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A series of novel energetic materials comprising of azo‐bridged furoxanylazoles enriched with energetic functionalities was designed and synthesized. These high‐energy materials were thoroughly characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 14N) spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular structures of representative amino and azo oxadiazole assemblies were additionally confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray powder diffraction. A comparison of contributions of explosophoric moieties into the density of energetic materials revealed that furoxan and 1,2,4‐oxadiazole rings are the densest motifs while the substitution of the azide and amino fragments on the nitro and azo ones leads to an increase of the density. Azo bridged energetic materials have high nitrogen‐oxygen contents (68.8–76.9 %) and high thermal stability. The synthesized compounds exhibit good experimental densities (1.62–1.88 g cm−3), very high enthalpies of formation (846–1720 kJ mol−1), and, as a result, excellent detonation performance (detonation velocities 7.66–9.09 km s−1 and detonation pressures 25.0–37.7 GPa). From the application perspective, the detonation parameters of azo oxadiazole assemblies exceed those of the benchmark explosive RDX, while a combination of high detonation performance and acceptable friction sensitivity of azo(1,2,4‐triazolylfuroxan) make it a promising potential alternative to PETN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifurazano[3,4‐b:3′,4′‐f][3′′,4′′‐d]xacycloheptatriene (BFFO, C6N6O5) is perspective high‐energy‐density compound. The crystal structure was previously determined for its monohydrate (space group P21/c, Z=4), while it remains unknown for pure BFFO being of primary interest. Herein a theoretical crystal structure prediction of BFFO in both monohydrated and the proposed anhydrous forms is performed. The Coulomb energy was calculated with advanced point charge models reproducing with high accuracy electrostatic potentials of the BFFO and water molecules. The van der Waals energy was calculated with empirical atom‐atom potentials. The global search for energy minima involved enumeration of 35 most likely organic structural classes with one and two independent molecules (Z=1 and 2). A characteristic feature of the energy landscape of an anhydrous BFFO is that the energies of the deepest minima differ very little. However the structures in the space group Pbca, Z=8 and P21/c, Z=8 were found the most energetically preferable. The common feature of predicted BFFO structures is the presence of herring‐bone packing motifs instead of stacking configurations. The detonation pressure and velocity of pure BFFO crystal (presumably a high‐energy explosive) are estimated from the predicted density; the latter occurs to be lower than density of the monohydrate form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of highly energetic organic salts comprising a tetrazolylfuroxan anion, explosophoric azido or azo functionalities, and nitrogen‐rich cations were synthesized by simple, efficient, and scalable chemical routes. These energetic materials were fully characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the structure of an energetic salt consisting of an azidotetrazolylfuroxan anion and a 3,6,7‐triamino‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazolium cation was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds exhibit good experimental densities (1.57–1.71 g cm−3), very high enthalpies of formation (818–1363 kJ mol−1), and, as a result, excellent detonation performance (detonation velocities 7.54–8.26 kms−1 and detonation pressures 23.4–29.3 GPa). Most of the synthesized energetic salts have moderate sensitivity toward impact and friction, which makes them promising candidates for a variety of energetic applications. At the same time, three compounds have impact sensitivity on the primary explosives level (1.5–2.7 J). These results along with high detonation parameters and high nitrogen contents (66.0–70.2 %) indicate that these three compounds may serve as potential environmentally friendly alternatives to lead‐based primary explosives. Energetic nitrogen: A series of energetic organic salts was synthesized by simple and scalable chemical routes. Owing to their high nitrogen content, these metal‐free salts have a high level of environmental compatibility. Structural diversification of cation and anion counterparts significantly affects their physical properties and detonation performance, which enables their multipurpose application either as primary or secondary explosives (see scheme). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]