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Intergroup sentiments have been shown to be an important determinant of social stability in multinational countries. The present study explores the present state of linguistic intergroup tensions in Canada to contribute to the understanding of outgroup attitudes among minorities and majorities. Four main findings are derived from the results of empirical analyses on survey data. (1) Cultural threat impacts outgroup attitudes in both the national minority and the national majority. (2) Education has a strong impact on feelings towards the linguistic outgroup. (3) Unexpectedly, age does not display a statistical influence on intergroup attitudes. (4) Specifically relating to Canada, intergroup feelings between Francophones and Anglophones have over the last quarter century become considerably more positive, both groups hold quite positive attitudes towards one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French Canadians in professional ice hockey perform generally better than English Canadian or American players. This is particularly clear at the position of defenseman. Stacking in the National Hockey League (NFIL) is also observed, with very few French Canadians playing defense. Four theses are presented to explain these two phenomena. The first three theses-based on differences in the style of play, the cultural costs of moving to an NI-IL city, and the proficiency of the language of work (English)-all incorporate convincing arguments but fail to predict further established facts. Hiring discrimination best explains all of the facts that have been gathered by students of ice hockey. Except in the case of defensemen, little or no salary discrimination against Francophones could be identified, although their pay is determined differently. The collection of a wide variety of data suggests that favoritism by scouts substantially affects the outcome of hiring decisions, especially at the positions for which assessment is highly uncertain and subjective, that is, the position of defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the media habits of light TV viewers in Canada to determine how best to reach them. Light viewers cannot be selectively reached by manipulating TV schedules because no type of programming attracts more than its fair share of light viewers. English light viewers spend more time with TV than any other medium, while French light viewers spend the most time with radio. This refutes the Media Imperative concept that magazines are the alternative to TV. Reach analysis reveals that light viewers are reached by TV at even moderate weight levels. Light Viewer reach is about one-half total reach up to moderate reach levels. At higher weights there is a frequency, not a reach, discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New TFP estimates drawn from the neglected census of 1831 for Lower Canada are used to test the controversial (but still dominant) traditional “poor French farmers” explanation for a prolonged economic crisis. The new evidence shows that French-speaking areas were equally as productive as English-speaking areas, something that upturns the established consensus and reinforces the minority viewpoint that culture had little to do with the crisis. Using a broad range of controls, the researchers find that this conclusion is robust and that other variables such as settlement recency, environment, and economic structure were much more significant determinants of TFP. These results warrant the abandonment of the cultural explanation and a shift toward other explanatory channels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It has been well documented that family meals are on the decline. However, little is known about time use relatively on the time spent on meal between Anglophones and Francophones in Canada. The main objective of this study is to explore time spent on meals at home, with consideration of education levels and family types between Anglophones and Francophones (thirty to sixty years of age). Data from the "General Social Survey" (1992, 1998, 2005, and 2010) were analyzed. Results indicated that the time spent on meals declined for both Anglophones and Francophone from 1992 to 2010. However, Francophones appeared willing to spend much more time on meals at home than Anglophones. Men and women with higher education spent more times on meals than lower education. Findings of the current analyses also showed that family type (i.e., living alone, single-parent, couple-only, and two-parent) makes difference for the amount of time spent on meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to explore whether visual rhetorical figures are used differently when addressing Anglophone and Francophone target groups in Canada. For the empirical analysis I applied the method of content analysis to a corpus of advertisements drawn from two Canadian women's magazines, the Anglophone magazine Chatelaine and the Francophone magazine Châtelaine. As analytical construct I used the typology of visual rhetorical figures developed by Phillips and McQuarrie (2004). The results reveal that French Canadian advertisements appear to apply significantly more visual rhetorical figures than English Canadian advertisements. Practical implications for marketers are given and avenues for further research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although Canada decriminalized abortion in 1988, significant disparities in access to services and an uneven geographic distribution of providers persists. Health Canada registered mifepristone, the gold standard of medication abortion, in July 2015. Our study explored Canadian women's knowledge of, interest in, and perspectives on mifepristone prior to registration.Methods: From November 2012 through July 2015 we conducted in-depth interviews with 174 Anglophone and Francophone women from Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec about their abortion experiences and their opinions about medication abortion. We purposively recruited participants from different age cohorts and different regions within each study province to explore a range of perspectives. We analyzed these interviews for content and themes related to mifepristone using both deductive and inductive analytic techniques.Results: The overwhelming majority of participants had no knowledge of mifepristone at the time of the interview. However, after providing a brief description of an evidence-based mifepristone/misoprostol regimen, more than half of the participants reported that they would have considered this method had it been available at the time of their abortion and most would have been comfortable receiving medication abortion care from a family physician or nurse practitioner. Most women supported the approval of mifepristone and felt Canadian women would benefit from having more options for early pregnancy termination.Conclusion: Although knowledge of mifepristone among recent abortion patients was low, considerable interest in medication abortion exists. Expanding awareness-raising efforts and supporting the approval of evidence-based regimens and provision of mifepristone appears warranted.Implications: The approval and introduction of mifepristone for early abortion in Canada promises to increase options and access. Creating tailored and culturally and contextually resonant messages about mifepristone is of high priority. Promoting evidence-based protocols and the inclusion of a full range of qualified professionals in service provision is also warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores theoretical dimensions of voice in retranslation in postcolonial situations through a contextualized analysis of extra-textual and intratextual voices in the English-Canadian translation and retranslation of Prochain épisode, Hubert Aquin's 1965 political novel on Québec's independence from Canada. The three decades between the translations are marked by important social, political and cultural changes in both source and target language communities: from the 1960s turmoil with respect to Québec's aspirations for independence to a certain political fatigue in both groups in the 2000s, from a focus within Québec letters on a national agenda to other aesthetic and cultural concerns, and from a colonial to a postcolonial editorial context in both Anglophone and Francophone literatures in Canada. What may appear as target culture recuperative strategies in the editorial and translatorial positioning of a retranslation may correspond on closer analysis to parallel changes in the source culture reception of the book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien is the property of Gesellschaft fuer Kanada Studien e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic phenomenon in which a bilingual speaker switches freely between their languages (codes) within a single utterance, conversational turn, or conversation. Linguists can often pinpoint a “we” code and a “they” code based on the speaker’s respective comfort levels with the two languages. This categorization is more complex in bilingual Québec, where English and French could be either “we” or “they” codes depending on whether the speaker is natively Francophone or Anglophone, or on the speaker’s national or political identity. This article presents an examination of CS patterns among Francophone students enrolled in Anglophone institutions and Anglophone students enrolled in a Francophone institution. These students’ (voluntary) linguistic displacement illuminates the way this phenomenon manifests among speakers outside of their linguistic “comfort zone.” This provides insight into more profound Québécois identity issues, such as the ways that English- versus French-speakers view their linguistic role in the province’s bilingual fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Langage & Societe is the property of Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the fifty years that have passed since the launch of the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission, the framework that was used then to address cultural and linguistic issues in Canada sounds familiar, even contemporary. The dominant approaches in debates about (re)-defining the Canadian federation have up to today always reproduced that same pattern, which revolves around the relationship between linguistic majorities (Quebec's status being a central element), minority integration as the expression of Canadian diversity and a dismissive stance towards issues specific to aboriginal peoples. Revisiting the work that has been done during that time offers the great opportunity to cast a forward-looking glance at the new conditions that will define a way for us all to coexist in Canada's multinational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this short article is to demonstrate, with the help of available official statistics, that the transformations and evolution that occurred within the Canadian legal framework in terms of official languages over the last fifty years coincided with a significant decrease of social and economic inequalities between Francophones and Anglophones and that, in turn, the demographic shifts in Canadian society are now giving rise to new issues and challenges, particularly as regards the French language as we are approach the Commission's 50th anniversary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Commission played a critical role in bringing to the forefront the state of mutual incomprehension between French-speaking and English-speaking Canada. The key question was the one that Laurendeau and Dunton would ask at the beginning of every public hearing: "Can English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians live together, and do they want to? Under what new conditions? And are they prepared to accept those conditions?" These profound and existential questions made it clear that the commissioners were defining the mandate in a way that went to the fundamental issue of whether the country would, or should, continue to exist - and in what form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canadian cinematography, with its Anglophone and Francophone branches and rich new currents from other cultures, the interest in communication gaps and failures is enormous, although the filmmakers mostly deal with them in global and universal communication contexts. This article examines various aspects of miscommunication through subtitles and focuses on the problems of monolingual people in a foreign-language environment, either in a foreign country (as in Peter Mettler's Tectonic Plates) or in a different part of their native country (the frustration of English-speaking people in Francophone Québec in Denis Villeneuve's "Le Technétium" and Patricia Rozema's Desperanto). In this context, the article explores the unreliability of human sight and hearing and investigates the roles and possibilities of various forms of nonlinguistic, especially visual communication, as presented in Atom Egoyan's En Passant (Passing Through) and Mettler's Tectonic Plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the campaign for anglicization by Ontario's Englishspeaking Christian Brothers from the 1870s to the 1910s. These Brothers argued that French-speaking Brothers were unsuitable in Ontario, and worked to establish an English-speaking novitiate as a means of securing an indigenized membership, ensuring greater local control over community life, and conforming to the province's Anglophone milieu. Their efforts proved successful with the creation of the English-language Toronto District in 1914, enabling the Christian Brothers to fortify their membership and solidify their presence in a larger number and wider variety of schools. Despite their auxiliary status in the Church, the Brothers' apostolate ensured that they played a central role in determining its future educational direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era when university administrators are increasingly eyeing "efficiencies" (one crude measure of which might be class size), offering a course where interest has been slight in recent years can be dangerous. A cursory glance through the course calendars of Canada's universities points to a sharp decline over the past few decades of opportunities to study Québec's fascinating history. I will suggest three strategies that might reinvigorate the teaching of Québec and French Canada to students at English language universities. The first of these involves internationalizing the content of the course so that Québec – and indeed Canada – are seen as part of global historical themes. A second strategy is to consider Québec and French Canada as a foil for the examination of North American history. Incorporating such an approach into the teaching of Canadian identity might illuminate the similarities and differences in how the American context has affected Canada's and Québec's histories. Finally, to take into account the “fact" of the Canadian constitution, the construction of political and legal institutions, and interactions with Anglophone Canadians, which have all influenced developments in francophone Québec since Confederation, and indeed before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the effects of ethnic nationalism on Anglophone and Francophone migration. The rise of Québec ethnic nationalism in the 1960s dismantled the cultural division of labour, which created new opportunities for Francophones but threatened Anglophones' traditional dominance over the Québec economy. This had negative consequences for Anglophones but positive outcomes for Francophones, which in turn accounts for differences in migration patterns. Drawing from the internal colony model as well as migration and exit-voice theories, and using ecological census data, micro-census data and election panel data, I find that the key variables that increase the likelihood of Anglophone out-migration either do not explain Francophone out-migration or have opposite effects. This is because ethnonationalist policies decreased the economic return particularly for well-educated, higher-earning, professional Anglophones in Québec, while increasing the economic position of Francophones and in particular well-educated professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of New Brunswick Studies / Revue d'etudes sur le Nouveau-Brunswick is the property of Journal of New Brunswick Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considerable research has begun to address youth gambling issues from a bio-psycho-social perspective. The current Canadian national study adds to this body of knowledge by examining the cultural influences impacting parent's attitudes, behaviors and perceptions of youth gambling. A total of 3,279 parents with a child between the ages of 13 and 18 years of age responded to the survey, with 500 Francophone and 200 Anglophone parents from Quebec being compared to the larger national sample. The results confirm previous reports by youth that parents do not perceive youth gambling to be a serious issue. Of 13 potential adolescent risky behaviors, gambling is viewed as the least problematic. Comparisons between Francophone and Anglophone parents suggest that Francophone parents discussed issues related to gambling more often with their children. The results suggest that a number of cultural differences exist and this may impact youth gambling problems. The need for greater parental awareness concerning youth gambling as a prevention measure is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article looks at the impact of historical consciousness on the structuring of group boundaries among national history teachers within Quebec's context of group duality between Francophones and Anglophones. By using an 'open-ended interpretation key' for taking into account how teachers interact with temporal change for negotiating their ethno-cultural agency toward the Other, this article specifically focuses on the different understandings that two teachers of the Franco-Québécois majority develop from the past for knowing and engaging with the Anglo-Québécois. By grasping whether they recognize the latter's moral and historical agency in time, the degree of both educators' sensitivity to Anglophone social realities and historical experiences become clear, as do their willingness to transmit such information to their students. On the whole, despite demonstrating a more or less equal capacity to develop plausible-like understandings of the past, both teachers offer two diverging attitudes for dealing with the Other, which ultimately reflect two main opposing social discourses over how to properly confront memories of the 'French-English Conflict.' Given the potential burden of these debates on how teachers (and students) historicize inter-group realities, the article ends with proposing a means of teaching history that fosters the development of autonomous and conscientious engagements with the past. Not only does this approach entail respecting differences in opinions and choices, but also highlights the potentials of embracing change for improving the quality of common future life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a qualitative study conducted with 33 young adults educated in English language schools in Québec highlighting several hypotheses concerning the impact of bilingualism on English and French speakers through a different perspective. A topological analysis of identities experienced by the interviewed youth shows that English-speaking Canadian and French-Canadian collective identities belong to imaginary referents English language speakers use to define themselves within the context of Québec, Québec. The data is analyzed based on an approach centered on social actors and the negotiated aspect of individual identity. In conclusion, the author proposes an intercultural approach which deconstructs this dichotomous vision of linguistic identities in Québec.

The asymmetrical frontier: Franco-Ontarians and Anglo-Quebeckers in the Nation's Capital Region The francophone and anglophone minorities of Gatineau-Ottawa appear to benefit from a privileged location. Living very close to their respective majorities, they simply have to cross the border in order to access resources to live in their own language and share their culture. However, a qualitative analysis of the discourse by Anglo-Quebeckers and Franco-Ontarians about their everyday life in the Nation's Capital Region shows that the border has more complex and often contradictory effects. In this article, we focus our attention on four particular manifestations of the border: (1) the border is transparent so that one can cross the Ottawa River without hindrance in certain contexts yet rather opaque in others; (2) one may transcend minority status through the strategic use of the border; (3) it creates a multi-topic imaginary geography in which the border itself often becomes mobile; and (4) finally, the border can act as a mirror when the cross-cultural intermixing it allows causes the Anglo-Quebeckers and Franco-Ontarians to question their identities, a questioning which would not be as intense in the absence of the border. The comparison of these two minorities makes it possible to highlight the asymmetrical nature of the effects of the border on their everyday life, identities, and sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the willingness to communicate (WTC) of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone students to measures of their self-assessed, multiskilled second language proficiency and strategy use before and after a short-term intracountry bilingual exchange experience.The central question is whether a student's WTC exists before an opportunity for authentic second language use or whether authentic second language opportunities enhance WTC. Data were collected via questionnaires. In this paper, I report on the questionnaire findings examining WTC in relation to the participants' self-assessments pre- and post-exchange. The questionnaire results show statistical increases in ease of speaking for the Anglophone group and in all language skills for the Francophone group. Notably, however, there were no significant changes in the \NTC elements pre- and post-exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article posits that there is a lack of dialogue between Francophone and Anglophone historians in Canada. Despite a demographic revolution in academia, the new generation of Canadian historians appears to have inherited its predecessor's failure to bridge this divide. How we train future public school teachers in Canadian history could be profoundly affected, including a failure to promote an inclusive national history. As a possible solution, the author contends that we need to change standards for graduate students, expand opportunities for language training, and promote more partnerships between Francophone and Anglophone historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines translation, language and national identity using as a point of departure Henri Morier's "Dictionnaire de poétique et de rhétorique," in which he discusses the difference between synecdoche and metonymy. Morier was a professor of the history of the French language at the Université de Genève in Geneva, Switzerland. He believed that synecdoche and metonymy are centered on identity because substitution of words, in either a general or more specific sense, involves both fragmentation and inclusion. A particular focus of the article is the work of the native English writer Gail Scott, who is, as a bilingual writer, seen as crossing over between the distinct cultures of anglophone and francophone societies.

Using a variant of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, I find that outside Quebec, in both public and private sectors, the wage premium enjoyed by anglophones between 1970 and 2000 can be fully explained by a higher relative demand for English skills. However, I find that in Quebec's public sector between 1970 and 2000, francophones enjoyed a wage premium that may have reflected more than a higher relative demand for French skills, opening the possibility of discrimination as a factor. Such a premium also seems to have been present in Quebec's private sector in 2000. In particular, as was the case in 1970 for francophones, in 2000 anglophones in Quebec's private sector could not gain access to the market premium for the other language group by becoming bilingual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to examine the extent to which bilingual speakers maintain language-specific phonological contrasts for homorganic stops when a cue is shared across both languages. To this end, voice onset time (VOT) was investigated in three groups of participants: early bilinguals speakers of Canadian French and Canadian English (n= 8), monolingual speakers of Canadian English (n= 8), and monolingual speakers of Canadian French (n= 7). Three questions were targeted: What are the general patterns of VOT production in bilingual and monolinguals? Do bilingual speakers produce different mean VOT than monolinguals? Do bilingual speakers produce different variability in VOT than monolinguals? Acoustic measurements of VOT were made from monosyllabic English and French words with word-initial bilabial or coronal stop consonants. The results indicate that the early bilingual speakers maintain monolingual-like phonemic contrasts, but that they exhibit more variation within categories than monolingual speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historical evolution of anti-Americanism in Canada, and offers some reflections on its nature and implications today. It is stated that anti-Americanism is an attitude toward the U.S. and its people which is profoundly mistrustful. Canadians' experiences with anti-Americanism are just about as diverse as Canada itself, but they can be readily grouped into two main collective experiences: Anglophone and Francophone. It is commented that anti-American imagery and sentiments are deeply rooted in Canadian society, but they become politically salient only when they are "oxygenated" and given momentum by elites. During the Cold War, Francophone Canada developed its own set of frustrations and resentments with the U.S.

The authors compared the personality characteristics of Québec Francophones (25 women, 25 men) and Anglophones (25 women, 25 men) aged 16-64 years. Each participant completed a French or English version of 3 personality inventories that measured (a) extraversion (2 scales), (b) neuroticism (2 scales), (c) psychoticism, (d) lying, (e) openness to experience, (f) conscientiousness, (g) agreeableness, (h) conservatism, and (i) altruism. Francophones scored higher than did Anglophones on psychoticism and on 1 measure of extraversion, and Anglophones scored higher than did Francophones on conservatism, but the 2 groups did not differ on the other personality traits. Men scored higher than did women on psychoticism, and women scored higher than did men on conscientiousness and agreeableness. Conservatism and altruism increased with age. The authors discuss the results in the context of cross-cultural theory and research on personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of Acadian communities from northern to southern New Brunswick is producing a new dynamic in demographic, economic, social, linguistic and cultural distribution across the province. The area of Moncton-Dieppe is experiencing the effects of this Acadian mobility. These effects are raising many questions about the future of these Francophones in a predominantly Anglophone urban environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the importance of volunteerism to Canadian sport, and the need for research to understand the characteristics of sport volunteerism, a pilot study was carried out to explore the experiences of volunteers in sport. The study focused on two different sport associations (one individual sport and one team sport) in two majority linguistic localities (one predominantly francophone in Quebec and one predominantly anglophone in Ontario). Language is a key element of community membership, and this article pays specific attention to the relationship between language and sport volunteensm in Canada. The results indicate that there are some different patterns of sport volunteering between the two different (official) linguistic communities, and suggest that the experiences of Canadian sport volunteers in relation to linguistic community membership have implications for the recruitment, training, and retention of volunteers in sport, and warrant further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews key elements of the model of multilingual communication (MMC) (Sachdev and Bourhis 2001, 2005) as they pertain to the case of the “two solitudes” in the province of Quebec: the Francophone majority and the Anglophone minority. The first part of the article provides an intergroup analysis of how language laws in Quebec succeeded in changing the respective ethnolinguistic vitality of the Francophone majority and the Anglophone minority in the province. Along with the MMC, communication accommodation theory is used to review the intergroup, normative, and social psychological determinants of bilingual switching behaviors, as well as specific social psychological studies of bilingual communication conducted in Quebec. The second part of the article describes empirical field studies of language accommodation in Montreal conducted in 1977, 1979, and 1991 (Bourhis 1984b; Moïse and Bourhis 1994). As a follow-up to our earlier studies, the goal of the 1997 experiment (N = 482) was to monitor the language strategies adopted by pedestrians who were randomly accosted by a white or black female confederate who voiced a plea for directions in either English or French. Results of the 1997 study showed that both Francophone and Anglophone pedestrians overwhelmingly converged to the linguistic needs of the white and black confederate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a past issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Richard Bourhis (1994) edited a number of articles that dealt with “French-English language issues in Canada.” The issue dealt with language contacts from both a national and a regional basis. The present issue of IJSL focuses on the official language minorities of Canada, that is, English in Quebec (the only province where French is the sole official language) and French outside Quebec, the latter being a minority language in the other nine provinces and three federal territories. French does have official status with English in the small province of New Brunswick, where Francophones constitute one-third of the population. It also has official status with English and some aboriginal languages in the three northern territories. However, language issues in Canada's confederation are diverse and official language minorities experience a wide variety of sociolinguistic contexts. Before we present the structure and content of this special IJSL issue, we give a brief overview of some historical background relevant to this topic of official language minorities in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the transformation of metropolitan institutions in two Canadian city-regions (Toronto and Montreal). Taking Neil Brenner's argument about new state spaces as a starting point, we discuss comparatively how governance restructuring in recently consolidated Toronto and Montreal has been part of more general changes to the architecture of governance in Canada. We look specifically at changes to the mediation channels between civil society and metropolitan institutions. A "nationally" scaled comparison, this project must take into account the specific differences between Francophone and Anglophone Canada, between the different civic traditions in Montreal and Toronto and different traditional significance attributed to the scale and nature of metropolitan governance structures and variously scaled agency in both cities. This makes our case in many ways more like an international comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian family-adventure series "Adventures in Rainbow Country" followed in the wake of the deeply optimistic 1967 Centennial celebrations and reflects the country's long tradition of nation building. Given the rise of the Separatist and Red Power movements in Canada, the program's depiction of the harmonious co-existence of anglophone, francophone, and Indigenous populations is hardly an accurate representation of the era. Its strength lies in both its truths and its untruths, however. While postmodernism has taught us to question dangerous fictions, unmasking injustice, it can also stifle change, since it offers no alternatives to reality. This essay examines the contradictions behind the program's creation and reception in an attempt to explain its lasting impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on historical studies which include the religious representations of Japan, the struggle between anglophones and francophones, and the symbolic value of Charlettown's Orange Lodge Riot.

Copyright of Historical Studies is the property of Canadian Catholic Historical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an examination of English identities in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. It discusses the problems that arise when examining nationalism through discourse analysis and instead explores how nationalism and national symbols are invoked by individuals at the community level. It examines settlement patterns dating to the 1790s that produced a minority of English speakers in the Eastern Townships, but notes that some communities do have Anglophone majorities. It discusses the relationship between English-speaking groups and the French-speaking Quebecois and explores how English-speakers maintain identities as Townshippers while also being considered a minority. The article also examines the development of language policy in Quebec and the province's separatist actions.

Analyzes the local changes in the transition or contact zone of bilingualism along the Quebec-Ontario border in the period 1961-86. Description of the changes in absolute numbers and percentage share of the total population of the minority group, anglophones in Quebec and francophones in Ontario; Definition of the regions of change; Levels of change at the local level.

Extant historical sources on the evolution of community psychology in Canada provide different perspectives on the subdiscipline's origins but tend to neglect developments in Québec. The present account is based on oral history data and pertains chiefly to current issues in academic community psychology. Recent interviews of seven prominent Canadian-based community psychologists indicated that there has been a relative lack of cooperation and of knowledge sharing between francophone and anglophone community psychologists. Another theme was the dominating effect of U.S. community psychology on the Canadian subdiscipline. Interviews of 13 central figures in the U.S. subdiscipline confirmed this impression of unidirectional influence. The issues of cultural division and U.S. domination bear significantly on the identity of Canadian community psychology. However, trends in graduate training, community practice, and political support appear to bode well for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on language group relations in the economy of Quebec Province suggests that more French Canadians are bilingual than English Canadians because many businesses use English and are owned or operated by English Canadians. Bilingual French Canadians are rewarded, on the average, by placement into better occupations. The hypothesis is made that a similar reward exists for bilingualism in English in the Spanish mother tongue labor force in Puerto Rico. The 1970 Census of Population in Puerto Rico provides data for a test of this hypothesis in which the reward is demonstrated. It is also hypothesized that it is mainland American ownership of businesses which accounts for this reward. This hypothesis is tested on the labor force in manufacturing. it is not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A content analysis of selected portions of sixth grade history texts uses by French and English Canadians during the period 1850 to 1968 shows that French and English texts exhibit markedly different definitions and attitudes toward historical events in general, and the federal government in particular. Over time, the English texts become more conciliatory and move toward the French Canadian definition of history whereas the French texts become more " French" nationalistic and move away from the English Canadian definition of history. Schermerhorn's thesis that superordinate groups develop on ideology with superordinate themes (racism, social distance. active prejudice, assimilationism) was not supported, but his thesis that suboradinate groups develop on ideology stressing subordinate themes (militancy. Secessionism, withdrawal, pluralism, reactive prejudice) was supported. This difference is explained on the basis of the basis of the self interests of the respective English and French ideological elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]