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As one of the three pillars in computational intelligence, fuzzy systems are a powerful mathematical tool widely used for modelling nonlinear problems with uncertainties. Fuzzy systems take the form of linguistic IF-THEN fuzzy rules that are easy to understand for human. In this sense, fuzzy inference mechanisms have been developed to mimic human reasoning and decision-making. From a data analytic perspective, fuzzy systems provide an effective solution to build precise predictive models from imprecise data with great transparency and interpretability, thus facilitating a wide range of real-world applications. This paper presents a systematic review of modern methods for autonomously learning fuzzy systems from data, with an emphasis on the structure and parameter learning schemes of mainstream evolving, evolutionary, reinforcement learning-based fuzzy systems. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the underlying concepts, underpinning methodologies, as well as outstanding performances of the state-of-the-art methods. It serves as a one-stop guide for readers learning the representative methodologies and foundations of fuzzy systems or who desire to apply fuzzy-based autonomous learning in other scientific disciplines and applied fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolving fuzzy systems (EFSs) are widely known as a powerful tool for streaming data prediction. In this article, a novel zero-order EFS with a unique belief structure is proposed for data stream classification. Thanks to this new belief structure, the proposed model can handle the interclass overlaps in a natural way and better capture the underlying multimodel structure of data streams in the form of prototypes. Utilizing data-driven soft thresholds, the proposed model self-organizes a set of prototype-based if–then fuzzy belief rules from data streams for classification, and its learning outcomes are practically meaningful. With no requirement of prior knowledge in the problem domain, the proposed model is capable of self-determining the appropriate level of granularity for rule-based construction, while enabling users to specify their preferences on the degree of fineness of its knowledge base. Numerical examples demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed model on a wide range of stationary and nonstationary classification benchmark problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) is a widely used technique to construct a stronger ensemble classifier by combining a set of weaker ones. Zero-order fuzzy inference systems (FISs) are very powerful prototype-based predictive models for classification, offering both great prediction precision and high user interpretability. However, the use of zero-order FISs as base classifiers in AdaBoost has not been explored yet. To bridge the gap, in this article, a novel multiclass fuzzily weighted AdaBoost (FWAdaBoost)-based ensemble system with a self-organizing fuzzy inference system (SOFIS) as the ensemble component is proposed. To better incorporate the SOFIS, FWAdaBoost utilizes the confidence scores produced by the SOFIS in both sample weight updating and ensemble output generation, resulting in more accurate classification boundaries and greater prediction precision. Numerical examples on a wide range of benchmark classification problems demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future intelligent machines will be more human-friendly and human-like, while offering much higher throughput and automation, thus augmenting our (human) capabilities. Anthropomorphic machine learning is an emerging direction for future development in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science. This revolutionary shift offers human-like abilities to the next generation of machine learning with greater potential for underpinning breakthroughs in technology development as well as in various aspects of everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-supervised learning from data streams is widely considered as a highly challenging task to be further researched. In this paper, a novel dual-model self-organizing fuzzy inference system composed of two recently introduced evolving fuzzy systems (EFSs) is proposed for semi-supervised learning from data streams in infinite delay environments. After being primed with a small amount of labelled data during the warm-up period, the proposed model is able to continuously self-learn and self-expand its knowledge base from unlabelled data on a chunk-by-chunk basis with minimal human expert involvement. Thanks to its dual-model structure, the proposed model combines the merits of the two EFS models such that it can continuously identify new prototypes from new pseudo-labelled data to self-improve its knowledge base whilst keeping the impact of pseudo-labelled errors on its decision-making minimized. Numerical examples based on various benchmark problems demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method, showing its strong potential in real-world applications by offering higher classification accuracy over the state-of-the-art competitors whilst retaining high computational efficiency. • A dual-model semi-supervised system is proposed for data stream classification in infinite label delay scenarios. • A unique semi-supervised learning strategy is designed for its dual-model structure. • The system continuously self-improves its knowledge base from unlabelled streaming data via pseudo-labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]