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A new Chinese truffle species, Tuber sinomacrosporum belongs to the Macrosporum group was illustrated and described, it is characterized by brownish-red ascoma, prosenchymatous peridium, dark brown gleba, 1(2) spored asci and large ellipsoid ascospores with 2–6 μm high reticulate-alveolate. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA supports this species is distinct from the known species within the Macrosporum group. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological differences between this new species and its related species are discussed.

Hydnobolites oaxacanus is described using molecular and morphological data. This new species is characterized by the whitish ascomata with orange spots, grey gleba, and 4-spored asci with ascospores of 17–45 × 15–20 µm. The new species differs from other American Hydnobolites such as H. californicum and H. cerebriformis by the number of ascospores per asci, and larger ascospore size and ornamentation. It is putatively associated with Quercus castanea in the Quercus-Pinus dry mixed forest. Photographs, descriptions, and molecular phylogeny of the ITS region are presented.

Morchella vulgaris f. atrovelutipe s M. Snabl & U. Guidori forma nov. (Fig. 3a‒d and 4) Mycobank MB#848727 Etymology:—from latin atro (= black), velutinus (= velvety) and pes (= stipe) for the velvety blackish stipe. Holotype:— ITALY (north-western Adriatic coast). Ravenna: Lido di Dante, “Pineta Ramazzotti”, 2 m asl, 44.365 716 N and 12.321 652 E, 12 April 2013, AQUI _10400 (Herbarium Mycologicum Aquilanum) Diagnosis:—Small sized ascoma with general appearance of the hymenophore typical of M. vulgaris; the stipe is densely covered with hairs forming a tomentose - velvety layer, dark brown to blackish in color. Original description:—Ascoma 60 mm high. Hymenophore 32 mm high, 30 mm wide at the widest point; irregularly ovoid, with a rounded-obtuse apex; pitted and ridged; ridges whitish to pale amber, with reddish-brown spots. Pits gray to gray-brown; irregularly shaped, deep, sometimes almost closed, opened on the stipe; short secondary ribs are also present. Stipe 25‒28 mm high; 10 mm wide; cylindrical; basally subclavate up to 15 mm wide; finely tomentose; black or dark brown. Context cartilagineous and weak; red-brown with whitish or blackish spots; 2‒3 mm thick. Sterile inner surface smooth or slightly tomentose; white in the hymenophore becoming reddish-brown in stipe. Smell fungal, slightly spermatic. Asci 125‒200 × 11‒17.5 μm; cylindrical, rounded at the apex; thin-walled; hyaline, non-amyloid. Ascospores absent. Paraphyses 45‒75 μm in length, 7.5‒12.5 μm wide; clavate, apices rounded; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; one- biseptate at the base.Acroparaphyses 80‒100 μm in length, 12.5–18.8 μm wide at the apex; cylindrical, apices capitulated, sometime dilated at the base; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; septate. Hyphae on the outer surface of the stipe cylindrical, apices rounded, 44‒87 × 10‒20 μm; septate; thin-walled with dark pigment on the wall surface; contents hyaline or dark brown. Inner stipe surface covered by spherocytes, 15‒32 μm wide; thin-walled; contents hyaline or brown. Ecology:—ascoma from a burnt pine forest on sandy soil, about 200 m from the seaside. Numerous ascomata of M. vulgaris and a few of M. esculenta without any tomentose appearance were found in the burnt site of Pineta Ramazzotti (data not shown). Comments:—The specimen Mvu39 was completely immature (no spore within ascii) but due to its peculiar characters hitherto undescribed in the literature it is here typified as a new forma of M. vulgaris (Table S1). M. vulgaris f. atrovelutipes differs from M. esculenta var. atrotomentosa described by Moser (1949) because it does not have long hairs on the sterile ridges but acroparaphyses (not described by Moser) very different in shape and size. However, the outer surface of the stem of both taxa has a velvety layer consisting of septate hyphae containing dark-brownish pigments., Published as part of Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra & Iotti, Mirco, 2023, New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy, pp. 280-290 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 284-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8043073, {"references":["Moser, M. M. (1949) Uber das Massenauftreten von Formen der Gattung Morchella auf Waldbrandflachen. Sydowia 3: 174 - 200."]}

Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra, Iotti, Mirco (2023): New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy. Phytotaxa 599 (5): 280-290, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2

Morchella tomentosa M. Kuo 2008 (Fig. 3e‒g and 5) Mycobank MB511840 Exsiccata are deposited in the Herbarium Mycologicum Aquilanum (AQUI) with the code AQUI_10399. Description:—Ascomata 70‒110 mm high. Hymenophore 45‒60 mm high, 30‒50 mm wide at the widest point; cylindric to ovoid, with a rounded to depressed apex, sometimes perforated; pitted and ridged; primary ridges thick, sinuous and irregularly vertical when young; secondary ridges shorter; anastomosed, attached to stipe with a sinus deeper than wide. Ridges densely tomentose when young; brownish-gray to black; flattened when young, then rounded, cracked or eroded with maturity. Pits white, greyish to pale brown; glabrous and sometimes warty; irregularly shaped and almost closed when young but vertically elongated and open by maturity. Stipe 30‒50 mm high; 15‒30 mm wide; irregularly cylindrical; basally subclavate and lacunose; flared to apex; finely tomentose with small, dark brown to blackish warts, with tufts of short hairs. Context chambered and layered; 2-3 mm thick; hard; white with grayish layers in the stipe. Sterile inner surface tomentose; white in the hymenophore and gray in the stipe. Smell fungal, pleasant, almost fruity. Asci 8-spored; 120‒280 × 12‒15 μm; cylindrical to clavate; one- biseptate at the base; hyaline, non-amyloid; uniseriate and operculate. Ascospores (16.9)20‒25.3(27.6) × (9.2)10‒15.1(17.4) μm; Q = (1.5)1.54‒2.2(2.6) (average 22.6 × 12.6; Q = 1.8); smooth; elliptical; thin-walled; hyaline, contents homogeneous. Paraphyses 120‒200 × 5‒10 μm; cylindric to clavate, apices rounded sometime capitate; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; one- biseptate at the base. Acroparaphyses 75‒150 × 12‒35 μm; clavate, apices rounded; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; septate at the base; hairs on sterile ridges (140)180‒220(250) × (6)8‒18(22) μm; originating from spherocytes of the sub-imenial layer; cylindric, apices rounded, sometimes bottlenecked in the middle part; thin-walled; 2‒3 septate; hyaline in water, red to gray-black contents from the apices to the base in Congo red, brownish-gray contents in KOH. Hairs on the outer stipe surface 100‒140 × (6)8‒12(15) μm; cylindric, apices rounded; septate; thin-walled; hyaline, sometimes finely granulated. Hairs of the inner stipe surface 65‒112 × 12‒20 μm; clavate; bundled; thin-walled; contents hyaline to greyish; septate at the base. Internal surface of the hymenophore covered by spherocytes; thin-walled; hyaline; grouped to form small warts. Ecology:—ascomata from a burnt pine forest located on mountainside at 1,130 asl. In addition to the eight specimens of M. tomentosa, thousands Morchella spp. ascomata (mainly M. importuna and a few specimens of M. eximia, M. purpurascens (Krombh. ex Boud.) Jacquet and M. esculenta) were also found in the burnt area of Arischia. Comments:—Macro and micromorphology of ascomata studied in this work were similar to those reported for the holotype described by Kuo (2008) with the exception of the spores that are slightly bigger for Mto1., Published as part of Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra & Iotti, Mirco, 2023, New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy, pp. 280-290 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 286-287, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8043073, {"references":["Kuo, M. (2008) Morchella tomentosa, a new species from western North America, and notes on M. rufobrunnea. Mycotaxon 105: 441 - 446."]}

Tuber melanorufum L. Fan sp. nov. (FIG. 2) MycoBank:—MB 846497 Diagnosis:—differed from other species by the large red-brown to blackish ascomata covered with distinctively fine warts and the ascospores ornamented with crowded spine-reticulations. Etymology:— melano, latin, means black; rufum, latin, means red. Referring to the color of ascomata that are red-brown when young and change to blackish to black with age. Typification:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Huize County, in soil under a Pinus forest, 31 Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BJTC FAN1273). Description:— Ascomata 1.6–4.5 cm diam, irregularly globose to subglobose, reddish (#f18f5f) to red brown (#800000) when young, then changing blackish to black (#460707) with age, surface covered with distinctly fine warts, often with some superficial and pale colored furrows. Odor light, favour not recorded. Gleba pale when young, brown (#4e0000) to coffee brown (#670000) at maturity, but never black, marbled with narrow and numerous whitish veins. Peridium 350–400 μm thick, two-layered: outer layer 200–250 μm thick including warts of 30–50 μm high, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose to irregularly shaped cells of 5–15 × 5–20 μm wide, with slightly thickened walls, brown walls at outermost cells; inner layer 150–200 μm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae 2.5– 7.5 μm wide, hyaline thin-walled. Asci subglobose or ovoid, 65–75 × 55–62.5 μm, hyaline, thick-walled of 2.5–3μm, 1–4(–5)-spored, sessile or with a short stalk at maturity. Ascospores ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, usually narrowed in one end, yellow brownish (#a36e12) at maturity, ornamented with densely spine-reticulations of 2.3–3(–5) μm high, negative in Melzer’s reagent, excluding ornamentation, in 1-spored asci 25–57.8 × 15–28.5 μm, Q = 1.24–2.57 (Qm =1.91 ± 0.66) (n = 30), in 2-spored asci 26–51 × 13.6–25.6μm, Q = 1.41–2.62 (Qm =2.02 ± 0.6) (n = 30), in 3-spored asci 22.1–43.9 × 13.3–23.2 μm, Q = 1.18–2.31 (Qm = 1.75 ± 0.56) (n = 30), in 4(–5)-spored asci 17.9–40 × 11.7–21.2 μm, Q = 1–2.45 (Qm = 1.73 ± 0.73) (n = 30). Habit, habitat and distribution: —hypogeous, gregarious, in soil under Pinus forest in Yunnan province, China. Currently known only from China. Specimens examined. CHINA. Yunnan Province: Huize County, in soil under forest of Pinus sp., 21 Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BITC FAN1274, BJTC 1276, BJTC FAN1287)., Published as part of Fu, Hao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2023, Tuber melanorufum and T. tomentellum, two new truffle species from China, pp. 178-190 in Phytotaxa 594 (3) on pages 182-186, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7901081

Tuber melanorufum and T. tomentellum spp. nov. are described and illustrated in this paper based on the morphological and phylogenetic data. Tuber melanorufum is diagnosed by the red-brown to blackish ascomata covered with distinctly fine warts and the ellipsoid to long ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with very crowded spine-reticulations. Tuber tomentellum is characterized by the large ascospores and two types of hairs arising from the outer cells of the peridium. Phylogenetic analyses place T. melanorufum and T. tomentellum in the Rufum and Puberulum clades, respectively.

Tuber tomentellum L. Fan & H.Y. Fu sp. nov. (FIG. 3) MycoBank:—MB 846498 Diagnosis:—differed from other species by the large ascospores reaching 78.55 μm in length and the numerous hyphoid or seta-like hairs on the peridial surface of ascomata. Etymology:— tomentellum, tomemtose, referring to the ascomatal surface covered with short woolly hairs. Typification: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BJTC FAN1340) Description:— Ascomata 1.3–2.2 cm, yellow brown (#f4d28d) to grey brown (#654321), surface even and finely tomemtose, with an indistinctly basal depression. Odor mild, flavour not recorded. Gleba brown (#7c2f20) at maturity, marbled with large and rare white veins. Peridium 200–300 μm thick, two-layered: outer layer 150–200 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose to irregularly shaped cells of 7.5–32.5 × 5–25 μm, thin-walled, light brown (#f5dbc2) toward outside surface; inner layer 75–150 μm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae 4–7.5 μm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, septate. Hairs arising from outermost cells of the peridium, two types, hyphoid, flexible, and having obtuse ends, or seta-like, erect, and having sharp ends, 30–90 × 2.5–4 μm, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, 1–3-septa. subglobose or ovoid, 80– 110 × 50–75 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, 1–3-spored, sessile. Ascospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, brown (#a52a2a) at maturity, reticulate, negative in Melzer’s reagent, excluding ornamentation, in 1-spored asci 30–78.5 × 25.7–46 μm, Q = 1.07–1.96 (Qm =1.52 ± 0.45) (n = 30), in 2-spored asci 31.1–64.5 × 26.2–41.4 μm, Q = 1.1–1.75 (Qm =1.43 ± 0.33) (n = 30), in 3-spored asci 29.6–62 × 24.2–38.9 μm, Q = 1.07–1.76 (Qm = 1.42 ± 0.35) (n = 30), reticulum 4–6 μm high, 6–7 meshes across spore width. Habit, habitat and distribution: —hypogeous, gregarious, in soil under a Pinus forest in Yunnan Province, China. Currently, only known from China. Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Dali City, Xiangyun County, in soil under forest of Pinus sp., 21 Oct 2020, Collected by Baoxiang Shi (BITC FAN1330); Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Baoxiang Shi (BJTC FAN1346).

Tuber sinomacrosporum S. P. Wan, & F. Q. Yu, sp. nov. (FIGURE 2) MycoBank: 846502 Typification: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Dali City (25° 38′ N , 100° 68′ E), in humic soil under a pure Pinus forest, at about 2090 m, 26 December 2020, wsp1043-8, YNAU016 (GenBank ITS number = OK625303). Diagnosis: Tuber sinomacrosporum is characterized by the brownish-red ascoma, mostly 1(2)-spored asci, large and ellipsoid ascospores. Etymology: referring to a Chinese species have large spores. Description: Ascoma 2.2 × 1.35 cm in diam, oval-shaped or irregular, light brown, partial brown to brownishred when fresh, becoming brownish-red when dried, surface partially covered with yellow tomentose. Odor pleasant. Peridium 108.0–148.0 μm thick, one layer, prosenchymatous, composed of yellowish to transparent cells and interwoven hyphae, cells (1.0–)2.2–5.7(–7.8) × (1.0–)1.7–4.5(–5.4) μm, hyphae 1.3–2.8 μm in diam. Gleba solid, blackish at maturity, marbled with different whitish to greyish veins continuous with the peridium; composed of hyaline, interwoven, thin-walled hyphae, 0.7–2.4 μm broad at the septa, the cells subglobose to globose, 1.1–7.3(– 10.5) × 0.9–5.7(–8.6) μm. Asci 114.0–143.0(–158.0) × 86.0–117.0(–124.0) μm, ellipsoid, rarely pyriform or irregular, hyaline, sessile or with a short or tall stalk 7.5–49.0 μm, 1-spored, rarely 2-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid, sometimes oblong elliptical and broadly ellipsoid, hyaline when young, becoming brownish-red to brown at maturity; excluding alveolar ornamentation, in 1-spored asci (80.0–)89.0–105.0(–109.0) × (55.0–)61.0–76.0(–78.0) μm (Q = 1.32–1.53, Q m = 1.43 ± 0.08) (n = 120), in 2-spored (51.0–)55.0–78.0(–84.0) × (32.0–)37.0–55.0(–57.0) μm (Q = 1.25–1.65, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.16) (n = 30). Ornamented with alveolate reticulum, 2–6 μm deep, constituted of irregularly polygonal meshes, reticulum with 3–7 meshes along the spore length and 3–7 across. Distribution and habitat: Hypogeous, in soil under pure stand of Pinus forest in Yunnan Province, China. Known only from China., Published as part of Wan, Shan-Ping, Liu, Wei, Cui, Meng-Jin, Wang, Rui, Wang, Yu-Yun, Liu, Mei-Ju, Wang, Rui- Xue, Yu, Cheng-Jin & Yu, Fu-Qiang, 2023, Morphological and molecular evidence support a new truffle, Tuber sinomacrosporum, in Macrosporum group, pp. 283-291 in Phytotaxa 591 (4) on pages 286-288, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7835575

The new species of Lichtenstein’s catalog (1794: part 2) were discussed by Geiger (2003). Here a facsimile edition and full translation of the work is given. Additional insights into select Lichtenstein species are provided. Tentative identifications include Mya papyracea Lichtenstein, 1794 as a member of Thraciidae, Helix porphyrostoma Lichtenstein, 1796 from Ambon as a member of Planorbidae and Helix australasiae Lichtenstein, 1794 from Tahiti as a Partula sp. Trochus tahitiensis Lichtenstein, 1794 is here designated as a nomen oblitum with Trochus histrio Reeve, 1861 [1842 in error] as its nomen protectum. Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz and Murex galea Chemnitz (now Coralliophila galea) were first made available by Lichtenstein (1794), not by Schumacher (1817) and Dillwyn (1823), respectively. Olivancillaria brasiliensis (Lichtenstein, 1794) is senior synonym of O. urceus (Röding, 1798).

Rosa roxburghii Tratt., a deciduous shrub of the family Rosaceae, is usually used as food and medicinal materials and also cultivated as an ornamental. Plant endophytic fungi are a large class of microbial resources not fully researched, with great potential applications. Two strains of Ascodesmis and Talaromyces were isolated during a survey of biodiversity on endophytic fungi of R. roxburghii in China. Multigene phylogenetic analyses showed that each of the two fungi formed a distinct lineage and separated from known congeneric species and they are proposed as two novel taxa. Ascodesmis rosicola sp. nov. usually has one or two conspicuous simple or branched ridges extending to the majority of the ascospore surface and remarkably small asci, distinguishing it from the previously-described species in the genus Ascodesmis. Talaromyces rosarhiza sp. nov., of the section Talaromyces, is closely related to T. francoae. It differs from the latter by having both monoverticillate and biverticillate conidiophores, while those of T. francoae are biverticillate. Both novel endophytes are illustrated and described.

Pachyphlodes is a lineage of ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous, sequestrate ascomycete fungi native to temperate and subtropical forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Pachyphlodes species form ectomycorrhizae mainly with Fagales hosts. Here we describe two new species of Pachyphlodes, P. brunnea, and P. coalescens, based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Pachyphlodes brunnea is distributed in the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León in northern México, occurring with Quercus and Juglans species. It is characterized by its dark brown peridium, white gleba, and spores with capitate columns. Pachyphlodes coalescens is distributed in the states of Michoacán and Tlaxcala in central and southwestern México co-occurring with Quercus and is distinguished by its reddish-brown peridium, light yellow gleba, and spore ornamentation. Both species, along with P. marronina, constitute the Marronina clade. This clade contains North American species characterized by a brown peridium and spores ornamented with capitate spines to coalesced spine tips that form a partial perispore.

Hydnobolites oaxacanus de la Fuente & J. García, sp. nov. (Fig. 3). Mycobank no. MB 841759 Type: — MEXICO. Oaxaca: Nochixtlán municipality, road to Apoala, 17°28’33” N, 97°12’21 “W, 2281 m.a.s.l., 19 August 2018, García 21382 (Holotype ITCV [JGARCIA-21382- ITCV]). Diagnosis: — Hydnobolites oaxacanus differs from other species within the genus by the 4-spored asci, ascospores of 17–45 × 15–20 µm, and the putative association with Quercus castanea. Description: — Ascocarps hypogeous, 8–25 × 5–11 mm, globose to subglobose, some lobated, white, with scattered orange mycelial strands, turning pale brown when touched, minutely pubescent. Odor and taste mild. Gleba pale gray, with fertile tissue separated by white veins, connected with the peridium, columella absent. Odor and taste fungoid. Peridium 120–300 µm thick, composed of interwoven or prostrated hyphae, loose at the external side, compacted near the gleba, with some erected hyphae 17–30 × 5–8 µm, tubulose or clavate, some with rugose thin-walled. Trama 20–45 µm composed of interwoven hyphae, 2–10 µm in diameter, tubulose, rarely inflated, septate, sometimes branched, thin-walled. Asci 77–95 × 62–78 µm, globose or pyriform, with pedicel up to 20 µm long, cylindric to inflated, hyaline, with oily content, tetrasporic, thin-walled. Ascospores 17–45 × 15–20 µm (W=18, L= 25, Q=1.13–2.25, N=30) broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid, rarely subglobose or cylindrical, hyaline, alveolate-reticulate, up to 7–9 alveoli longwise, 6–8 sidewise, angular (5–7 sides), heterodiametric or rarely irregular, 3–5 µm in diameter, projected up 7 µm, thin-walled. Etymology: —Named oaxacanus in reference to the Mexican state of Oaxaca, where the species was discovered. Distribution: —Known from the type locality, growing hypogeous in Quercus-Pinus dry mixed forest under Quercus castanea Née. Comments: —The most remarkable characteristics of the new species are the 4-spored asci and the large ascospores. Most of the Hydnobolites species have 8-spored asci except Hydnobolites javanicus Höhn., which has 1–3-spored asci. Hydnobolites javanicus differs from H. oaxacanus in the number of ascospores per asci and the ascospore size. Hydnobolites baodingensis Wu & Lan (1993: 1021) have 8-spored asci, ascospores of 15–21 µm and associated with Zea (L), Dyospiros (L) and Setaria P. Beauv (Wu et al. 1993). Both species mentioned above lack molecular evidence, and some authors (Smith and Schmull 2011; Li et al. 2019) believe that these species should not be placed in Hydnobolites due to the presence of an episporium in H. javanicus and the putative saprobious lifestyle of H. baodingesis. The new species also differs from the Asian species. It can be easily separated from H. caniculatus L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 406), which have folded gleba, whereas H. oaxacanus have solid gleba. Hydnobolites roseus L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 408) have a pinkish peridium, very different from the whitish color present in H. oaxacanu s. Both H. shianxiensis L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 409) and H. yunnaensis L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 412) have 8-spored asci, smaller ascospores and bigger alveoli (Li et al. 2019). It is also different from the American species. Hydnobolites californicus E. Fisch. (1909: 194) have smaller ascospores and bigger alveoli (Gilkey 1916). The new species share some characteristics with H. cerebriformis like the whitish ascoma that turns orange when touched (Cázares et al. 1992) nevertheless, it differs in the ascospore size and ornamentation (Trappe et al. 2007)., Published as part of Fuente, Javier Isaac De La, García-Jiménez, Jesús, Martínez-González, César Ramiro, Ayala-Vásquez, Olivia, Del-Valle, Juan Francisco Hernández, Florez, Marcos Sánchez- & Peña-Ramírez, Rafael, 2022, Hydnobolites oaxacanus (Pezizales, Ascomycota), a new species from Mexico, pp. 73-80 in Phytotaxa 559 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7009412, {"references":["Wu, E., Lan, Z., Xiang, Y. & Han, Z. (1993) A new species of Tuberales from China. Mycological research 97 (8): 1021 - 1022.","Smith, M. E. & Schmull, M. (2011) Tropical truffles: English translation and critical review of F. von Hohnel's truffles from Java. Mycological Progress 10 (2): 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 010 - 0694 - 1","Li, T., Cheng, M., Xu, Y-Y. & Fan, L. (2019) Four new species of Hydnobolites (sequestrate Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) from China. Mycological progress 18: 405 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 018 - 01465 - z","Gilkey, H. M. (1916) A revision of the Tuberales of California. University of California Publications in Botany 6: 275 - 356.","Cazares, E., Garcia, J., Castillo, J. & Trappe, J. M. (1992) Hypogeous fungi from northern Mexico. Mycologia 84: 341 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3760186","Trappe, M., Evans, F. & Trappe, J. (2007) Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi. Ten Speed Press, California. 144 pp."]}

Mount Burni Telong has a diversity of fungi that play an important role in the forest ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the types of macrofungi found in Mount Burni Telong and index diversity macrofungi found in Mount Burni Telong. The method used in this study was to use the pathway method by observing macrofungi along the hiking trail with a distance of 10 meters to the left and 10 meters to the right starting from an altitude of 1800 mdpl to an altitude of 2600 mdpl. Macroscopic fungi found were to identified and measured the physico-chemical parameters of the environment. Macroscopic fungi found were dominated by the Basidiomycota division and the Polyporaceae family. The results obtained were 31 macroscopic fungi from 2 divisions, 6 classes, 6 orders, 21 families, 26 genera, and 31 species. The most macroscopic fungi found in the Basidiomycota division, Agaricomycetes class, were 23 species and at least in the Ascomycota division, Pezizomycetes class, was as many as 1 species.

Diaporthe species have often been reported as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprophytes, commonly isolated from a wide range of infected plant hosts. In the present study, twenty strains obtained from leaf spots of twelve host plants in Yunnan Province of China were isolated. Based on a combination of morphology, culture characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF), β-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CAL), and histone (HIS) genes, these strains were identified as eight new species: Diaporthe camelliae-sinensis, D. grandiflori, D. heliconiae, D. heterostemmatis, D. litchii, D. lutescens, D. melastomatis, D. pungensis and two previously described species, D. subclavata and D. tectonendophytica. This study showed high species diversity of Diaporthe in tropical rain forests and its hosts in south-western China.

Makale, Türkiye'nin Hakkâri ilinde toplanan Coprotus disculus Kimbr., Luck-Allen ve Cain'in oluşumu hakkında yeni verileri rapor ediyor. Türler morfolojik verilere göre tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye’de cinsin ikinci kaydı verilmiştir. Koleksiyon bilgileri ile birlikte makroskobik ve mikroskobik karakterler ve fotoğraflar verilmiştir., The article reports new data on the occurrence of Coprotus disculus Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain collected in Hakkâri Province, Türkiye. The species was identified based on morphological data. The second record of the genus in Türkiye is reported. Macroscopic and microscopic characters and photographs are given, along with the collection information.

Karst formations represent a unique eco-environment. Research in the microfungi inhabiting this area is limited. During an ongoing survey of ascomycetous microfungi from karst terrains in Guizhou Province, China, we discovered four new species, which are introduced here as Hypoderma paralinderae , Terriera karsti , T. meitanensis and T. sigmoideospora placed in Rhytismataceae , based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. Molecular analyses, based on concatenated LSU-ITS-mtSSU sequence data, were used to infer phylogenetic affinities. Detail descriptions and comprehensive illustrations of these new taxa are provided and relationships with the allied species are discussed, based on comparative morphology and molecular data.

We present phylogenetic analyses of the fruticose Ramalinaceae based on extensive collections from many parts of the world, with a special focus on the Vizcaíno deserts in north-western Mexico and the coastal desert in Namibia. We generate a four-locus DNA sequence dataset for accessions ofRamalinaand two additional loci forNieblaandVermilacinia. Four genera are strongly supported: the subcosmopolitanRamalina, the new genusNamibialinaendemic to SW Africa, and a duo formed byNieblaandVermilacinia, endemic to the New World except the sorediateV. zebrinathat disjunctly occurs in Namibia. The latter three genera are restricted to coastal desert and chaparral where vegetation depends on moisture from ocean fog.Ramalinais subcosmopolitan and much more diverse in its ecology.We show thatRamalinaand its sister genusNamibialinadiverged from each other at c. 48 Myrs, whereasVermilaciniaandNieblasplit at c. 30 Myrs. The phylogeny of the fruticose genera remains unresolved to their ancestral crustose genera.Species delimitation withinNamibialinaandRamalinais rather straightforward. The phylogeny and taxonomy ofVermilaciniaare fully resolved, except for the two youngest clades of corticolous taxa, and support current taxonomy, including four new taxa described here. Secondary metabolite variation inNieblagenerally coincides with major clades which are comprised of species complexes with still unresolved phylogenetic relationships. A micro-endemism pattern of allopatric species is strongly suspected for both genera, except for the corticolous taxa withinVermilacinia. BothNieblaand saxicolousVermilaciniahave chemotypes unique to species clades that are largely endemic to the Vizcaíno deserts.The following new taxa are described:Namibialinagen. nov.withN. melanothrix(comb. nov.) as type species, a single new species ofRamalina(R. krogiae) and four new species ofVermilacinia(V. breviloba,V. lacunosa,V. pustulataandV. reticulata). The new combinationV. granulansis introduced. Two epithets are re-introduced for EuropeanRamalinaspecies:R. crispans(=R. peruvianaauct. eur.) andR. rosacea(=R. bourgeanaauct. p.p). A lectotype is designated forVermilacinia procera. A key to saxicolous species ofVermilaciniais presented.

In this paper we present an updated checklist of thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina), that is, the orders Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales, from Belgium and the Netherlands. Two species are newly described based on morphology, molecular data (ITS, LSU ribosomal DNA) and ecology (host association). These areHesperomyces halyziaeonHalyzia sedecimguttata(Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from both countries andLaboulbenia quarantenaeonBembidion biguttatum(Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Belgium. In addition, nine new country records are presented. For Belgium:Laboulbenia aubryionAmara aranea(Coleoptera, Carabidae) andRhachomyces spinosusonSyntomus foveatus(Coleoptera, Carabidae). For the Netherlands:Chitonomyces melanurusonLaccophilus minutus(Coleoptera, Dytiscidae),Euphoriomyces agathidiionAgathidium laevigatum(Coleoptera, Leiodidae),Laboulbenia fasciculataonOmophron limbatum(Coleoptera, Carabidae),Laboulbenia metabletionSyntomus foveatusandS. truncatellus(Coleoptera, Carabidae),Laboulbenia pseudomaseionPterostichus melanarius(Coleoptera, Carabidae),Rhachomyces canariensisonTrechus obtusus(Coleoptera, Carabidae), andStigmatomyces hydrelliaeonHydrellia albilabris(Diptera, Ephydridae). Finally, an identification key to 140 species of thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes in Belgium and the Netherlands is provided. Based on the combined data, we are able to identify mutual gaps that need to be filled as well as weigh the impact of chosen strategies (fieldwork, museum collections) and techniques in these neighboring countries. The aim of this work is to serve as a reference for studying Laboulbeniomycetes fungi in Europe.

In this paper, Claviformisporagen. nov. in Linocarpaceae is introduced from Phyllostachys heteroclada in Sichuan Province, China. The new genus is characterised by its distinct morphological characters, such as ostiole with periphyses, asci with a thick doughnut-shaped, J- apical ring and clavate ascospore without septum-like band and appendage. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequence data from ITS, LSU, SSU and TEF-1α regions, provide further evidence that the fungus is a distinct genus within this family. The new genus is compared with similar genera, such as Linocarpon and Neolinocarpon. Descriptions, illustrations and notes are provided for the new taxon.

Molecular analysis of the genus Balsamia was conducted with ITS and 28S sequences available, including newly gained sequences from Chinese specimens. Combined with the morphological examinations, a new hypogeous species, Balsamia lishanensis was described and illustrated from North China, which is morphologically characterized by reddish brown ascomata covered with fine warts, the whitish gleba with numerous small chambers, 3–5 layers peridium with reddish brown polygonal cells and the smooth and regular ellipsoid ascospores with one large oil drop. Two species previously described as Barssia were transferred to Balsamia. Balsamia platyspora was confirmed to be in existence in China based on newly collected specimen. A key to the Chinese Balsamia species was provided.

Diaporthe species (Sordariomycetes, Diaporthales) are often reported as important plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on a wide range of plant hosts. In this study, Diaporthe specimens were collected from symptomatic twigs and branches at the Huoditang Forest Farm in Shaanxi Province, China. Identification was done using a combination of morphology and comparison of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin (cal), histone H3 (his3), partial translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) gene regions. Three new Diaporthe species are proposed: D. albosinensis, D. coryli and D. shaanxiensis. All species are illustrated and their morphology and phylogenetic relationships with other Diaporthe species are discussed.

The article reports new data on the occurrence of Coprotus disculus Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain collected in Hakkâri Province, Türkiye. The species was identified based on morphological data. The second record of the genus in Türkiye is reported. Macroscopic and microscopic characters and photographs are given, along with the collection information., Makale, Türkiye'nin Hakkâri ilinde toplanan Coprotus disculus Kimbr., Luck-Allen ve Cain'in oluşumu hakkında yeni verileri rapor ediyor. Türler morfolojik verilere göre tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye’de cinsin ikinci kaydı verilmiştir. Koleksiyon bilgileri ile birlikte makroskobik ve mikroskobik karakterler ve fotoğraflar verilmiştir.

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Microstoma microstoma (Risso, 1810). Dusky Pencilsmelt. To 21 cm (8.3 in) TL (Cynthia Klepadlo, pers. comm. to M. L). Circumglobal; subarctic���transitional eastern Pacific to central Baja California (Moser and Butler in Moser 1996). Depth: 0���4,145 m (13,595 ft) (Cynthia Klepadlo, pers. comm. to M.L.). Moser and Butler in Moser (1996) considered at least the eastern Pacific form to be an undescribed species., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33."]}

Th e true truffl es, Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., are among the most studied fungal species; they also have a high economic value due to their special aromatic and nutritional properties that make them a much sought delicacy. Despite this, their identifi cation has been based on morphological and then molecular characters in the absence of reference type specimens. Although long of scientifi c, commercial and regulatory use, these four scientifi c names are at risk due to a lack of nomenclatural priority. To provide the scientifi c community with reference voucher samples and to initiate nomenclatural proposals for the recognition of their status as conserved names, three collections from sites mentioned by their authors (Picco and Vittadini) are proposed as epitypes for Tuber aestivum, T. borchii and T. melanosporum, and one as a neotype for T. magnatum. Th e type of each name is described morphologically and molecularly characterized with the sequences of three markers: ITS, ?-tubulin, elongation factor 1?. Th e taxonomy and nomenclature of each species are discussed. Th e conservation of the names Tuber aestivum against the previous homonymous Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and the competing name Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl., T. magnatum against Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., and T. melanosporum against Tuber nigrum Bull. will be proposed. Th e name Tuber borchii has no previous synonyms and therefore it is legitimate and does not require conservation.

Tuber borchii Vittad. (Figs 2; 4B; 5C, D) Monographia Tuberacearum: 44 (1831). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 118774. GENBANK. — MZ423174 (nrITS), MZ458418 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458422 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER BORCHII VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831 tab. I (presented with the indication XX), fig. III E-F here reprinted in Fig. 2. (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001893). EPITYPE OF TUBER BORCHII VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Varzi, Castello Oramala, sub Quercus pubescens Willd., 6.III.2019,44°50’28”N, 9°11’32”E, twenty ascomata, leg. Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI10151] here designated MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001895). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous globose, lobate or irregular, up to 7 cm in diameter, rarely larger, sometimes with a flat base without excavation, surface of peridium pubescent, whitish (FCF3CF light grayish yellow, F9E79F very soft yellow, F0B27A soft orange), yellowish-gray, ocher, brownish, sometimes with reddish spots, smooth when fully mature, still pubescent in the depressions. Gleba Firm from whitish (D5DBdB light grayish green, EC7063 soft red, 797D7F dark grayish blue) to ocher with reddish hues, becoming greyish or reddish-brown by maturity, with ramified-anastomoses and thin sterile veins whitish in youth. Later ochraceous or reddish, marbled with wide, anastomosing veins which arise from various places of the peridium. Odor Pleasant, then strongly garlic sulfurous; taste strong. Peridium 150-600 Μm thick, exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous, 100-300 Μm thick with textura globosa, formed of swollen cells ranging from suglobose to irregularly ellipsoid 10-50 × 8-24 Μm, yellowish but strongly coloured on the surface, with walls of collenchymatic type thickened up to 4 Μm, surface with tapered hyaline thick-walled, one to three celled cystidia up to 100 Μm long, up to 8 Μm wide at the inflated base; endoperidium plectenchymatous 60-450 Μm wide with intertwined, mainly periclineal, hyaline hyphae 20-24 × 5-6 Μm, with thin walls, mixed with a few rounded cells with slightly thickened walls; sterile veins emerge from the endoperidium to penetrate the gleba from various parts of the peridium. Asci Globose to subglobose, 60-100 × 50-80 Μm, with walls 1-1.5 Μm to 5 Μm thick, sessile or short stalked, croziered at the foot, containing 1-4 spores. Ascospore Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.06-1.46, 20-55 × 18-42Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, at first translucent, then becoming light yellow to yellowish brown, sometimes with a reddish hue, regularly alveolate with mostly hexagonal but sometimes rectangular or elongated alveolae numbering 4-11 along the spore length and 3-9 across the spore width, 4-10 Μm wide but usually near 7 Μm, and 3-5 Μm high. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 4-10 × 20-32 Μm HABITAT. — Species naturally present in all Europe to the southern Scandinavian peninsula, from Portugal to the Caucasus and Anatolia, under broadleaved and coniferous trees, mainly sandy soil, commonly from late autumn to late spring (Ceruti et al., 2003; unpublished data) NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY There may be a precedent synonym for this species: Tuber albidum Picco, Melethemata inauguralia: 79 (1788) [MB 227650] which however is unavailable, unpriorable, because of the sanctioned homonym Tuber albidum Fr. (1823) [MB 227428], which refers to a different species. This Fries’ taxon is difficult to identify because of its diagnosis “ verrucis exasperatum, albidum ”. Vittadini (1831: 40, Obs.II) wrote about it: ‘the whitish external color in warty Tuber is unknown to me, I suspect. So the (species) named albidum is doubtful. (Obs. II. Tuber albidum Fr. … Color externus albidus in Tuberibus muricatis mihi prorsus extraneus, suspectus. Hinc albidi nomen ambiguum.)’. Perhaps due to a ‘ lapsus calami’, Tuber albidum Fr. is a questionable species that does not even today find a match among the known species of Tuber where all the warty peridium species are black or deep brown (Bonito et al. 2013). Fries (1823: 291) claims to have examined a dried sample (vs, vidi siccam), but no specimen of Tuber albidum was found in the Herbarium of Fries (UPS-FRIES) or a drawing of this taxon among Fries documents. From the Fries’ description it is understood that it could refer to Tuber aestivum and two references (Cesalpino 1583: 613, and Micheli 1729: 221) could confirm it, while a third (Gleditsch 1753: 257) ‘ Lycoperdon globosum, subterraneum...’ could describe a Rhizopogon. In this situation, the most appropriate solution is to propose the rejection of the name Tuber albidum Fr. in application of Art. 56.1 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al., 2018) and a proposal will be made to that effect. The older name Tuber albidum Picco (1788) in addition to being unavailable (Mycobank http://www.mycobank.org/ Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=28125&Fields=All) is a poorly defined and variously interpreted Tuber species that can include several whitish species such as T. maculatum Vittad., T. rapiodorum Tul. & C.Tul., T. dryophilum Tul. & C.Tul. and T. puberulum Berk. & Broome, etc. (Halász et al. 2005). The previous neotypification of T. borchii proposed by Mello et al. (2000) cannot be accepted because of formal and substantive reasons: 1) presence of an existent possible lectotype [tab. I, fig.III E-F inVittadini (1831) here designated]; 2) the probable loss of the three collections indicated as ‘neotype’, lacking however of any collecting data. They were sent by Vittadini to the Tulasne brothers (Tulasne & Tulasne 1851: 146) and preserved originally in PC (Cryptogamic Herbarium of Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris), and later retained in TO (Mattirolo’s Herbarium); 3) the fact that the proposed neotype was not sequenced. Hence there is a need to propose an epitype using a specimen with well-defined collection data and molecular characterization. Bonuso et al. (2010) hypothesized the presence of two cryptic species (referred to as haplotype 1 and haplotype 2) within Italian populations of T. borchii. The T. borchii epitype designated here belongs to haplotype 1., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 154-160, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","CERUTI A., FONTANA A. & NOSENZO C. 2003. - Le Specie Europee del Genere Tuber. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.","BONITO G., SMITH M. E., NOWAK M., HEALY R. A., GUEVARA G., CAZARES E., KINOSHITA A., NOUHRA E. R, DOMINGUEZ L. S., TEDERSOO L., MURAT C., WANG Y., MORENO B. A., PFISTER D. H., NARA K., ZAMBONELLI A., TRAPPE J. M. & VIL- GALYS R. 2013. - Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLoS ONE 8: e 52765. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone.","FRIES E. 1823. - Systema Mycologicum sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species. Officina Berlingiana, Lundae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5378","CESALPINO A. 1583. - De Plantis Libri XVI. Giorgio Marescotti, Firenze.","MICHELI P. A. 1729. - Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita quibus plantae 1900 recensentur. Bernardi Paperinii, Firenze.","GLEDITSCH J. G. 1753. - Methodus fungorum exhibens genera, species et varietates cum charactere. Sumtibus Scholae Realis, Berlin.","TURLAND N. J., WIERSEMA J. H., BARRIE F. R., GREUTER W., HAWK- SWORTH D. L., HERENDEEN P. S., KNAPP S., KUSBER W. H., LI D. Z., MARHOLD K., MAY T. W., MCNEILL J., MONRO A. M., PRADO J., PRICE M. J. & SMITH G. F. (eds) 2018. - International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the 19 th International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten, Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","PICCO V. 1788. - Melethemata Inauguralia. Ioan. Mich. Briolus: Turin, 283 p.","HALASZ K., BRATEK Z., SZEGO D., RUDNOY S., RACZ I., LASZ- TITY D. & TRAPPE J. M. 2005. - Tests of species concepts of the small, white, European group of Tuber spp. based on morphology and rDNA ITS sequences with special reference to Tuber rapaeodorum. Mycological Progress 4: 281 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 006 - 0132 - 6","MELLO A., VIZZINI A., LONGATO S., ROLLO F., BONFANTE P. & TRAPPE J. M. 2000. - Tuber borchii versus Tuber maculatum: neotype studies and DNA analyses. Mycologia 92: 326 - 331. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2000.12061163","TULASNE L. - R. & TULASNE C. 1851. - Fungi hypogaei: Histoire et monographie des champignons hypoges. F. Klincksieck, Paris.","BONUSO E., ZAMBONELLI A., BERGEMANN S. E., IOTTI M. & GAR- BELOTTO M. 2010. - Multilocus phylogenetic and coalescent analyses identify two cryptic species in the Italian bianchetto truffle, Tuber borchii Vittad. Conservation Genetics 11: 1453 - 1466. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 009 - 9972 - 3"]}

Tuber melanosporum Vittad. (Figs 2D; 3G, H; Appendix 2) Monographia Tuberacearum: 36 (1831). Tuber nigrum Bull., Herbier de la France 8: t.356 (1788). (MB 204568). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 192144. GENBANK. — MZ423176 (nrITS), MZ458420 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458424 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER MELANOSPORUM VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831: tab. II fig. III; here reprinted in Fig. 3. (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001899): EPITYPE OF TUBER MELANOSPORUM VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Reale, 1.II.2019, sub Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata, 45°35’39”N, 9°16’25”E, six ascomata, legit Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI 10152] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001900). Authentic Vittadini specimens examined: K(M) 254905, 254904 e 254904, TO e UPS (F‒628213). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose or irregular, sometimes lobed, rarely more than 10 cm broad, surface of peridium reddish brown then reddish black or brownish black (#330000 very dark red), covered with pyramidal warts 2-5 mm at the base and 0.5-2.5 mm tall, depressed at the apex and with 4-6 sides joined with radial edges. Gleba Firm and compact, from reddish-gray to black-purple or black with violet hues (3B2512-3B3938 dark shade orange to 26211D-2B2017 very dark orange shade); sterile veins thin, much branched, whitish or reddish when exposed to the air. Odor Intense, complex, pleasant, the taste with a bitter aftertaste. Peridium 300-450 Μm thick; exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous, 70-15 Μm thick, the outer layer 40-80 Μm thick, of globose to sub-globose sclerenchymatous pigmented cells, with very thickened walls and the cellular lumen reduced or absent, 12-20 × 7-12 Μm, limited to the superficial part of the warts underlaid by a palisade layer 33-65 Μm thick of elongated cells (16-26 × 5-6.5 Μm) with the major axis perpendicular to the surface just below the exoperidium; endoperidium 240-350 Μm thick, pale with a pseudoparenchymatous mixture of cells 4-11 × 2-7 Μm and ranging from subglobose, cuboid, polygonal, cylindric or irregularly swollen, elongated at one end, pale with collenchymatic walls 2-3 Μm thick. The palisade structure is not always visible, depending on the cut, generally within the outermost layer of sclerenchymatous cells lies a homogeneous pseudoparenchymatous layer of endoperidium. Asci Globose to subglobose, 90-145 × 70-125 Μm, with walls up to 4 Μm, sometimes thicker in the final stages VI of ripening (Zarivi et al. 2014), short stalked or thick, sessile with a crozier at the base; containing 1-6 spores. Ascospores Spiny, ellipsoid, Q 1.28-1.56, 20-56 × 14-36 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, opaque when ripe, intense brown, blackish, with black-dark brownish spines, short, robust and rigid, sometimes curved, 1.5-3.0 (-4) Μm long to 2 Μm wide at the base, usually separated but sometimes connected at the base to form short crests, occurring at a density of 11-13 spines per 100 Μm 2. Gleba Hyphae hyaline, 14-36 × 6-8 Μm, at full maturity brownish. HABITAT. — mainly under broadleaf trees and shrubs, especially thermophilic oaks, but also European hop-hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) and hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), rare under pines or other conifers. Its natural environments are extended in calcareous soils in southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to France and Italy, rarer in the Balkans and western Anatolia, late autumn and winter (Le Tacon 2017)., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 161-162, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","ZARIVI O., CESARE P., RAGNELLI A. M., AIMOLA P., LEONARDI M., BONFIGLI A., COLAFARINA S., POMA A. M., MIRANDA M. & PACIONI G. 2014. - Validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR during Tuber melanosporum developmental stages. Phytochemistry 116: 78 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2015.02.024","LE TACON F. 2017. - Les Truffes. AgroParisTech: Nancy."]}

Tuber aestivum Vittad. (Figs 3; 4A; 5A, B; Appendix 1) Monographia Tuberacearum: 38 (1831). MYCOBANK. — MB 218597. GENBANK. — MZ423173 (nrITS), MZ458417 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458421 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER AESTIVUM VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831: tab. II fig. IV C, D (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001890; Fig. 3). EPITYPE TUBER AESTIVUM VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Reale, sub Tilia cordata Mill., 8.IX.2019, 45°37’09”N, 9°16’48”E, five ascomata, leg. Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI 10150], here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001891). Authentic Vittadini specimens examined: K(M) 254890, TO and UPS (F-628206). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose or irregular, up to 10 cm in diameter or more, rarely with a flat or slightly basal excavation, surface of peridium black to very dark gray (#000000 to 333333) in both mature and immature specimen, covered with pyramidal warts polygonal at the base, with 4-7 sides, 3-13 mm wide × 0.5- 5.0 mm high, generally acute but often depressed or concave, with sharp edges or with longitudinal radial fissures, surface of the warts typically with evident parallel transverse streaks. Gleba Firm and compact, whitish (FAE5D3 light greyish orange) to more or less brown (E59866 soft orange, 6E2C00, very dark orange, brown tone) in relation to season, habitat or state of ripeness, with abundant ramified and thin, sterile, white veins not discolouring when exposed to the air. Odor Weak, similar to stigmas of maize in the whitish gleba of not quite mature specimens, then more and more intense and pleasant like the flavour, which resembles that of nuts, mainly hazelnuts. Peridium 200-480 Μm thick, exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous (100- 180 Μm), almost opaque in section, composed of globosepolygonal cells, 7-20 Μm wide, with reduced cell lumen and deep brown walls up to 4 Μm thick and fused with those of adjacent cells; endoperidium 100-300 Μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous in the interior part of the endoperidium, the cells hyaline and smaller with a confusing pattern in contact with a layer of intertwined thin (2-3 Μm) hyphae that extend into sterile veins of the gleba. Asci Globose to subglobose, 60-120 × 55-85Μm, with walls usually up to 3 Μm thick, rarely to 10 Μm, shortly stalked or sessile, 60-100 × 50-80Μm, with basal crozier, containing 1-6 spores. Ascospores Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.21-1.37, 20-45 × 18-35 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, light brown reticulate, meshes 4-10 Μm wide × 3-7 Μm high, 3-5 across the spore width and often with an incomplete secondary crest inside, and with the top of the ornamentations sometimes hooked at the apex of the reticular knots. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 2-8 Μm wide. HABITAT. — Europe from southern Europe to Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden (Gotland Isle) and East to the Caucasus Mountains, North Maghreb (rare), near and north middle Asia to Turkmenistan / Iran borders. Under broadleaved and coniferous trees and shrubs; its ascomata develop a bit throughout the year, commonly from summer to late autumn (Molinier et al. 2016; unpublished data). NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY Although the nomenclature of Tuber aestivum is seriously compromised due to its frequent use in the wrong sense, the name Tuber aestivum proposed by Vittadini (1831) clearly connected to Micheli’s taxon (1729). It is so well characterized morphologically that past mycologists and traders have always preferred it to valid antecedent synonyms such as Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl. (1824), Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Calvados 1824: 47 (1824) [MB 102874] (Maire 1930). However, the early legitimate homonym Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. 1827 [MB 218548] exists; consequently Tuber aestivum Vittad. is illegitimate (Art. 53.1). The basionym of this earlier homonyn is Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen, in Jacquin, Collnea bot. 1 (2): 349 (1787) [1786] [MB 162907]. The Wulfen’s description (Appendix 3) clearly identifies the fungus as a Rhizopogon for which there is the sanctioned name Rhizopogon aestivus (Wulfen) Fr. (1823). Tulasne & Tulasne (1851) included Rhizopogon aestivus as a synonym of their Rhizopogon rubescens, whose current name is R. roseolus (Corda) Th.Fr., and as such sometimes subsequently considered to include as synonymous the names Lycoperdon aestivum or Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. (Saccardo 1888). Martin (1996) examined all the specimens labeled as R. aestivus present in the main European herbaria, determining them as R. roseolus. Wulfen himself concludes that it is not the species described by Micheli both for size and for the very black external surface with large pyramidal warts, smell and taste. In fact, Lycoperdon aestivum had a smooth peridium, furfuraceous at best, thin and often cracked, whitish then reddish, like a potato, slightly brownish and finally blackish [‘ extus sordide albidum, & ex albido obsolete subrubescens, instar pomorum terrae (Solanum tuberosum L.), dein dilute fuscens, nigrans denique; glabrum… cuticula tenerrima, hinc inde disrupta, & exstans, squamules exhiberet furfuraceus …], spongy gleba cellulose-porous at first white then almost ashy, brownish, blackish (Caro intus spongiosa, subcoriacea, prima alba, tum obsolete, & triste ex albido subcinerascens, fuscescens, subnigricans… celluloso-porosa), without marked smell and without taste (‘ Odor recentium nullus, aut certe debilissimus & subnauseosus. Sapor nullus, nisi imaginarius’). No specimens of this species have been found in the herbaria of Wulfen (W), Fries (UPS) and KPJ Sprengel (VH/de), for this reason we selected as neotype of Lycoperdon aestivum a specimen of Rhizopogon roseolus collected in Carinthia. (Austria), place of origin of Lycoperdon aestivum. A proposal will be written to conserve the name Tuber aestivum Vittad. and reject the legitimate early homonym Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and the early synonym Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl. The proposal to retain the name Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. against Rhizopogon aestivus (Wulfen) Fr. should also be considered. NEOTYPE OF LYCOPERDON AESTIVUM WULFEN. — Austria. Carinthia, St. Mergereten, Gotschich, leg. Irmegard Krisai Greilhuber, 9.IX.1998, sub nomine Rhizopogon roseolus (neo-, WU[WU 25744], here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001892)., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 151-154, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","PAOLOCCI F., RUBINI A., RICCIONI C., TOPINI F. & ARCIONI S. 2004. - Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: two morphotypes or two species? FEMS Microbiology Letters 235: 109 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.2004. tb 09574. x","ROUX C., SEJALON DELMAS N., MARTINS M., PARGUEY LEDUC A., DARGENT R. & BECARD G. 1999. - Phylogenetic relationships between European and Chinese truffles based on parsimony and distance analysis of ITS sequences. FEMS Microbiology Letters 180: 147 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.1999. tb 08789. x","BONUSO E., ZAMBONELLI A., BERGEMANN S. E., IOTTI M. & GAR- BELOTTO M. 2010. - Multilocus phylogenetic and coalescent analyses identify two cryptic species in the Italian bianchetto truffle, Tuber borchii Vittad. Conservation Genetics 11: 1453 - 1466. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 009 - 9972 - 3","MELLO A., GARNERO L., MEOTTO F. & BONFANTE P. 1998. - Specific primers for rapid typing of Tuber borchii mycorrhizal roots. Acta Horticultura e 457: 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 1998.457.28","MELLO A., CANTISANI A., VIZZINI A. & BONFANTE P. 2002. - Genetic variability of Tuber uncinatum and its relatedness to other black truffles. Environmental Microbiology 4: 584 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1462 - 2920.2002.00343. x","MELLO A., MURAT C., VIZZINI, A., GAVAZZA, V., & BONFANTE, P. 2005. - Tuber magnatum Pico, a species of limited geographical distribution: its genetic diversity inside and outside a truffle ground. Environmental Microbiology 7: 55 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1462 - 2920.2004.00678. x","RICCIONI C., BELFIORI B., RUBINI A., PASSERI V., ARCIONI S. & PAOLOCCI F. 2008. - Tuber melanosporum outcrosses: analysis of the genetic diversity within and among its natural populations under this new scenario. New Phytologist 180: 466 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2008.02560. x","RUBINI A., PAOLOCCI F., GRANETTI B. & ARCIONI S. 1998. - Single step molecular characterization of morphologically similar black truffle species. FEMS Microbiology Letters 164: 7 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.1998. tb 13060. x","STOBBE U., BUNTGEN U., SPROLL L., TEGEL W., EGLI S. & FINKA S. 2012. - Spatial distribution and ecological variation of rediscovered German truffle habitats. Fungal Ecology 5: 591 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funeco. 2012.02.001","BENUCCI G. M. N., CSORBAI A. G., BACIARELLI FALINI L., MAROZZI G., SURIANO E., SITTA N. & DONNINI D. 2016. - Taxonomy, Biology and Ecology of Tuber macrosporum Vittad. and Tuber mesentericum Vittad., in ZAMBONELLI A., IOTTI M., MURAT C. (eds) True Truffle (Tuber spp.) in the World. Soil Biology, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 31436 - 5 _ 5","BONITO G. M., GRYGANSKYI A. I. P., TRAPPE J. M. & VILGALYS R. 2010. - A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal. Molecular Ecology 19: 4994 - 5008 https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2010.04855. x","MURAT C., VIZZINI A., BONFANTE P. & MELLO A. 2005. - Morphological and molecular typing of the below-ground fungal community in a natural Tuber magnatum truffle-ground. FEMS Microbiology Letters 245: 307 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. femsle. 2005.03.019","TEDERSOO L., HANSEN K., PERRY B. A. & KJOLLER R. 2006. - Molecular and morphological diversity of pezizalean ectomycorrhiza. New Phytologist 170: 581 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2006.01678. x","BONITO G., SMITH M. E., NOWAK M., HEALY R. A., GUEVARA G., CAZARES E., KINOSHITA A., NOUHRA E. R, DOMINGUEZ L. S., TEDERSOO L., MURAT C., WANG Y., MORENO B. A., PFISTER D. H., NARA K., ZAMBONELLI A., TRAPPE J. M. & VIL- GALYS R. 2013. - Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLoS ONE 8: e 52765. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone.","HALASZ K., BRATEK Z., SZEGO D., RUDNOY S., RACZ I., LASZ- TITY D. & TRAPPE J. M. 2005. - Tests of species concepts of the small, white, European group of Tuber spp. based on morphology and rDNA ITS sequences with special reference to Tuber rapaeodorum. Mycological Progress 4: 281 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 006 - 0132 - 6","BOUTAHIR S., IOTTI M., PIATTONI F. & ZAMBONELLI A. 2013. - Morphological and molecular characterization of Tuber oligospermum mycorrhizas. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 4081 - 4087. https: // doi. org / 10.5897 / AJAR 2013.7354","BROCK P. M., DORING H. & BIDARTONDO M. I. 2009. - How to know unknown fungi: the role of a herbarium. New Phytologis t 181: 719 - 724. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2008.02703. x","IOTTI M., AMICUCCI A., STOCCHI V. & ZAMBONELLI A. 2002. - Morphological and molecular characterization of mycelia of some Tuber species in pure culture. New Phytologist 155: 499 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 8137.2002.00486. x","IOTTI M., AMICUCCI A., BONITO G., BONUSO E., STOCCHI V. & ZAMBONELLI A. 2007. - Selection of a set of specific primers for the identification of Tuber rufum: a truffle species with high genetic variability. FEMS Microbiology Letters 277: 223 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.2007.00963. x","WANG Y., TAN Z. M., ZHANG D. C., MURAT C., JEANDROZ S. & LE TACON F. 2006 a. - Phylogenetic relationships between Tuber pseudoexcavatum, a Chinese truffle, and other Tuber species based on parsimony and distance analysis of four different gene sequences. FEMS Microbiology Letters 259: 269 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.2006.00283. x","WANG Y., TAN Z. M., ZHANG D. C., MURAT C., JEANDROZ S. & LE TACON F. 2006 b. - Phylogenetic and populational study of the Tuber indicum complex. Mycological Research 110: 1034 - 1045. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. mycres. 2006.06.013","MOLINIER V., PETER M., STOBBE U. & EGLI S. 2016. - The Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum): a truffle species with a wide range over Europe. in ZAMBONELLI A., IOTTI M. & MURAT C. (eds) True Truffles (Tuber spp.) in the World. Soil Biology 47. Springer, Cham: Switzerland: 33 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 31436 - 5 _ 3","MAIRE R. 1930. - Sur le Tuber blotii E. Deesl. Bulletin Societe Mycologique de France 46: 149 - 150.","TULASNE L. - R. & TULASNE C. 1851. - Fungi hypogaei: Histoire et monographie des champignons hypoges. F. Klincksieck, Paris.","SACCARDO P. A. 1888. - Sylloge Fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. VII (I). Typ. Seminarii, Padua. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5371","MARTIN M. P. 1996. - The genus Rhizopogon in Europe. Societat Catalana de Micologia: Barcelona, 173 p."]}

Tuber magnatum Picco (Figs 4C; 5E, F) Melethemata inauguralia: 79 (1788). Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., Synopsis Methodica Fungorum: 127 (1801); sanct. Fr., Systema Mycologicum 2 (2): 292 (1823). (MB 179335). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 184470. GENBANK. — MZ423175 (nrITS), MZ458419 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458423 (nrEF 1-α). NEOTYPE OF TUBER MAGNATUM PICCO. — Italy. Piedmont, Montechiaro D’Asti, Loc. Seria, 45°00’30”N, 8°06’45”E, lowland grove with Quercus robur L. and Populus tremula L., under Q. robur, 29.IX.2019, four ascomata, leg. Pino Panzini, det. Alfredo Vizzini (neo-, TO[HG3458] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001896). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose to lobate or flat, up to 10-15 cm broad and more rarely with a detachable basal mycelial cluster.Peridium whitish (FFFFF0 ivory), yellowish, pale ocher (FFD700 gold, DAA520 goldenrod) more or less greyish (DCDCDC gainsboro, D3D3D3 light gray) sometimes with greenish or reddish hues; smooth surface finely grainy under a lens. Gleba Whitish (FFFFF0 ivory), yellowish or pale ocher, brownish (8B4513 saddle brown, A0522D sienna, F2F2F2) with greyish tones, often with reddish purple spots; veins thin, whitish, branched, anastomosing, sometimes forming white gangliform thickenings. Odor Pleasant, penetrating, of garlic or strong cheese; taste pleasant. Peridium 200-500 Μm thick, entirely pseudoparenchymatous basically of globular cells; exoperidium 80-110 Μm in the outer layer with globose cells having walls up to 4 Μm thick and slightly yellow; peridial surface with infrequent stocky, cylindrical-clavate dermatocystidia 14-20 × 8-10Μm; endoperidium 120-380 Μm thick, of thin-walled globose and polygonal cells 6.0-36 × 6-23 Μm with rare cylindrical cells 6-9 × 14-20 Μm. Asci Globose, short-stalked or sessile, 60-90 × 40-70Μm (Fig. 2F), with walls up to 4 Μm thick and a basal crozier, containing 1-4 spores. Ascospores Alveolate, globose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.05-1.33, 20-50 × 15-42 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, yellowish, pale ocher or sometimes light yellow-brown; reticulum with 1-3 regular or coarsely irregular, 3-6 sided alveoli 10-22 Μm wide and 4-5 (-8) Μm high, sometimes with ridges within the alveolae. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 4-8 Μm broad, in the external veins with cylindrical or clavate-elongated cells mixed with subglobose cells 5-42 × 4-16 Μm. HABITAT. — moist (mesophilic) woods mainly with broad-leaved trees and conifers such as Abies alba Mill., on sandy-silty soils in southern Europe (Italy and a few neighbouring French and Swiss areas, the Balkan-Pannonia region, Northern Anatolia), from late summer to early winter (Belfiori et al. 2020; unpublished data). It has also been reported in Thailand, but vouchers have not been made available (Suwannarach et al., 2017). NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY The name most frequently used for this species is Tuber magnatum Picco (1788) for which a neotype is herein designated. However, a competing name exists, namely Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., validated by Persoon (1801) and sanctioned by Fries (1823), for which a lectotype and epitype are also herein designated. The epitype is represented by a T. magnatum with a greyish peridium. Borch’s or Picco’s authentic specimens were not available for either T. griseum or T. magnatum. LECTOTYPE OF TUBER GRISEUM. — Truffe grise De Borch, Lettres sur les Truffes du Piémont, 1 st figure (1780); here reprinted in Appendix 4 (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001897). EPITYPE OF TUBER GRISEUM. — Italy. Piedmont, Monte Magno, 44°59’02”N, 8°19’35”E, under Quercus robur, 07.XII.1998, one fragment, leg. Virgilio Gavazza, det. Alfredo Vizzini (epi-, TO [HG 3557] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001898). A proposal will be written to conserve the name T. magnatum and reject the sanctioned name T. griseum., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 160-161, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["BELFIORI B., D'ANGELO V., RICCIONI C., LEONARDI M., PAOLOCCI F., PACIONI G. & RUBINI A. 2020. - Genetic structure and phylogeography of Tuber magnatum populations. Diversity 12: 44. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 12020044","PICCO V. 1788. - Melethemata Inauguralia. Ioan. Mich. Briolus: Turin, 283 p.","PERSOON C. H. 1801. - Synopsis methodica Fungorum. H. Dieterich: Gottingen.","FRIES E. 1823. - Systema Mycologicum sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species. Officina Berlingiana, Lundae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5378"]}

Fungal endophytes live asymptomatically within plants and are widespread inhabitants of leaves and other organs (Wilson, 1995). Similarly, endolichenic fungi live asymptomatically within lichens, occurring in healthy lichen thalli worldwide (Arnold et al., 2009). Endophytes and endolichenic fungi are ecologically similar, living in symbiosis with either a plant or the photobionts of lichens (Arnold et al., 2009), and both functional groups represent the same major lineages of fungi (U'Ren et al., 2012).

A two-part annotated check-list of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Morocco aims to present updated information on this rather neglected group of parasitoid wasps. The first part includes 113 species belonging to 65 genera from 11 subfamilies – Asaphinae, Cerocephalinae, Cleonyminae, Eunotinae, Macromesinae, Miscogastrinae, Ormocerinae, Pireninae, Pteromalinae, Spalangiinae, and Sycoryctinae. One species, Cleonymus longigaster Mitroiu sp. nov., is described as new, and three species (Notanisus versicolor Walker, 1837 and Miscogaster maculata Walker, 1833 and Gastrancistus aff. vagans Westwood, 1833) are newly recorded for the fauna of Morocco. For each species, its distribution in Morocco and hosts are presented.

TheLeptographium olivaceacomplex encompasses species in the broadly defined genusLeptographium(Ophiostomatales, Ascomycota) that are generally characterized by synnematous conidiophores. Most species of the complex are associates of conifer-infesting bark beetles in Europe and North America. The aims of this study were to reconsider the delineation of known species, and to confirm the identity of several additional isolates resemblingL. olivaceathat have emerged from recent surveys in China, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Spain. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for five loci (ACT, TUB, CAL, ITS2-LSU, and TEF-1α) distinguished 14 species within the complex. These included eight known species (L. cucullatum,L. davidsonii,L. erubescens,L. francke-grosmanniae,L. olivaceum,L. olivaceapini,L. sagmatosporum, andL. vescum) and six new species (herein described asL. breviuscapum,L. conplurium,L. pseudoalbum,L. rhizoidum,L. sylvestris, andL. xiningense). New combinations are provided forL. cucullatum,L. davidsonii,L. erubescens,L. olivaceum,L. olivaceapini,L. sagmatosporumandL. vescum. New Typifications: Lectotypes are designated forL. olivaceum,L. erubescensandL. sagmatosporum. Epitypes were designated forL. olivaceapiniandL. sagmatosporum. In addition to phylogenetic separation, the synnematous asexual states and ascomata with almost cylindrical necks and prominent ostiolar hyphae, distinguish theL. olivaceumcomplex from others inLeptographium.

A collection of fungi was isolated from macroalgae of the generaGracilaria,EnteromorphaandUlvain the estuary Ria de Aveiro in Portugal. These isolates were characterized through a multilocus phylogeny based on ITS region of the ribosomal DNA, beta-tubulin (tub2) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1-α) sequences, in conjunction with morphological and physiological data. These analyses showed that the isolates represented an unknown fungus for which a new genus,Neptunomycesgen. nov.and a new species,Neptunomyces aureussp. nov.are proposed. Phylogenetic analyses supported the affiliation of this new taxon to the family Didymosphaeriaceae.

Helvella species are ascomycetous macrofungi with saddle-shaped or cupulate apothecia. They are distributed worldwide and play an important ecological role as ectomycorrhizal symbionts. A recent multi-locus phylogenetic study of the genus suggested that the cupulate group of Helvella was in need of comprehensive revision. In this study, all the specimens of cupulate Helvella sensu lato with ribbed stipes deposited in HMAS were examined morphologically and molecularly. A four-locus phylogeny was reconstructed using partial sequences of the heat shock protein 90, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. Three clades were revealed in Helvella sensu stricto. Twenty species were included in the analysis, of which 13 are distributed in China. Three new species, H. acetabuloides, H. sichuanensis and H. tianshanensis, are described and illustrated in detail. A neotype was designated for H. taiyuanensis. Helvella calycina is a new record for China, while Dissingia leucomelaena should be excluded from Chinese mycota. Hsp90 and ITS2 are recommended as useful supplementary barcodes for species identifications of the genus.

Six new Micarea species are described from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses, based on three loci, i.e. mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7 and ITS rDNA and ancestral state reconstructions, were used to evaluate infra-group divisions and the role of secondary metabolites and selected morphological characters on the taxonomy in the M. prasina group. Two main lineages were found within the group. The Micarea micrococca clade consists of twelve species, including the long-known M. micrococca and the newly described M. microsorediata, M. nignz and M. pauli. Within this Glade, most species produce methoxymicareic acid, with the exceptions of M. levicula and M. viaikprosa producing gyrophoric acid. The M. prasina dade includes the newly described M. azorica closely related to M. prasina s.str., M. aeruginoprusina sp. nov. and M. isidiopnzsina sp. nov. The species within this Glade are characterised by the production of micareic acid, with the exception of M. herbarum which lacks any detectable substances and M. subviridescens that produces prasinic acid. Based on our reconstructions, it was concluded that the ancestor of the M. prasina group probably had a thallus consisting of goniocysts, which were lost several times during evolution, while isidia and soredia evolved independently at multiple times. Our research supported the view that the ancestor of M. prasina group did not produce any secondary substances, but they were gained independently in different lineages, such as methoxymicareic acid which is restricted to M. micrococca and allied species or micareic acid present in the M. prasina clade.

Octosporaconidiophorais described as a new species, based on collections from South Africa. It is characterised by apothecia with a distinct margin, smooth or finely warted ellipsoid ascospores, stiff, thick-walled hyaline hairs, warted mycelial hyphae and growth on pleurocarpous mossesTrichosteleumperchlorosumandSematophyllumbrachycarpum(Hypnales) on decaying wood in afromontane forests. It is the first species of bryophilous Pezizales in which an anamorph has been observed; it produces long, claviform, curved, hyaline and transversely septate conidia. Three other cryptic species ofOctosporawere detected using three molecular markers (LSU and SSU nrDNA and EF1α), but these could not be distinguished phenotypically. These are not described formally here and an informal species aggregateO.conidiophoraagg. is established for them. The new species and finds ofLamprosporacampylopodisgrowing onCampylopuspyriformisandNeottiellaalbocinctaonAtrichumandrogynumrepresent the first records of bryophilous Pezizales in South Africa.

Leprariacryptovouauxiiis described as a new semicryptic species similar toL.vouauxii, from which it differs geographically (South America) and phylogenetically; both species differ in nucleotide position characters in nucITS barcoding marker.Leprariaharrisianais reported as new to South America andL.nothofagias new to Antarctica, Bolivia, and Peru.Leprariaincana(South American records are referred to L.aff.hodkinsoniana) andL.vouauxii(most South American records are referred toL.cryptovouauxii) should be excluded at least temporarily from the lichen list of South America. All records previously referred to asL.alpinafrom Bolivia and Peru belong toL.nothofagi. Most of Bolivian records ofL.pallidabelong toL.harrisiana.LeprariaborealisandL.caesioalbashould be included inL.neglecta. Leprariaachariana,L.impossibilis, andL.sipmanianaare sequenced for the first time.

Phyllopsora is a crustose to squamulose lichen genus inhabiting the bark of trees in moist tropical forests and rainforests. Species identification is generally challenging and is mainly based on ascospore morphology, thallus morphology and anatomy, vegetative dispersal units, and on secondary chemistry. While regional treatments of the genus have been conducted for Africa, South America and Australia, there exists no study focusing on the Asian and Melanesian species. Previously, 24 species of Phyllopsora s. str. have been reported from major national studies and checklists representing 13 countries. We have studied herbarium material of 625 Phyllopsora specimens from 18 countries using morphology, anatomy, secondary chemistry, and molecular data to investigate the diversity of Phyllopsora species in Asia and Melanesia. We report the occurrence of 28 species of Phyllopsora including the following three species described as new to science: P. sabahana from Malaysia, P. siamensis from Thailand and P. pseudocorallina from Asia and Africa. Eight species are reported as new to Asia. A key to the Asian and Melanesian species of Phyllopsora is provided. This Journal is a supporter of open science. Open access to content is clearly marked, with text and/or the open access logo, on all materials published under this model. Unless otherwise stated, open access content is published in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (CC-BY). This particular licence allows the copying, displaying and distribution of the content at no charge, provided that the author and source are credited.

Here, we test the current generic delimitation of Rostania (Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Ascomycota) utilizing molecular phylogeny and morphological investigations. Using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial SSU rDNA and two nuclear protein-coding genes (MCM7 and β-tubulin) and utilizing parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Rostania is shown to be non-monophyletic in the current sense. A new generic delimitation of Rostania is thus proposed, in which the genus is monophyletic, and three species (Rostania coccophylla, R. paramensis, R. quadrifida) are excluded and transferred to other genera. Rostania occultata is further non-monophyletic, and a more detailed investigation of species delimitations in Rostania s. str. is needed. The new combinations Leptogium paramense and Scytinium quadrifidum are proposed., MycoKeys (47), ISSN:1314-4049, ISSN:1314-4057

In this study, the diversity of Pyxine Fr. in China was assessed based on morphological and chemical traits and molecular data are inferred from ITS and mtSSU sequences. Nineteen species were recognised, including three that are new to science (i.e. P.flavicans M. X. Yang & Li S. Wang, P.hengduanensis M. X. Yang & Li S. Wang and P.yunnanensis M. X. Yang & Li S. Wang) and three records new to China were found (i.e. P.cognata Stirt., P.himalayensis Awas. and P.minuta Vain.). Pyxineyunnanensis is diagnosed by the small size of the apothecia, a white medulla of the stipe and the presence of lichexanthone. Pyxineflavicans is characterised by broad lobes, a pale yellow medulla of the stipe and the presence of atranorin. Pyxinehengduanensis can be distinguished by its pale yellow medulla, marginal labriform soralia and the absence of atranorin. Detailed descriptions of each new species are presented, along with a key to the known species of Pyxine in China.

Plectania lutea, is described as a new species from subtropical karst areas of China. The main distinguishing characteristics of P. lutea are the yellow hymenium, the external surface with ridges, the gelatinous but not semifluid medullary excipulum, and the large finely warted ascospores. The phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of rDNA sequences using Bayesian (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods showed that the new taxon can be distinguished from phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species.

Landeros, Fidel, Ferrusca-Rico, Felipe M., Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura, Esquivel-Naranjo, Edgardo Ulises, Matías-Ferrer, Noemí, Burrola-Aguilar, Cristina, Viurcos-Martínez, Galaartemisa, Garibay-Orijel, Roberto (2021): Helvella jocatoi sp. nov. (Pezizales, Ascomycota), a new species from H. lacunosa complex with cultural importance in central Mexico Abies religiosa forests. Phytotaxa 498 (1): 1-11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.498.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.1.1

International audience; Desert truffles are edible hypogeous fungi forming ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis with plants of Cistaceae family. Knowledge about the reproductive modes of these fungi and the molecular mechanisms driving the ectendomycorrhizal interaction is lacking. Genomes of the highly appreciated edible desert truffles Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Tirmania nivea Trappe have been sequenced and compared with other Pezizomycetes. Transcriptomes of T. claveryi × Helianthemum almeriense mycorrhiza from well-watered and drought-stressed plants, when intracellular colonizations is promoted, were investigated. We have identified the fungal genes related to sexual reproduction in desert truffles and desert-truffles-specific genomic and secretomic features with respect to other Pezizomycetes, such as the expansion of a large set of gene families with unknown Pfam domains and a number of species or desert-truffle-specific small secreted proteins differentially regulated in symbiosis. A core set of plant genes, including carbohydrate, lipid-metabolism, and defence-related genes, differentially expressed in mycorrhiza under both conditions was found. Our results highlight the singularities of desert truffles with respect to other mycorrhizal fungi while providing a first glimpse on plant and fungal determinants involved in ecto to endo symbiotic switch that occurs in desert truffle under dry conditions.

Species of Diaporthe have often been reported as plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, commonly isolated from a wide range of plant hosts. Sixteen strains isolated from species of ten host genera in Yunnan Province, China, represented three new species of Diaporthe, D. chrysalidocarpi, D. machili and D. pometiae as well as five known species D. arecae, D. hongkongensis, D. middletonii, D. osmanthi and D. pandanicola. Morphological comparisons with known species and DNA-based phylogenies based on the analysis of a multigene (ITS, TUB, TEF, CAL and HIS) dataset support the establishment of the new species. This study reveals that a high species diversity of Diaporthe with wide host ranges occur in tropical rainforest in Yunnan Province, China.

Studies of Trochila (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Cenangiaceae) are scarce. Here, we describe two new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphology. Trochila bostonensis was collected at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, Massachusetts. It was found on the stem of Asclepias syriaca, representing the first report of any Trochila species from a plant host in the family Apocynaceae. Trochila urediniophila is associated with the uredinia of the rust fungus Cerotelium fici. It was discovered during a survey for rust hyperparasites conducted at the Arthur Fungarium, in a single sample from 1912 collected in Trinidad. Macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses are presented. The two new species are placed in Trochila with high support in both our six-locus (SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1) and two-locus (ITS, LSU) phylogenetic reconstructions. In addition, two species are combined in Trochila: Trochila colensoi (formerly placed in Pseudopeziza) and T. xishuangbanna (originally described as the only species in Calycellinopsis). This study reveals new host plant families, a new ecological strategy, and a new country record for the genus Trochila. Finally, our work emphasizes the importance of specimens deposited in biological collections such as fungaria.