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RESUMEN Para evaluar la eficiencia del control biológico ejercido por aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp. sobre Rosellinia sp. causante de la muerte de plantas de macadamia, se realizaron dos experimentos en el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la FCA-UNA, San Lorenzo, Central y en el vivero San Joaquín, Caraguatay, Cordillera. Para las pruebas in vitro se obtuvieron 19 aislados de Trichoderma spp. de parcelas productoras de macadamia del Paraguay y se enfrentaron en cultivo pareado con Rosellinia sp. para medir su capacidad antagónica, utilizando el Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con cinco repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron seleccionar a los aislados GS18 (Itapuá), GS13 (Central), GS10 (Cordillera) para su evaluación in vivo. Para el segundo experimento en condiciones in vivo se utilizó el DCA, los tratamientos consistieron en T1: Testigo (sólo el patógeno), T2: Mezcla de aislados de Trichoderma spp. y T3: Carbendazim al 0,1%, con cinco repeticiones. Las plantas de macadamia de 12 meses fueron tratadas con los aislados de Trichoderma spp.. Transcurridas 2 semanas se infestó el sustrato de todas las plantas con propágulos de Rosellinia spp.. Se aguardaron otras 2 semanas que permitieron el establecimiento del patógeno y se aplicó Carbendazim al 0,1%. En las plantas testigo se constató 53% de incidencia de la enfermedad, en las tratadas con Trichoderma spp. 26%, y en las plantas tratadas con Carbendazim se verificó 7%. Se concluye que los aislados nativos Trichoderma spp. presentan potencial como agentes biocontroladores de Rosellinia sp. al reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad en condiciones in vivo. ABSTRACT To evaluate the biological control exercised by native isolates of Trichoderma spp. on Rosellinia sp., responsible for the death of macadamia nut plants, two experiments were carried out at the Phytopathology Lab of the FCA-UNA, San Lorenzo, main campus and at the San Joaquín nursery, Caraguatay, Cordillera. For in vitro tests, 19 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were obtained from several macadamia growing plots in Paraguay. They were faced in matched crops with Rosellinia sp. to measure their antagonistic capacity, using a completely randomized design with five repetitions. The results allowed selecting the isolates GS18 (Itapua), GS13 (Central), GS10 (Cordillera) for their in vivo evaluation. For the second experiment, a completely randomized design was used. The treatments consisted on T1: Control (the pathogen only), T2: Trichoderma spp isolates mix. and T3: 1% Carbendazim having each one five repetitions. 12 months old Macadamia plants were treated with the Trichoderma spp isolates mix. After 2 weeks, the substratum of all plants was infested with Rosellinia sp. propagules, two more weeks were allowed to assure the establishment of the pathogen and then Carbendazim with 0,1% dose, was applied. In the control plants, it was observed a 53% incidence of disease, a 26% in the plants treated with the Trichoderma spp. mix and 7% in plants treated with Carbendazim. It is concluded that native isolates of Trichoderma spp. have a potential as Rosellinia sp .bio-control agents since they reduce the incidence of the disease in in vivo conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeyseADB_DISSERT.pdf: 841717 bytes, checksum: e28d1da845eaf73099d848e162b2fd82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The fungus M. cannonballus is a thermophilic plant pathogen, associated with the decline of crude oil in cucurbits worldwide. Although frequently associated with this family, which causes the decline of crude oil, this fungus has been reported in other crops, including maize, beans and cotton, and is, however, little known pathogenicity in these species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of cultivars of different host crops cucurbits and not cucurbits, front inoculation of two isolates of M. cannonballus. The present study tested the behavior of two isolates of M. cannonballus, CMM 3646, isolated Boerhavia diffusa roots (Catch pinto) and CMM 2390, isolated from melon roots, compared to 10 crops (tomatoes, beans, sesame, pumpkin, cucumber, melon, watermelon, sorghum, corn and cotton) with two cultivars of each, totaling forty treatments. With the means of this evaluation we calculated the overall index of the disease (IGD). Pathogenicity was confirmed by isolation of the inoculated fungus. The production of the inoculum of strains was made from the PDA culture medium containing the fungus mycelium. The crops were grown in pots containing sterile soil mixture, sand and substrate. After 50 days of culture, the insulation made from the roots of plants. It was found varying degrees of resistance and susceptibility of cultivars evaluated on isolates used. Cultivars of cucurbits were grouped into categories which the highly susceptible front of the CMM-3646 and CMM-2390 isolated. The species belonging to this family were the ones that had higher IGD. The cultivars of tomato and corn had susceptibility behavior to fungal isolates of M. cannonballus. The sorghum cultivars for both isolates of M. cannonballus behaved as moderately resistant. The cultures do not cucurbits such as cotton, sesame and cowpea obtained degrees of resistance to the fungal isolates used O fungo Monosporascus cannonballus é um fitopatógeno termófilo, associado ao declínio das ramas em cucurbitáceas em todo o mundo. Apesar de ser frequentemente associado a esta família, na qual provoca o declínio das ramas, este fungo tem sido relatado em outras culturas, entre elas o milho, o feijão e o algodão, sendo, no entanto, pouco conhecida a sua patogenicidade nessas espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a susceptibilidade de cultivares de diferentes culturas hospedeiras cucurbitáceas e não cucurbitáceas, frente a inoculação de dois isolados de M. cannonballus. No presente trabalho foi testado o comportamento de dois isolados de M. cannonballus, CMM 3646, isolado de raízes de Boerhavia difusa (Pega-pinto) e CMM 2390, isolado de raízes de meloeiro, frente a 10 culturas (tomate, feijão, gergelim, abóbora, pepino, melão, melancia, sorgo, milho e algodão) com duas cultivares de cada, totalizando quarenta tratamentos. Com as médias desta avaliação foi calculado o índice geral da doença (IGD). A patogenicidade foi confirmada através do isolamento do fungo inoculado. A produção do inóculo dos isolados foi feita a partir do meio de cultura BDA, contendo micélios do fungo. Os cultivares, foram cultivados em vasos, contendo uma mistura estéril de solo, areia e substrato. Após 50 dias de cultivo, o ensaio foi desmontado e feito o isolamento das raízes das plantas. Foi constatado resistência e diferentes graus de susceptibilidade dos cultivares avaliados aos isolados utilizados. Os cultivares de cucurbitáceas foram agrupadas nas categorias de susceptíveis a muito susceptíveis frente aos isolados CMM-3646 e CMM-2390. As espécies pertencentes a essa família foram as que obtiveram maiores IGD. Os cultivares de tomate e milho tiveram comportamento de susceptibilidade aos isolados fúngicos de M. cannonballus. Os cultivares de sorgo para ambos os isolados de M. cannonballus se comportaram como medianamente resistentes. As culturas não cucurbitáceas como as de algodão, gergelim e feijão-caupi obtiveram graus de resistência aos isolados de fúngicos utilizados