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Tephromela vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. (Figs 3E, F; 4C, D) Similar to Tephromela atra but corticolous and differing in the presence of a fatty acid, and in the wine-red pigment in the upper hymenium and epihymenium. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8°30’41”S, 37°16’37”W, on bark of tree, 13-15.VIII.2017, L.A. Santos s.n. (holo-, ISE [ISE46534]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8°29’49”S, 37°18’02”W, on bark of tree, 13-15.VIII.2017, L.A. Santos s.n. (ISE [ISE54172]); Mato Grosso do Sul, Fazenda Marambaia, Bonito, alt. 650 m, 20°58’S, 56°42’W, on wood, 30.X.2018, A. Aptroot 77088 (ABL, CGMS); Fazenda Santa Fé, Jardim, alt. 650 m, 21°32’S, 56°45’W, on bark of tree, 02.XI.2018, A. Aptroot 77478 (ABL, CGMS); Bonito, outskirts, near tower, alt. 475 m, 21°07’44”S, 56°30’41”W, on bark of tree, 09.XI.2018, A. Aptroot 78049 (CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the wine-red pigmented gel that surrounds the paraphyses. CHEMISTRY. — Apothecia and medulla UV+ greenish white, C-, P-, K-. Alectoronic acid, atranorin and an unknown hydrophobic substance detected by TLC. This unidentified fatty acid has an RF value of 18 in solvent C. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil and on trees and especially wooden poles in Cerrado in S Brazil; known only from Brazil, but probably occurring in adjacent countries. MYCOBANK. — MB 846316. GENBANK. — OP881896. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick. Prothallus black to greyish-white or absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer 37-70 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with somewhat unevenly crenate, sometimes lobate margin. Disk black, 0.5-2 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100-125 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 63-100 µm thick, pale wine red. Epihymenium dark wine red, K+ intensifying wine red. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 4-6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by wine red pigmented gel. Subhymenium 37.5-50 µm thick, brown. Hypothecium 62-87.5 µm thick, golden brown. Asci slightly clavate, 40-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 10-13 ×5-8 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia rod-shape, 12.5-15 × 1 µm. DISCUSSION The new species superficially resembles Tephromela atra, but differs in secondary chemistry and is not closely related to the latter phylogenetically (Fig. 2). Fatty acids were first reported for the genus in Muggia et al. (2014). At the time, the authors did not describe the material as a new taxon and questioned the application of chemical characters in the delimitation of species within the genus. Subsequently, based on the presence of fatty acid, Cestaro et al. (2016) described T. pacifica. Kantvilas (2015) and Kantvilas & Elix (2017) also recently used chemical patterns to describe new species with unique chemistry. The metabolite found in our species is a fatty acid, as reported by Cestaro et al. 2016, but has a chemical standard, with a RF value of 18 in solvent C, different from that found by Cestaro et al. (2016) with a RF value of 50. Most similar to the new species are T. alectoronica, described from Australia but in the protologue also reported from Brazil, and T. rhizophorae Kalb, described from Brazil. Both lack fatty acids but contain traces of physodalic acid instead. The ascospores of T.rhizophorae are distinctly smaller (8-10×5-6 µm) whereas those of T. alectoronica are only slightly larger (12- 17 ×6-9 µm). Thus, without co-chromatography, T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. and T. alectoronica are difficult to distinguish. The specimen clustering as sister to T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov., and here named T. aff. vinacea (Fig. 2) is of interest in this respect. It presents a UV + greenish white fluorescence, although alectoronic acid was not clearly detectable with TLC. It was collected at one of the localities where Kalb (2008) originally reported material identified as T. alectoronica (Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso). Thus, Kalb’s material might be conspecific with this sequenced specimen, which would imply that the Brazilian material of T. alectoronica is not that species but is represented by the clade here named T. aff. vinacea, quite distant from the Australian T. alectoronica (Fig. 2). However, given that the underlying specimen is rather small and the chemistry could not be determined with certainty, we refrain from any formal conclusions in this case., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["MUGGIA L., PEREZ- ORTEGA S., FRYDAY A., SPRIBILLE T. & GRUBE M. 2014. - Global assessment of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra. Fungal Diversity 64: 233 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 013 - 0271 - 4","CESTARO L., TONSBERG T. & MUGGIA L. 2016. - Phylogenetic data and chemical traits characterize a new species in the lichen genus Tephromela. Herzogia 29 (2): 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.13158 / heia. 29.2.2016.383","KANTVILAS G. 2015. - Observations on the genus Tephromela (lichenised Ascomycetes) in Tasmania, with the description of a new species. Herzogia 28: 430 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.13158 / heia. 28.2.2015.430","KANTVILAS G. & ELIX J. A. 2017. - Tephromela baudiniana sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycetes) from Kangaroo Island. Swainsona 31: 27 - 30.","KALB K. 2008. - New or otherwise interesting Lichens. IV. Sauteria 15: 239 - 248."]}

Tephromela multireflexa Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. (Fig. 3A, B) Similar to Tephromela atra, but corticolous and differing in the apothecium thalline margin containing lichexanthone in the cortex and α- collatolic acid in the medulla. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Chapada dos Guimarães, Pousada do Parque private area, alt. 700 m, 15°26’50”S, 55°49’50”W, on bark, 12-19.IX.2020, A. Aptroot & M.F. Souza 81950 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL). ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to the two different UV-reflectant colours. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV-, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow, apothecium medulla UV+ bluish-green. With lichexanthone (apothecial margins) and α- collatolic acid detected by TLC. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Cerrado forest; known only from the type collection from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846314. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.05-0.2 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate, homogeneously distributed on the thallus. Disk black, 0.5- 2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate. Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, hyaline. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly dissolve. Hymenium c. 90-180 µm thick, blue, colour in K unchanged. Subhymenium 50-70 µm thick, dark blue, in K dark purple. Epihymenium dark purple, pigment in K dissolving leaving the blue of the hymenium. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 4-6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by lilac pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0-80 µm thick, pale yellow, intensifying orange yellow in K. Asci slightly clavate, 70-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14-16×5-6.5 µm, wall 1 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION The substance α- collatolic acid is commonly occurring in the genus Tephromela, while lichexanthone is so far only reported from T. velloziae. In that species, and in two further species described below, lichexanthone occurs in the thallus and the apothecium margins, not only in the thallus. The new species is the first in the genus that combines both lichexanthone and α- collatolic acid., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. (Figs 3G, H; 4E, F) Similar to Tephromela velloziae, differing in its saxicolous ecology and its areolate thallus. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Veracruz, Municipality of Las Vigas de Ramírez, locality of Volcancillo, alt. 2300 m, 19°37’00.5”N, 97°04’01.0”W, on volcanic rock, IX.2020, Cárdenas-Mendoza s.n. (holo-, XALU [XALU1413]; para-, XALU [XALU1414, XALU1415, XALU1416, XALU1417]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200-1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on sandstone, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & Aptroot 52016, 52057 (ISE, CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to its chemistry. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed volcanic rock associated with Pinus forest in Volcancillo, Veracruz, and on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known from Brazil and Mexico. MYCOBANK. — MB 846317. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15-0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate, with motes of white pruina when young. Proper exciple thickest at the base (50-60 µm), becoming thinner at the edges, intense yellowbrown. Hymenium c. 100-130 µm thick, pigment reddish purple, K+ purple. Subhymenium 80-90 µm thick, purple pigmented, dark purple in K. Epihymenium reddish-purple, pigment K+ purple. Paraphyses simple, septate, surrounded by dark red pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0-60 µm thick, with similar colorations as the hymenium. Asci slightly clavate, 65-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-13 × 5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION Tephromela velloziae was described as containing lichexanthone and it also agrees in ascospore size (Kalb 1984). However, the isotypes Kalb 349 (B[B600157687, B600093712]) deposited in Herbarium Berolinense (digital material consulted in BiNHum 2021) and mentioned in the original description (Kalb 1984), differ morphologically and in ecology from the new species. They have a verrucose thallus without areoles, in contrast to the areolate thallus of T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. Also, T. velloziae grows on dead stems of a semi-woody herb in semi-arid Caatinga vegetation, whereas T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., is a saxicolous species, found growing on sandstone and on volcanic rock between species of Cladonia, Stereocaulon, Rhizocarpon, and other unidentified crustose lichens, in temperate to tropical montane ecosystem, including Pinus forest at 2250-2300 m in Mexico and campos rupestres at 1200-1400 m in Brazil., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["KALB K. 1984. - Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fasc. VIII (nos 301 - 350). Published by the author, Neumarkt / Opf.","BINHUM. 2021. - Biodiversitatsnetzwerk des Humboldt-Rings. Available athttps: // www. binhum. net / (accessed 13 April 2021)."]}

KEY TO SPECIES OF TEPHROMELA M.CHOISY IN BRAZIL The Brazilian material keying out here possibly does not represent T. alectoronica s.str. but perhaps T. aff. vinacea in our phylogenetic tree. 1. Saxicolous or muscicolous on rock or soil or lichenicolous on saxicolous Lecanora...................................... 2 — Corticolous or on Vellozia stems or lichenicolous on corticolous Dirinaria................................................ 10 2. Lichenicolous on saxicolous Lecanora........................................... T. campestricola (Nyl.) Rambold & Triebel — Saxicolous or muscicolous on rock or on soil............................................................................................... 3 3. Apothecia with constricted base; medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and α- collatolic acids) or medulla UV+ yellow (lichexanthone)........................................................................................................................ 4 — Apothecia margin not distinguishable from raised thallus parts (apothecia seemingly emarginate or immersed)................................................................................................................................................... 7 4. Medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and α- collatolic acid).............................. T. atra (Huds.) Hafellner — Medulla UV-negative; thallus and apothecium margin UV+ yellow (lichexanthone)................................... 5 5. Hymenium, epihymenium and subhymenium all equally reddish purple............................................................................................................................................................ T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. — Subhymenium reddish; epiphymenium bluish; hymenium hyaline or mottled bluish and brownish........... 6 6. Subhymenium reddish brown; epiphymenium and hymenium mottled bluish and brownish............................................................................................................... T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. — Subhymenium dark orangish brown; epiphymenium dark blue to black; hymenium hyaline............................................................................................................. T. epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. 7. Apothecia (sub)convex, almost without thalline margin; thallus with black hypothallus visible between the areoles......................................................................................................................................................... 9 — Apothecia more or less flat, in raised thallus warts; thallus continuous to rimose......................................... 7 8. Ascospores 10-14 × 6-8 µm; medulla UV+ bluish-green (α- collatolic acid).............................................................................................................................................................................. T. buelliana (Müll. Arg.) Kalb — Ascospores 10-11 × 6-7 µm; medulla UV- (colensoic acid)................................................................................................................................................................................................... T. colensoica Rambold & Knoph 9. Ascospores 7-10 × 3.5-4.5 µm; medulla UV+ white (loxodellonic and glomelliferic acids)........................................................................................................................................................ T. matogrossensis Kalb & Elix — Ascospores 10-12 × 8-9 µm; medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and physodic acids).............................................................................................................................................................. T. immersa Kalb & Elix 10. Lichenicolous on corticolous Dirinaria...................................... T. cerasina (Müll. Arg.) Rambold & Triebel — Corticolous............................................................................................................................................... 11 11. Thallus UV-, but apothecial margins may be UV+ yellow; medulla UV- or UV+ greenish-white or UV+ bluishgreen......................................................................................................................................................... 12 — Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone); ascospores 9-16 × 5-7.5 µm.............................................................. 16 12. Medulla UV- (no substances in medulla); ascospores long ellipsoid, 10-12 × 3-4 µm........................................................................................................................................................................ T. americana (Fée) Kalb — Medulla UV+ greenish-white or UV+ bluish-green; ascospores ellipsoid, at least 5 µm wide...................... 13 13. Apothecial margin UV+ yellow (lichexanthone), medulla UV+ bluish green (α- collatolic acid); fatty acids absend; ascospores 14-16 × 5-6.5 µm.................................................... T. multireflexa Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. — Apothecial margin UV- or (medulla) UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and/or physodic acids); fatty acids (TLC) present or absent....................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Ascospores 8-10 × 5-6 µm; in mangroves.......................................................................... T. rhizophorae Kalb — Ascospores 10-17 × 5-9 µm; in inland ecosystems...................................................................................... 15 15. Fatty acids present (TLC); ascospores 10-13 × 5-8 µm......................................................................................................................................................... T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. — Fatty acids absent (TLC); ascospores 12-17 × 6-9 µm.............................................. T. alectoronica Kalb s.lat. 16. On Vellozia stems; ascospores 9-12 × 5-7 µm........................................................................ T. velloziae Kalb — On tree bark; ascospores 14-16 × 6.5-7.5 µm........................................................................................................................................................................... T. obesimarginata L.A.Santos, Aptroot & M.Cáceres, sp. nov., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 23, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela obesimarginata L.A.Santos, Aptroot & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. (Figs 3C, D; 4A, B) Similar to Tephromela velloziae but corticolous and differing in the unevenly thickened thalline apothecium margin and the larger ascospores. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200- 1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on tree bark, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & A. Aptroot s.n. (holo-, ISE [ISE52321]; iso-, CGMS). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200-1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on tree bark, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & A. Aptroot 52143, 52312, 52309 (ISE, CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the irregularly thickened, plump, thalline apothecium margin. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed trees in Campo rupestre vegetation in SE Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846315. GENBANK. — OP881898. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, verrucose,somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick.Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer c. 50 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with unevenly crenate, irregularly thickened margin. Disk black, 0.7-2 mm in diam., flat to somewhat concave or saddle-shaped, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.2-0.6 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100-150 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 100-150 µm thick, violet, K+ greenish-grey. Epihymenium violet, K+ greenish-grey. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 3-5 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by violet pigmented gel.Hypothecium 100-150 µm thick, violet, K+ greenish-grey, with a narrow golden-brown band below the hymenium (25-50 µm thick). Asci slightly clavate, 50-75 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14-16 × 6.5-7.5 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia not observed. DISCUSSION The new species somewhat resembles Tephromela velloziae, but differs in the irregularly thickened apothecium margin, the larger ascospores (14-16×6.5-7.5 µm vs 9-12× 5-7 µm), and the corticolous habit., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (Fig. 5C, D) Lecanora epichlorina Vain., Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 91 (Vainio 1890). HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400- 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 164 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5645]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 41012 (ABL, SP). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846230. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15-0.2 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100-150 µm thick, hyaline. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark orange brown. Epihymenium dark blue to black, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-15 ×5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. For differences with T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., see Discussion under T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and in the key below., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 22, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["VAINIO E. A. 1890. - Etude sur la classification et la morphologie des lichens du Bresil. I. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 1 - 247."]}

Tephromela carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (Fig. 5A, B) Lecanora carassensis Vain., Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 91 (Vainio 1890). HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400- 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 1572 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5217]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 40719 (ABL, SP). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On mosses on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846318. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, internally with small crystals, glossy, 0.15-0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100 µm thick, mottled bluish grey and pale brown. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark reddish brown. Epihymenium bluish grey, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-12×5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. It agrees in many aspects with T. epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (see below), and both were described from the same locality, but there are notably differences in the pigmentation patterns of the hymenium, epihymenium, and subhymenium. Both species differ from T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. also largely in apothecial pigment patterns (see key below).

We present a first study of the diversity and community composition of lichens in seasonally dry tropical forest (DTF) remnants in the Atlántico department, Colombia. Lichens were sampled in two of the three protected areas of the department: Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza and Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar. The inventory revealed 61 species, including four new to science: Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov., Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov., G. mokanarum Lücking, Moncada & M.C. Martínez sp. nov., and Phaeographis galeanoae Lücking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Arthonia erupta and Coenogonium saepincola are new to South America, whereas thirteen species are recorded for Colombia for the first time. Further 37 species are new records for Atlántico, raising the total of species known from the department from 27 to 84. With 42 species at Luriza and 31 at El Palomar, species richness was comparable to that of other DTF sites in the Neotropics. Overlap in species composition between the two sites was remarkably low, with only twelve shared species (20 %), indicating a high level of heterogeneity. Biogeographical affinities lie with Central American DTF, which is in line with those of woody plants. These results underline the importance of the remaining fragments of DTF in Colombia in conserving partially unknown biodiversity and the necessity for their continuing conservation. RESUMEN Presentamos un primer estudio de la diversidad y composición de comunidades de líquenes en remanentes de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) en el departamento de Atlántico, Colombia. Se muestrearon líquenes en dos de las tres áreas protegidas del departamento: Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza y Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar. El inventario registró 61 especies, incluyendo cuatro especies nuevas para la ciencia: Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov., Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov., Graphis mokanarum Lücking, Moncada & M.C. Martínez sp. nov. y Phaeographis galeanoae Lücking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Arthonia erupta y Coenogonium saepincola son nuevos registros para América del Sur, mientras que trece especies son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia. Unas 37 especies adicionales son nuevos reportes para Atlántico, incrementando el total de especies conocidas para el departamento de 27 a 84. Con 42 especies en Luriza y 31 en El Palomar, la riqueza de especies fue comparable con la de otros sitios de bs-T en el Neotrópico. El traslape en la composición de especies entre los dos sitios es bajo, con solamente doce (20 %) compartidas, indicando un alto nivel de heterogeneidad. Las afinidades biogeográficas son mayores con los bs-T de Centroamérica, lo que coincide con las de plantas leñosas. Estos resultados enfatizan la importancia de los remanentes de bs-T en Colombia para la conservación de una biodiversidad poco conocida.