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The genus Ascopolyporus belongs Cordycipitaceae. Its members infect scale insects as necrotrophs, and produce stromata on the living stems of plants as biotrophs. In this study, we introduce a new taxon of Ascopolyporus that was collected from Tibet, China. Fresh stromata of the new taxon were located on the living stems of bamboo. The new taxon is described based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, and tef1 sequence data, and compared with closely related taxa. The new species Ascopolyporus tibetensis formed a distinct, well-supported lineage (100% MLBS, 1.00 BIPP) separated from A. galloide in the clade comprising A. griseoperitheciatus. Ascopolyporus tibetensis is diagnosed by the widest asci, globose to sub-globose stromata, yellow upper part and dark green lower part.

Phallus aureus is described as a new species from China and is characterized by an obovate, rugose, squamulose on the immature basidiomata surface, pseudostipe yellowish, grey volva, and pale yellow at the base becoming light yellow upwards. The new species is phylogenetically located in an independent lineage. A full description, colour photographs, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree to show the position of new species are provided.

Ascopolyporus puttemansii Henn. Host: On culms of Bambusa Distribution: Rio Grande, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus gollmerianus Henn. Host: On branches of Bambusae Distribution: Brazil, Venezuela, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus purpuratus Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Himaman & Luangsaard Host: On scale insects (Coccidae, Hemiptera) and the living stems and midrib of dicotyledonous leaves Distribution: Thailand, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus galloides Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard Host: On Coccidae, and the living stems of Dicotyledonae Distribution: Thailand, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus moellerianus (Henn.) Möller Host: On trunks of Araceae (e.g., Philodendron sp.) Distribution: Brazil (Blumenau, Santa Catarina), Costa Rica, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus tibetensis F.M. Yu, Q. Zhao & T. Luangharn Host: On the living stem of bamboo Distribution: China (Tibet), Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus tibetensis F.M. Yu, Q. Zhao, and T. Luangharn, sp. nov. (FIGURES 2–3) Index Fungorum number: IF900383; Faces of Fungi number: FOF14099. Etymology:—Named after Tibet Autonomous Region, China, where the type specimen was collected. Holotype:— CHINA, Tibet, Shigatse City, Nyalam County, on the stems of living bamboo, 27°59′13.313292″ N, 85°59′5.635104″ E, alt. 2291 m, 6 July 2022, Li-Heng Mu, Mu279 (HKAS 127121, holotype). Diagnosis:— Ascopolyporus tibetensis differs from all known Ascopolyporus species by its distinctive appearance of yellow to deep green stromata. Epibiotic on the living stem of bamboo. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, bulb-shaped, subglobose to globose, smooth, lower part wrinkles, and comes into contact with the bamboo stems, yellow to olive-yellow on the upper surface, dark turquoise, green to deep green at the lower surface, varying in size, 2–5 cm diam., over 1 mm thick, hollow, containing colorless and odorless liquid, ornamented with irregular stripes on the surface when mature, tough and fleshy when fresh, and hard and unbreakable when dried. Stromatal tissue contains three layers: first, a pare yellow outermost layer nested with gregarious perithecia; second, an internal layer consisting of vertical-arranged, hyaline cells of taxtura intricata; and third, an innermost layer comprised of horizontal-oriented, hyaline cells of taxtura intricata. Perithecia 539–641 × 139–287 μm (mean 600 × 232 μm), ovoid, immersed, with papilla protruding the stroma surface, aggregated. Ostioles papillate, lined with periphyses. Asci 334–443 × 14–31 μm (mean 391 × 20 μm), hyaline, cylindrical, and thickened cap. Asci caps 7.0–10.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm with hemispheric. Ascospores (70–) 105–296 (–339) × 4.0–6.5 μm (Q = 14.36–58.55, n =30), hyaline, whole, filiform, multi-septate, guttulate. Asexual morph: undetermined. Host and habitat:—Epiphytic on the living stem of bamboo. Other specimens examined: China, Tibet, Shigatse City, Nyalam County, on the living stems of bamboo, 27°59′13.313292″ N, 85°59′5.635104″ E, alt. 2291 m, 6 July 2022, Feng-Ming Yu, FM 22-182 (HKAS 127120), Lei Lei, LEI 452 (HKAS 127119). Notes: —In phylogenetic analysis, Ascopolyporus tibetensis was closely related to A. galloides, and A. griseoperitheciatus (Figure 1). Based on macro features, such species can be identified by stomata form and color. The stromata of A. galloides and A. griseoperitheciatus are similar in pulvinate shape, while color is different. The upper surface of A. galloides is white to yellowish white, and that of A. griseoperitheciatus is extremely pale violet to light purplish gray. At the lower part of the stromata, A. galloides appears strong orange, but A. griseoperitheciatus shows a vivid yellow to strong orange. Two entomopathogenic fungi A. galloides and A. griseoperitheciatus on scale insects are both epiphytes on living stems and leaves of dicotyledonous plants (Thanakitpipattana et al. 2022). In our collections, the samples have distinctive characteristics, including the obvious green surface of stromata, which live on bamboo stems. Our sample collections share similar morphological characteristics with A. philodendrus, A. polychrous, and A. villosus in having bulbous stromata, but deeply green-colored stromata are different. The shape and size of perithecia, asci, and ascospores vary significantly among different Ascopolyporus species. The length of perithecia varies from 150 μm in A. griseoperitheciatus to 1 mm in A. polyporoides. The width of asci varies from 2–4 μm in A. purpuratus to 14–31 μm in A. tibetensis, and ascospores range from aseptate to multi-septate, and their width varies from 0.5 μm in A. galloides to 4.0–6.5 μm in A. tibetensis., Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405, {"references":["Thanakitpipattana, D., Mongkolsamrit, S., Khonsanit, A., Himaman, W., Luangsa-Ard, J. J. & Pornputtapong, N. (2022) Is Hyperdermium Congeneric with Ascopolyporus? Phylogenetic relationships of Ascopolyporus spp. (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) and a new genus Neohyperdermium on scale insects in Thailand. Journal of Fungi 8: 516. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / jof 8050516"]}

Ascopolyporus caulium (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard Host: On dead stems of herbaceous plants, branches of Combretaceae, leaves of Myrtaceae, and stems of tropical shrubs of Asteraceae family (Bernonia sp., Eupatorium sp., and Mikania scandens) Distribution: Cameroon, Paraguay, Rio de Janeiro, Suriname, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus albus Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard Host: On scale insects (Coccidae, Hemiptera) and the living stems of bamboo (Bambusae) Distribution: Thailand, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus polychrous Möller Host: On the living and dying branches of various bamboo, especially in Guadua taguara Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, North America (Dominican Republic), Panama, South America (Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago), Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus villosus Möller Host: On unidentified scale insects, on stalks of bamboo (e.g., Chusquea sp.) Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Panama, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus khaoyaiensis Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard Host: On scale insects (Coccidae, Hemiptera) and the living stems of a dicotyledonous plant Distribution: Thailand, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus griseoperitheciatus Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard Host: On scale insects (Coccidae, Hemiptera) and the living stems of a dicotyledonous plant Distribution: Thailand, Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Ascopolyporus polyporoides Möller Host: On branches of various bamboo Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Blumenau), Published as part of Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7840405

Phallus aureus S.M. Tang & S.H. Li, sp. nov. (FIGURE 3, 4) MycoBank: MB 844523 Etymology:—the epithet ‘ aureus ’ refers to light yellow indusium. Holotype:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong City, Xiaocaoba Town, 27°14.36’N, 103°52.61’E, 2000 m a.s.l., 14 October 2021, collected by Ao-cheng Ce (L7010, holotype!). Diagnosis:— Phallus aureus is distinguished from other Phullus species by an obovate, rugose, squamulose on the immature basidiomata surface, pseudostipe yellowish, grey volva, and pale yellow at the base becoming light yellow upwards. Description: Immature basidiomata globose to subglobose, 70 × 67 mm, yellowish white (2A2) to pale yellow (2A3), clear rugose on the surface, attached to the substrate by white (2A1) to yellowish grey (2B2) rhizomorphs. Exoperidium membranous; endoperidium gelatinous, hyaline. Expanded basidiomata up to 220 mm high when fresh. Receptacle 49–73 mm high, 43–72 mm broad, campanulate, pale yellow (2A3) to yellowish white (2A2), rugose. Gleba olive brown (4F5-6), mucilaginous. Pseudostipe subcylindrical, constricted at apex, enlarged downwards, 140–218 mm high when mature, 18–22/30–28/ 39–51 mm broad (apex/middle/base), pale yellow (2A3) at the base, upward becoming light yellow (3A5), spongiform, hollow. Volva globose or slightly obovate, 68–81 mm high, 50–69 mm broad, rugose, light grey (1C1) to grey (1D1). Indusium well-developed, almost touching ground, orange yellow (4B8), 113–142 mm in length, attached to the apex of pseudostipe, with polygonal to irregular meshes; meshes 2–21 mm wide, 1–4 mm thick. Rhizomorphs simple, white (2A1), 2–4 mm thick, about 35 mm long. Odour and taste unknown. Basidiospores (2.2–) 2.5–3.7 (–3.9) × (1.2–) 1.3–2.0 (–2.3) µm, Q=(1.6–) 1.8–2.0, cylindrical to long ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth under light microscope. Hyphae of pseudostipe and indusium thin-walled, pseudoparenchymatic, consisting of globose to subglobose or irregularly globose cells up to 21–45 µm in diam. Hyphae of volva tubular, 2–8 µm wide, thin walled, smooth. Hyphae of rhizomorphs filamentous, up to 8.0 µm in diam, thin-walled, smooth, septate, rarely branched. Habitat and distribution: Solitary or scattered on soil with decaying litter under Fargesia spathacea forest. So far known only from Yunnan Province, China. Season: July to August. Additional specimen examined: China. Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city, Xiaocaoba county, Ao Chengce 10 July (L7005); same location, Tang Songming 10 July (L7006); same location, Ao Chengce 14 August (L7011); Wang li 14 August (L7012).

Phallus aureus S.M. Tang & S.H. Li, sp. nov. (FIGURE 3, 4) MycoBank: MB 844523 Etymology:—the epithet ‘ aureus ’ refers to light yellow indusium. Holotype:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong City, Xiaocaoba Town, 27°14.36’N, 103°52.61’E, 2000 m a.s.l., 14 October 2021, collected by Ao-cheng Ce (L7010, holotype!). Diagnosis:— Phallus aureus is distinguished from other Phullus species by an obovate, rugose, squamulose on the immature basidiomata surface, pseudostipe yellowish, grey volva, and pale yellow at the base becoming light yellow upwards. Description: Immature basidiomata globose to subglobose, 70 × 67 mm, yellowish white (2A2) to pale yellow (2A3), clear rugose on the surface, attached to the substrate by white (2A1) to yellowish grey (2B2) rhizomorphs. Exoperidium membranous; endoperidium gelatinous, hyaline. Expanded basidiomata up to 220 mm high when fresh. Receptacle 49–73 mm high, 43–72 mm broad, campanulate, pale yellow (2A3) to yellowish white (2A2), rugose. Gleba olive brown (4F5-6), mucilaginous. Pseudostipe subcylindrical, constricted at apex, enlarged downwards, 140–218 mm high when mature, 18–22/30–28/ 39–51 mm broad (apex/middle/base), pale yellow (2A3) at the base, upward becoming light yellow (3A5), spongiform, hollow. Volva globose or slightly obovate, 68–81 mm high, 50–69 mm broad, rugose, light grey (1C1) to grey (1D1). Indusium well-developed, almost touching ground, orange yellow (4B8), 113–142 mm in length, attached to the apex of pseudostipe, with polygonal to irregular meshes; meshes 2–21 mm wide, 1–4 mm thick. Rhizomorphs simple, white (2A1), 2–4 mm thick, about 35 mm long. Odour and taste unknown. Basidiospores (2.2–) 2.5–3.7 (–3.9) × (1.2–) 1.3–2.0 (–2.3) µm, Q=(1.6–) 1.8–2.0, cylindrical to long ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth under light microscope. Hyphae of pseudostipe and indusium thin-walled, pseudoparenchymatic, consisting of globose to subglobose or irregularly globose cells up to 21–45 µm in diam. Hyphae of volva tubular, 2–8 µm wide, thin walled, smooth. Hyphae of rhizomorphs filamentous, up to 8.0 µm in diam, thin-walled, smooth, septate, rarely branched. Habitat and distribution: Solitary or scattered on soil with decaying litter under Fargesia spathacea forest. So far known only from Yunnan Province, China. Season: July to August. Additional specimen examined: China. Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city, Xiaocaoba county, Ao Chengce 10 July (L7005); same location, Tang Songming 10 July (L7006); same location, Ao Chengce 14 August (L7011); Wang li 14 August (L7012)., Published as part of Lv, Tong, Li, Yong-Rui, Ao, Cheng-Ce, He, Jun, Yu, Feng-Ming, Tang, Song-Ming & Li, Shu-Hong, 2022, Phallus aureus sp. nov. (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota) from Yunnan Province, China, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 567 (1) on pages 65-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.567.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7137996