassica campestris oil (triglycerides) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters). The results showed that triorganotin(IV) complexes exhibited good catalytic activity than their di-analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight different di- and triorganotin(IV) complexes of vanillin-Schiff base of the type RSnClL and RSnL [R = Me ( 1, 6), n-Bu ( 2, 7), Ph ( 3, 8), tert-Bu ( 4), Cy ( 5) and L = 4-((3,5-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol] were synthesized. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H, C and Sn NMR spectroscopy. The ligand 4-((3,5-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol is also characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis. In the H NMR spectra of 1 and 6, the J(Sn-H) in the Sn-CH moiety has 57 and 54 Hz values, respectively, that confirm the formation of four-coordinated Sn species. Moreover, the C NMR value for ipso carbon of SnPh is 139 ppm which also confirms the formation of four-coordinated Sn species. The title ligand and its complexes were also screened for their biological activities such as interaction with DNA, enzymatic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of triorganotin(IV) derivatives are relatively higher than their corresponding diorganotin(IV) analogues due to their greater lipophilicity and permeability through cell membrane. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of organotin(IV) carboxylates, [Me2SnL2] (1), [Bu2SnL2] (2), [Oct2SnL2] (3), [Me3SnL] (4), and [Ph3SnL] (5), where L = 2-(4-ethylbenzylidene) butanoic acid, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and NMR (1H,13C, and119Sn). [Me3SnL] (4) was analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis which showed polymeric structure with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The complexes were screened for biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. UV–vis absorption studies ofHL,1and4with SS-DNA revealed groove binding as well as intercalation, which may be due to the presence of planar phenyl groups that facilitate interaction with DNA. The determined intrinsic binding constants, 6.04 × 103 M−1(HL), 9.6 × 103 M−1(1), and 1.7 × 104 M−1(4), showed thatHLand1have less binding strength than4. The catalytic activities of di- and tri-organotin(IV) complexes were assessed in transesterification of triglycerides (linseed oil) into fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). The tri-organotin(IV) complexes have better catalytic activity than their di-analogs. The synthesized compounds interact with SS-DNA via intercalative binding mode of interaction in which the compound insert itself into the base pair of DNA resulting in hypochromic and bathochromic shift. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Schiff base has been synthesized by reacting tranexamic acid with indol-3-carboxyaldehyde in the first step and then with carbon disulfide at room temperature in the second step. The homobimetallic complexes have been synthesized by reaction of Schiff base with R2SnCl2 and R3SnCl in 1 :2M ratio under stirring, where R=methyl, n-butyl and phenyl. The ligand and complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) and semiempirical study. IR data reveal the bidentate nature of the ligand. Five- or six-coordinate geometry was confirmed in solution by NMR spectroscopy. The homobimetallic complexes and ligand were tested in vitro against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi to assess their antimicrobial properties. The complexes show biological activities with few exceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homobimetallic carboxylates with general formulae (R3Sn)2 L (where R = Me, n‐Bu, Ph and L = acetylene dicarboxylate dianion) have been synthesized by refluxing disodium salt of acetylene dicarboxylic acid with triorganotin chlorides in 1 : 2 (L : M) molar ratio in methanol under reflux. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopies. DFT calculations have been performed for structural elucidation and results were compared with semi‐empirical data. FTIR data indicate bidentate chelation of the ligand with tin and the complexes exhibit five‐coordinate geometry in the solid state. Such coordination behavior is also supported by DFT and semi‐empirical studies. NMR data confirm four‐coordinate geometry in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Organotin complexes with the general formulae R2SnL2, R2Sn(Cl)L, and R3SnL have been synthesized where R = CH3, n-C4H6, C6H5, C6H11, and L = 4-(hydroxy methyl)piperidine-1-carbodithioic acid. The newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn), and, for one example, a single crystal x-ray structure. The FT-IR data shows the bidentate nature of the ligand. This coordination behavior is also confirmed by semi-empirical study. In the solid state, diorganotin complexes exhibit the penta/hexacoordinated geometry, whereas the triorganotin(IV) complexes show the five coordinated geometry. 119Sn NMR data reveal that triorganotin(IV) complexes exhibit the four coordinated geometry in solution, whereas the diorganotin(IV) compounds show the higher coordination, probably five or six. X-ray diffraction analysis of complex (2) shows a square pyramidal geometry around the tin atom on the basis of τ value. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT[image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biodiesel was synthesized from rocket seed oil by base-catalyzed transesterification with methanol. The synthesis of biodiesel was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. Various fuel properties of the synthesized biodiesel were determined using ASTM methods and discussed accordingly. A total of eleven fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified in rocket seed oil biodiesel (RSOB) by the retention time and the fragmentation pattern data of GC/MS analysis. The identified FAMEs were, methyl 9-hexadecenoate (C16:1), 14-methyl pentadecanoate (C16:0), methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (C18:2), methyl 9-octadecenoate (C18:1), methyl octadecanoate (C18:0), methyl 11-eicosenoate (C20:1), methyl eicosanoate (C20:0), methyl 13-docosenoate (C22:1), methyl docosanoate (C22:0), methyl 15-tetracosenoate (24:1) and methyl tetracosanoate (C24:0). The percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding methyl esters determined by 1H NMR was 88.49%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dinuclear centrosymmetric copper(II) complex has been prepared and characterized via FT-IR, UV-Visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical method, and powder and single crystal XRD techniques. The two copper(II) ions are connected by two μ-1,1-O atoms belonging to para-fluorophenyl acetate ligands. Each copper(II) ion is coordinated by two other carboxylate ligands in monodentate and a 2,2'-bipyridine molecule in bidentate manner. Thus the geometry around each penta-coordinated copper(II) ion is square pyramidal with distortion factor τ = 0.04. Purity and uniform crystalline nature of the complex was assessed from powder XRD spectrum. ESR signal consisted of partially resolved hyperfine splitting pattern while electrochemical studies revealed diffusion controlled electron transfer processes with diffusion co-efficient of 1.628 × 10-;7 cm2 s-;1. The results of all spectroscopic experiments support each other. The complex afforded mixed binding mode with DNA yielding DNA-binding constant values of 3.667 × 104 and 1.438 × 104 M-;1 using cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The preliminary studies heralded good structural and biological importance of the synthesized complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of tri- and diorganotin(IV) derivatives of 4-(2-thienyl)butyric acid have been synthesized by the reaction of ligand acid with tri- and diorganotin salts in 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratios, respectively. The synthesized compounds have been confirmed by CHNS elemental analyses, FTIR, multinuclear NMR (H and C) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. NMR data reveal a 5-coordinate geometry for the triorganotin(IV) derivatives, while 6-coordinate for the diorganotin(IV) derivatives, respectively. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of the compound 2 showed polymeric 5-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Antimicrobial studies were also evaluated against different strains of bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi ( Mucor species, Aspergillus solani, Helminthosporium oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger) to establish the biological significance of these compounds. The synthesized compounds probably work by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls by keeping unwanted substances from entering their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out due which the bacteria get die. The antifungal activity of some of the tested compound is comparable to that of the standard drug, terbinafine. From their antimicrobial results, it was concluded that they might be used as potential candidate for the generation of new antimicrobial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dinuclear copper(II) complexes ACu(B) 4 CuA ( 1 and 2 ), where A is N-donor ligand such as 2,2′-bipyridine ( 1 ) and 3-bromopyridine ( 2 ) and B is O-donor carboxylate ligand such as 4-methylphenyl acetate, have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Crystallographic data of complex 1 revealed a square pyramidal geometry for each Cu center with bridging oxygen atoms at the elongated axial sites. For complex 2 a paddlewheel structure with bidentate coordination mode of the carboxylate moieties was observed. The mode of coordination of the carboxylate moiety was also determined from FT-IR data indicating a monodentate coordination mode in complex 1 and a bridging bidentate mode in complex 2 . A close agreement for Δ ν value was also observed between the FT-IR and single crystal X-ray data for both the complexes. Electrochemical studies of the complexes showed two redox peaks corresponding to Cu(III)/Cu(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) processes. The values of diffusion coefficient ( D o ), heterogeneous rate constant ( k °), formal potential ( E °) and charge transfer coefficient ( α ) have been calculated for the electron transfer processes and correlated to the structural parameters of the complexes. The complexes bind to DNA via intercalative interactions resulting in significant hypochromism and bathochromic shift as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized complexes have a negative value of miLog P (−0.97 for complex 1 and −4.22 for complex 2 ) evaluated by Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses which indicate their ability to penetrate through bio-membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of organotin(IV) complexes have been synthesized by reacting potassium o -isobutyl carbonodithioate with di- and triorganotin halides in methanol under stirring conditions. The newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR ( 1 H and 13 C) and X-ray crystallography. The FT-IR results show that the ligand acts as bidentate in complexes 1 – 3 and monodentate in complexes 4 and 5 , which were also confirmed by theoretical calculations. The NMR data reveal four and six coordinated geometries in solution. A HOMO–LUMO study shows that all the complexes are stable. Biological screenings demonstrate that, with a few exceptions, all the complexes show significant activity against various bacterial and fungal strains. The synthesized complexes were also found to be effective antioxidants of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). All the complexes have been assayed for antileishmanial activity in vitro and found some promising results. The UV–Vis studies confirmed that the ligand and its complexes bind to DNA via intercalative interactions, resulting in hypochromism and minor red shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An easy and simple approach is developed to fabricate nano‐composite packaging films from starch molecules reinforced with cellulose nanofibers derived from unripe from banana peel. Addition of 10g (w/w, dry starch basis) of cellulose nanofibers into the starch matrix results in improved mechanical and thermal stability of the nano‐composite films. The results show that addition of cellulose nanofibers into the starch matrix result in significant reduction in water solubility and water vapour permeability of the packaging films. The mechanical properties (elongation at break and tensile strength) of the films are improved significantly with incorporation of nano‐particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy displays similar spectra for all tested samples due to the similar chemical nature of starch and cellulose. Similarly, differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows improved thermal stability of packaging films with the addition of nanofibers derived from banana peel cellulose. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy results show smooth surfaces and even distribution of particles and spaces in the matrix films as compared to the control. These results indicate the possible use of these packaging films in the food packaging industry thanks to their biocompatible, biodegradable, and non‐toxic characteristics and features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium complex, [KLCSS]2Pd (1), has been prepared by stirring sarcosine (HLH), KOH and CS2in methanol and subsequently treating with palladium(II) chloride. Six heterobimetallic derivatives of the type [R2(Cl)SnLCS2]2Pd (R = Me:2; Bu:3; Ph:4)/[R3SnLCS2]2Pd (R = Me:5; Bu:6; Ph:7) were also synthesized by stirring sarcosine (HLH) with KOH and CS2in methanol followed by an addition of R2SnCl2/R3SnCl and then PdCl2. FT-IR data demonstrated bidentate binding of dithiocarbamate and carboxylate with four- and five-coordinate environments around Pd(II) and Sn(IV) centers, respectively, in the solid state. UV–visible studies verified the square planar arrangement around Pd(II) in solution. The magnitude of2J(119Sn-1H) demonstrates a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around tin(IV) in solution. Elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), mass spectroscopic (EI-MS and ESI), and thermogravimetric analyses verified the chemical composition of products. Complexes1–7exhibited interaction with salmon sperm DNA (SS-DNA). The palladium complex1had shown higher potential to bind with SS-DNA and to inhibit the alkaline phosphatase when compared to the heteronuclear products (2–7). However, the antifungal/antibacterial activities of the bimetallic complexes (2–7) were significantly higher than the palladated derivative1. Thein vitrohemolytic activity investigations on human red blood cells showed that bimetallic derivative2with chlorodimethyltin(IV) exhibited the lowest hemolytic effects (17.55%), while5having trimethyltin(IV) center exhibited the highest hemolytic activity (78.64%). A palladium complex and its heterobimetallic (Sn, Pd) derivatives were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. The palladium complex showed higher potential to bind with SS-DNA and to inhibit the alkaline phosphatase (ALPs) relative to the heteronuclear products (2–7). However, the bimetallic derivatives displayed significantly higher antifungal/antibacterial activities than the palladium complex1. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The titled compound, 4-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid was synthesized and characterized by various techniques like elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR ( 1 H, and 13 C) and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The appearance of the OH peak of the carboxylic acid in the FT-IR and NMR spectra conform the formation of the compound. A good agreement was found between the calculated values of C, H, N and found values in elemental analysis that show the purity of the compound. Protons H2 and H3 are in cis conformation with each other as conformed both from 1 H NMR as well as from single crystal X-ray analysis. The molecular structure of the title compound, C 10 H 10 NO 3 Cl, is stabilized by short intramolecular O H- - -O hydrogen bonds within the molecule. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N H- - -O hydrogen bonds link molecules into zigzag chains resulting in a dendrimer like structure. The title compound was screened for biological activities like interaction with DNA, cytotoxicity, antitumor and antioxidant activities. DNA interaction study reveals that the binding mode of interaction of the compound with SS-DNA is intercalative as it results in hypochromism along with significant red shift of 5 nm. It was also found to be effective antioxidant of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and show almost comparable antioxidant activity to that of the standard and known antioxidant, ascorbic acid, at higher concentration. The antitumor activity data of the compound shows that it can be used as potent antitumor agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Six new organotin(IV) complexes with general formula R3SnL/R2SnL2 where R=CH3 (1, 4), n-C4H9 (2, 5), C6H5 (3) or C8H17 (6) and L=3-[(3,5-dichlorophenylamido)]propanoic acid were synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C) spectral studies, and mass spectrometry. Spectroscopic results suggest that the ligand coordinate through oxygen atom of the carboxylate groups. Crystal structure of complex (2) exhibits distorted trigonal-bipyrimidal geometry around the tin atom while that of complex (3) exhibits tetrahedral geometry around the tin atom. Complexes (1–6) were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial studies and the results showed that the triorganotin(IV) complexes have higher activity against these microbes than the diorganotin(IV) complexes. The complexes bind to DNA via electrostatic interaction of Sn(IV)+ moiety with the negatively charged oxygen of phosphate group of DNA resulting in hyperchromism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of mononuclear organotin(IV) complexes of the types, R3SnL {R=C4H9 (1), C6H11 (2), CH3 (3) and C6H5 (4)}, R2SnClL {R=C4H9 (5), C2H5 (7) and CH3 (9)} and R2SnL2 {R=C4H9 (6), C2H5 (8) and CH3 (10)}, have been synthesized, where L=4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate. The ligand-salt and the complexes have been characterized by Raman, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis (CHNS). The spectroscopic data substantiate coordination of the ligands to the organotin moieties. The structures of complexes 4 and 6 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and illustrate the asymmetric bidentate bonding of the ligand. The packing diagrams indicate O···H and π···H intermolecular interactions in complex 4 and intermolecular S2C···H interactions in complex 6, resulting in layer structures for both complexes. A subsequent antimicrobial study indicates that the compounds are active biologically and may well be the basis for a new class of fungicides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Six organotin(IV) compounds with general formulae R3SnL, R=Me (2), Ph (6), R2SnL2, R=Me (1), Et (3), n-Oct (5), [((R2SnL)2O)2], R=Bu (4), L=6-nitropiperonylate, have been prepared. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119 Sn). The structure of 4 has been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography which is triclinic with the space group . The crystal structure contains centrosymmetric dimer distannoxane with planar central four-membered Sn2O2 core. The 6-nitropiperonylate ligand shows different modes of coordination with Sn, as a result the central Sn2O2 core is fused with two four-membered (Sn(1)–O(1)–Sn(2)–O(13)) and two six-membered (Sn(1)–O(13)–Sn(2)–O(8)–C(9)–O(7)) rings. The endocyclic Sn(2) is six coordinated in a skew trapezoidal bipyramidal environment while exocyclic Sn(1) is five coordinated with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The ligand acid and synthesized organotin compounds were also screened for antibacterial, antifungal, brine-shrimp lethality and potato disc antitumor activities. Results of bioassay demonstrate that organotin derivatives are in general more active than the ligand acid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of organotin(IV) carboxylates, [Bu2SnL2] (1), [Et2SnL2] (2), [Me2SnL2] (3), [Bu3SnL] n (4), [Me6Sn2L2] n (5), [Ph3SnL] n (6) and [Oct2SnL2] (7), where L=O2CCH2C6H4OCH3-4, have been synthesized. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn). Based on spectroscopic results, the ligand appeared to coordinate to the Sn atom through COO moiety. Single crystal analysis has shown a bridging behavior of ligand in tributyl- and trimethyltin(IV) derivatives, and a chelating bidentate mode in diethyltin(IV) complex. Bioassay results have shown that these compounds have good antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity. The activity against prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3) decreased in the order 1 > 5 > 2 > 3 > 7. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New series of organotin(IV) complexes of aniline derivatives, R2SnL2 and R3SnL [where R = Me, n-Bu, Ph, n-Oct] have been synthesized by the reaction of HL¹ and HL² with respective organotin halides or oxides. Experimental details for the preparation and characterization (including elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear NMR (¹H-, 13C- and 119Sn-) spectra in CDCl3 and EI mass spectra of both series are provided. The binding sites of the ligands were identified by means of FTIR spectroscopic measurements. It was found that in all cases the organotin(IV) moiety reacts with the oxygen of COO- group to form new complexes. In the diorganotin complexes, the COO- group is coordinated to the organotin(IV) centres in a bidentate manner in the solid state. The 119Sn NMR data and the nJ(13C-119/117Sn) coupling constant support the tetrahedral coordination geometry of the organotin complexes in non-coordinating solvents. Biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, antileishmanial and insecticidal) of these compounds are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared 8 new organotin compounds with the general formulae [R3SnL], where R =Me (1), Bu (2), Ph (3), and Cy (4) and [R2SnL2], where R = Me (5), Et (6), Bu (7), Oct (8), and L = piperonylic acid, and characterized them by elemental analyses, IR spectra, and multinuclear NMR (¹H, 13C, and 119Sn). The structure of 5 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The geometry around the tin atom was compared in both solution and solid state. Crystals of 5 are monoclinic with the space group P21/c. The tin geometry is skew trapezoidal bipyramidal, with 2 longer and 2 shorter Sn-O bonds; thus, the ligand chelates the Sn center in an asymmetric way. The synthesized compounds were also screened for antibacterial, antifungal, brine-shrimp lethality, and potato disc antitumor activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New compounds of bimetallic trimethyltin(IV) germapropionates have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, and multinuclear nmr (1H,13C,119Sn) spectroscopies. These compounds show four-coordinated structure in solution and penta-coordinated structure in solid state. The crystal structure of representative compound, (CH3)3Sn(C22 H21 O2 Ge), shows one dimensional polymeric penta-coordinated structure in its solid state. The synthesized compounds were subjected for a bioassay screening and show promising antibacterial and antifungal activitie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract New tri- and diorganotin (IV) derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with general formula: R 3 SnL and R 2 SnL 2 : {Me 3 SnL (1), Bu 3 SnL (2), Me 2 SnL 2 (3), Bu 2 SnL 2 (4) and Oct 2 SnL 2 (5), L = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate} have been synthesized and characterized in solid state by elemental and FT-IR analysis, whereas in solution state by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound 1 was also characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The FT-IR data of compounds 1 – 5 confirm the bidentate binding mode of ligand with penta and hexa-coordinated arrangements around the Sn(IV) centre in solid state. The value of C Sn C angle for complexes 1 and 3 calculated from NMR (1H and 13C) data using Lockart's equation were 114.7° and 114.9°, respectively which falls in the range of 5-coordinated geometry. The DNA binding of synthesized compounds were studied via UV–Vis spectroscopy and viscometry resulting in an intercalative mode of interaction. Molecular docking analysis of the studied compounds also supports the results of the UV–vis and viscometry. Moreover, interaction of the synthesized compounds with a cationic surfactant i.e., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied by conductometric method. Enzyme inhibition activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase was carried out and compound 3 was found to possess maximum inhibition (88.1% and 91.3%, respectively). The theoretical study also enforce the experimental data for enzyme inhibition of the compound 3 (docking score = −12.4096) by forming seven hydrogen bonds and two pi-H linkages with the Glu 276, Ala 278, Phe 300, Arg 312, Tyr 313, Asp 349, Asn 412, Phe 430 and Arg 439 residues of the binding pocket of the α-glucosidase. The potency of the compound 3 might be due to the presence of the strong electron withdrawing chloro group. IC 50 value of the brine shrimp activity revealed that triorganotin (IV) derivatives (1 and 2) were more toxic than their diorganotin (IV) analogues. Moreover, compound 2 has the MIC values of 12.5 μg/mL and 6.25 μg/mL against S. Aureus and M. Leuteus bacterial strains, respectively. Graphical abstract The novel organotin (IV) Carboxylates complexes interact with DNA via intercalative mode. Also they have strong tendency to interact with CTAB (surfactant) as indicated by higher CMC values and the resulting in micelle formation plays an important role in drug devilry. They show strong inhibitory potential against α -amylase and α -glucosidase. The DNA interaction and enzyme inhibition by Molecular Docking strongly support the experimental data. Highlights • Synthesis of Novel organotin (IV) Carboxylates. • Spectroscopic characterizations by FT-IR, NMR and single crystal X-ray. • Interaction with SS-DNA showing intercalation confirmed by UV-vis Spectroscopy and Molecular docking study. • Interaction with CTAB (surfactant). • Inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of organotin(IV) carboxylate complexes [Me2SnL2] (1), [Bu2SnL2] (2), [Oct2SnL2] (3), [Me3SnL] (4), [Bu3SnL] (5) and [Ph3SnL] (6), where L = O2C(CH3)C＝CHC6H4F have been successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C) and single crystal analysis. The ligand coordinates to tin atom via carboxylate group. Compound 1 and 4 have also been studied by single crystal XRD analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their biological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-tumor and cytotoxicity. The compounds 4–6 exhibit excellent anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-tumor activities. The ligand binds with DNA double helix by hydrogen bonding between the ligand and the base pairs in DNA typically to N3 of adenine and O2 of thymine as well as partial intercalation of aromatic ring into the base pairs of DNA. The complexes also interact with DNA via intercalation of aromatic ring into the base pairs of DNA. The catalytic activity of compounds 46 was assessed in transesterification of triglycerides in rocket seed oil into biodiesel. The choice of these compounds is the Lewis acid nature of tin atom. The samples were taken in regular interval of 1, 8, 16 and 24 h and % age conversion was determined by 1H NMR. All the tested compounds showed good catalytic activity in the order 4 > 5 > 6. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New organotin(IV) carboxylates, [n-Bu2SnL2] (1), [Et2SnL2] (2), [Me2SnL2] (3), [n-Oct2SnL2] (4), [n-Bu3SnL] n (5), [Me3SnL] n (6), and [Ph3SnL] n (7), where L = 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-ethylacrylate, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 119Sn). Spectroscopic studies confirm coordination of L to the organotin moiety via COO group. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals bridging mode of coordination in 6. Packing diagram established a supramolecular cage-like structure for 6 due to Sn–O interactions (3.287 Å). Subsequent antimicrobial activities proved them to be active biologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of di- and tri-organotin(IV) compounds with the general formula R SnL, where R = Me ( 1, 2), Et ( 3), n-Bu ( 4, 5), n-Oct ( 6), Ph ( 7) and L = ( E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propenoate, were synthesized by reaction of silver salt of ligand or ligand acid with diorganotin dichloride/oxide and triorganotin chloride in 2:1 and 1:1 molar ratio, respectively. These compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, multinuclear (H, C, Sn) NMR and mass spectrometry. The spectroscopic results revealed that all the diorganotin(IV) compounds possess trigonal bipyramidal structures in solution and octahedral geometry in the solid state around the tin atom. A linear polymeric trigonal bipyramidal structure in the solid state and a tetrahedral environment around the tin atom in non-coordinating solvents has been proposed for the triorganotin(IV) compounds. All synthesized compounds were tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms to assess their biocidal activity. These studies revealed that ligand acid and some of its organotin compounds show promising activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi but lowered than reference drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article describes the synthesis of triorganotin(IV)-, chlorodiorganotin(IV)- and diorganotin(IV) 4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazine-1-carbodithioates with general R3SnL {where R=CH3 (1), n-C4H9 (2) and C6H5 (3)}, R2SnClL {where R=CH3 (4), n-C4H9 (5) and C6H5 (6)} and R2SnL2 {where R=CH3 (7), n-C4H9 (8) and C6H5 (9)}, respectively. The coordination behavior of ligand (L) in all compounds was investigated by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR and multinuclear NMR. X-ray single crystal analysis confirmed supramolecular structure for compounds (3) and (4) with distorted trigonal-bipyramidal and distorted square-pyramidal geometries, respectively. The compounds have pronounced antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) potency and moderate insecticidal activity. These compounds also inhibit effectively the activity of urease enzyme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four new organotin(IV) carboxylates, [Bu2SnL2] (1), [Et2SnL2] (2), [Bu3SnL] n (3), [Me3SnL] n (4), where L=4-nitrophenylethanoates, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR (1H and 13C). Spectroscopic results authenticated the coordination of ligand to the organotin moiety via COO group while X-ray single crystal analysis revealed bidentate chelating mode of coordination of ligand in complex 2 and a bridging behavior in complexes 3 and 4. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique was used to evaluate the electrochemical, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of complexes 1-4, interacting with DNA. The linearity of the plots between the peak current (I) and the square root of the scan rate (ν 1/2) indicated the electrochemical processes to be diffusion controlled. The diffusion coefficients of the free (D f) and DNA bound forms (D b), standard rate constants (ks) and charge transfer coefficients (α) were determined by the application of Randle–Sevcik, Nicholson and Kochi equations. Furthermore, the binding constants evaluated from voltammetric data revealed the following increasing order of binding strength: 2 < 1 < 4 < 3. For 1 and 2, the activity against prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3) was found consistent with the order obtained from voltammetric behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nine biologically significant organotin(IV) esters of 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylpropenoic acid ( L) were synthesized with the general formulae [R2SnL2], where R includes Me( 1), Et( 3), But( 4), Oct( 5), Ph( 8), and [R3SnL], in which R is Me( 2), Cy( 6), Ph( 7), and But( 9). The acid and its compounds were characterized by basic analytical techniques comprising elemental analysis, FTIR and mass spectrometry in solid state and by Multinuclear (1H, 13C and 119Sn) NMR in solution form, which provides some important information about the different coordination behaviors of metal in both solid and solution. Methylenedioxy moiety in these compounds enhances the biological activity of these compounds. These compounds were screened for a range of biological activities. Antibacterial activities were determined against six pathogenic bacterial strains, three gram-positive and three gram-negative, the activities were measured in terms of inhibition zones (mm). Results demonstrate that diorganotin derivatives are more active than triorganotin derivatives and ligand acid. Antifungal activity was determined against six pathogenic fungal strains, cytotoxicity by the brine shrimp lethality assay, and antitumor activity by crown gall tumor inhibition (potato disc) assay. Results for antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, and antitumor activity of these compounds demonstrate that triorganotin derivatives are more active than diorganotin derivatives and ligand. Finally, the results were compared with similar reports in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zinc ferrite and cobalt chromite nanoparticles are synthesized via different routes. • The two compositions are mixed by physical means in different weight ratios. • ZnFe 2 O 4 and CoCr 2 O 4 nanoparticles confirmed the formation of the spinel structure. • Increase in the dielectric constant value was explained by Maxwell–Wagner model. • VSM results reveals the change in behavior of magnetic nature of composite materials. In this work, zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4) and cobalt chromite (CoCr 2 O 4) nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel process and hydrothermal method, respectively. The two different materials were mixed by physical means such that the final ratio (by weight) of the resulting nanocomposites (ZnFe 2 O 4 :CoCr 2 O 4 , abbreviated as ZF:CC) were 3ZF-CC, ZF-CC and ZF-3CC. The x-ray diffraction patterns of the ZnFe 2 O 4 and CoCr 2 O 4 nanoparticles confirmed the formation of the spinel structure, whereas the average crystallite size values computed using the Scherrer equation were found to be 43 and 57 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the nanocomposites confirmed the nonspherical shape of the nanoparticles, homogenous dispersion, and larger grain size. The phase pure spinel structures of ZnFe 2 O 4 and CoCr 2 O 4 was confirmed from the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Also, the composites formation did not influence any change in the functional groups. The dielectric properties, determined using LCR meter, exhibited non-repetitive behavior for the ZF-CC composite. The significant increase in the dielectric constant value was observed as the Fe2+↔Fe3+ and Cr2+↔Cr3+ transition due to electron transfer plays vital role in low frequency region, Also, explained by Maxwell-Wagner model. Moreover, the variation in experimental magnetic moments of ZF, CC and their nanocomposites (ZF-3CC, ZF-CC,3ZF-CC) were studied. VSM results revealed the change in behavior of magnetic nature of materials appreciably from pristine as magnetization was increasing and coercivity was decreasing with CC component and finally an optimized magnetic parameter values (M s =51.20 emu/g and H c =200 O e) at ZF-CC were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]