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During the lifespan of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, some heterogeneities between the cells constituting the stack can appear. The voltage of one particular cell in a stack may decrease because of specific aging or local malfunctioning such as drying. As a result, more heat is generated in this cell leading to an increase in its temperature and, thus, an additional voltage loss. This snowball effect can result in the failure of the cell. Therefore, the lifetime of a PEMFC stack can be increased by applying energy management to its cells. Note that the output voltage of a cell is lower than a stack. Hence, a high conversion ratio converter is necessary to implement such energy management. An efficient way to increase the output voltage is to connect the output capacitors of the converters such as the boosts in series. Ensuring the converters’ controllability is a key point to implement energy management. In this paper, an equalizer system is proposed to ensure the controllability of the boost converters. The balancing speed and the low number of switches are the main advantages of this system. The validity of the proposed system is verified through simulation and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy management method in an electrical hybrid power source (EHPS) for electric vehicular applications. The method is based on the flatness control technique (FCT) and fuzzy logic control (FLC). This EHPS is composed of a fuel cell system as the main source and two energy storage sources (ESSs)—a bank of supercapacitors (SCs) and a bank of batteries (BATs)—as the auxiliary source. With this hybridization, the volume and mass of the EHPS can be reduced, because the high energy density of BAT and high power density of SC are utilized. In the proposed novel control strategy, the FCT is used to manage the energy between the main and the auxiliary sources, and the FLC is employed to share the power flow in the ESS between the SC and the BAT. The power sharing depends on the load power and the state of charge of the SC and the BAT. EHPS is controlled by the regulation of the stored electrostatic energy in the dc buses. The main property of this strategy is that the energy management in the power source is carried out with a single general control algorithm in different operating modes, consequently avoiding any algorithm commutation. An EHPS test bench has been assembled and equipped with a real-time system controller based on a dSPACE. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To deal with the intermittency of renewable energy resources, hydrogen as an energy carrier is a good solution. The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as a device that can directly convert hydrogen energy to electricity is an important part of this solution. However, durability and cost are two hurdles that must be overcome to enable the mass deployment of the technology. In this paper, a management system is proposed for the fuel cells that can cope with the durability issue by a suitable distribution of electrical power between cell groups. The proposed power electronics architecture is studied in this paper. A dynamical average model is developed for the proposed system. The validation of the model is verified by simulation and experimental results. Then, this model is used to prove the stability and robustness of the control method. Finally, the energy management system is assessed experimentally in three different conditions. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology for developing a management system with which the instability of cells can be confronted. The experimental results verify that the system can supply the load profile even during the degradation mode of one stack and while trying to cure it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy demand increment besides the reduction of fossil fuel resources from one side, and climate issues concerning the conventional power production methods from another side lead humanity to more efficient and cleaner power production methods. One of these methods is polygeneration microgrids based on a renewable energy source. In the present study, a combined cycle of a Free Piston Stirling Engine with a Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Machine was proposed as a new heat recovery option for the high-quality thermal energy of an Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell as electricity. Then, a Double Effect Absorption Chiller and a heat exchanger were used to recover the rest of the heat as cooling and hot water, respectively. After modeling and validating all the systems, they were combined. The results of the combined system showed 31.7% (or 40% by including cooling production of Double Effect Absorption Chiller instead of its heat consumption for efficiency calculation) of total efficiency improvement compared to the standalone Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Furthermore, the electrical efficiency of the system was improved by 14.1%. [Display omitted] • A nonlinear thermodynamic model of a β-type FPSE is developed and validated. • A PMLSM is modeled, coupled with the FPSE, and the combined system is controlled. • An IRSOFC and a Double Effect Absorption Chiller (DEACH) are modeled and validated. • A tri-generation microgrid, including an IRSOFC, an FPSE, a PMLSM, and a DEACH is studied. • The proposed system produces electricity, heating, and cooling with an efficiency of around 64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]