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The aim of this study was to determine which supervised machine learning (ML) algorithm can most accurately classify people with Parkinson's disease (pwPD) from speed-matched healthy subjects (HS) based on a selected minimum set of IMU-derived gait features. Twenty-two gait features were extrapolated from the trunk acceleration patterns of 81 pwPD and 80 HS, including spatiotemporal, pelvic kinematics, and acceleration-derived gait stability indexes. After a three-level feature selection procedure, seven gait features were considered for implementing five ML algorithms: support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network, decision trees (DT), random forest (RF), and K-nearest neighbors. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were calculated. SVM, DT, and RF showed the best classification performances, with prediction accuracy higher than 80% on the test set. The conceptual model of approaching ML that we proposed could reduce the risk of overrepresenting multicollinear gait features in the model, reducing the risk of overfitting in the test performances while fostering the explainability of the results.

The interpretability of gait analysis studies in people with rare diseases, such as those with primary hereditary cerebellar ataxia (pwCA), is frequently limited by the small sample sizes and unbalanced datasets. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of data balancing and generative artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in generating synthetic data reflecting the actual gait abnormalities of pwCA. Gait data of 30 pwCA (age: 51.6 ± 12.2 years; 13 females, 17 males) and 100 healthy subjects (age: 57.1 ± 10.4; 60 females, 40 males) were collected at the lumbar level with an inertial measurement unit. Subsampling, oversampling, synthetic minority oversampling, generative adversarial networks, and conditional tabular generative adversarial networks (ctGAN) were applied to generate datasets to be input to a random forest classifier. Consistency and explainability metrics were also calculated to assess the coherence of the generated dataset with known gait abnormalities of pwCA. ctGAN significantly improved the classification performance compared with the original dataset and traditional data augmentation methods. ctGAN are effective methods for balancing tabular datasets from populations with rare diseases, owing to their ability to improve diagnostic models with consistent explainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The progressive modular rebalancing (PMR) system is a comprehensive rehabilitation approach derived from proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation principles. PMR training encourages focus on trunk and proximal muscle function through direct perception, strength, and stretching exercises and emphasizes bi-articular muscle function in the improvement of gait performance. Sensory cueing, such as visual cues (VC), is one of the more established techniques for gait rehabilitation in PD. In this study, we propose PMR combined with VC for improving gait performance, balance, and trunk control during gait in patients with PD. Our assumption herein was that the effect of VC may add to improved motor performance induced by the PMR treatment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether the PMR system plus VC was a more effective treatment option than standard physiotherapy in improving gait function in patients with PD. The secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of this treatment on motor function severity. Design: Two-center, randomized, controlled, observer-blind, crossover study with a 4-month washout period. Participants: Forty individuals with idiopathic PD in Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–4. Intervention: Eight-week rehabilitation programs consisting of PMR plus VC (treatment A) and conventional physiotherapy (treatment B). Primary outcome measures: Spatiotemporal gait parameters, joint kinematics, and trunk kinematics. Secondary outcome measures: UPDRS-III scale scores. Results: The rehabilitation program was well-tolerated by individuals with PD and most participants showed improvements in gait variables and UPDRS-III scores with both treatments. However, patients who received PMR with VC showed better results in gait function with regard to gait performance (increased step length, gait speed, and joint kinematics), gait balance (increased step width and double support duration), and trunk control (increased trunk motion) than those receiving conventional physiotherapy. While crossover results revealed some differences in primary outcomes, only 37.5% of patients crossed over between the groups. As a result, our findings should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusions: The PMR plus VC program could be used to improve gait function and severity motor of motor deficit in individuals with PD. Clinical Trial Registration : www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03346265. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gait disorders represent one of the most disabling features of Parkinson's disease, which may benefit from rehabilitation. No consistent evidence exists about which gait biomechanical factors can be modified by rehabilitation and which clinical characteristic can predict rehabilitation-induced improvements. Objectives: The aims of the study were as follows: (i) to recognize the gait parameters modifiable by a short-term rehabilitation program; (ii) to evaluate the gait parameters that can normalize after rehabilitation; and (iii) to identify clinical variables predicting improvements in gait function after rehabilitation. Methods: Thirty-six patients affected by idiopathic Parkinson's disease in Hoehn-Yahr stage 1–3 and 22 healthy controls were included in the study. Both clinical and instrumental (gait analysis) evaluations were performed before and after a 10-weeks rehabilitation treatment. Time-distance parameters, lower limb joint, and trunk kinematics were measured. Results: At baseline evaluation with matched speed, almost all gait parameters were significantly different between patients and healthy controls. After the 10-weeks rehabilitation, most gait parameters improved, and spatial asymmetry and trunk rotation normalized. Multiple linear regression of gender combined with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III predicted both ΔSpeed and ΔStep length of both sides; gender combined with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-II predicted ΔCadence; age combined with Hoehn-Yahr score and disease duration predicted Δtrunk rotation range of motion. Conclusions: Impaired gait parameters are susceptible to improvement by rehabilitation, and younger men with Parkinson's disease who are less severely affected and at early disease stage are more susceptible to improvements in gait function after a 10-weeks rehabilitation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the lower limb muscle coactivation and its relationship with muscles spasticity, gait performance, and metabolic cost in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis. Methods Kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic and energetic parameters of 23 patients and 23 controls were evaluated by computerized gait analysis system. We computed ankle and knee antagonist muscle coactivation indexes throughout the gait cycle and during the subphases of gait. Energy consumption and energy recovery were measured as well. In addition to the correlation analysis between coactivation indexes and clinical variables, correlations between coactivation indexes and time–distance, kinematic, kinetic, and energetic parameters were estimated. Findings Increased coactivity indexes of both knee and ankle muscles throughout the gait cycle and during the subphases of gait were observed in patients compared with controls. Energetic parameters were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Both knee and ankle muscle coactivation indexes were positively correlated with knee and ankle spasticity (Ashworth score), respectively. Knee and ankle muscle coactivation indexes were both positively correlated with energy consumption and both negatively correlated with energy recovery. Interpretation Positive correlations between the Ashworth score and lower limb muscle coactivation suggest that abnormal lower limb muscle coactivation in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis reflects a primary deficit linked to lower limb spasticity. Furthermore, these abnormalities influence the energetic mechanisms during walking. Identifying excessive muscle coactivation may be helpful in individuating the rehabilitative treatments and designing specific orthosis to restrain spasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spastic gait is a key feature in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis, but the gait characterization and the relationship between the gait impairment and clinical characteristics have not been investigated. Objectives: To describe the gait patterns in hereditary spastic paraparesis and to identify subgroups of patients according to specific kinematic features of walking. Methods: We evaluated fifty patients by computerized gait analysis and compared them to healthy participants. We computed time-distance parameters of walking and the range of angular motion at hip, knee, and ankle joints, and at the trunk and pelvis. Lower limb joint moments and muscle co-activation values were also evaluated. Results: We identified three distinct subgroups of patients based on the range of motion values. Subgroup one was characterized by reduced hip, knee, and ankle joint range of motion. These patients were the most severely affected from a clinical standpoint, had the highest spasticity, and walked at the slowest speed. Subgroup three was characterized by an increased hip joint range of motion, but knee and ankle joint range of motion values close to control values. These patients were the most mildly affected and had the highest walking speed. Finally, subgroup two showed reduced knee and ankle joint range of motion, and hip range of motion values close to control values. Disease severity and gait speed in subgroup two were between those of subgroups one and three. Conclusions: We identified three distinctive gait patterns in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis that correlated robustly with clinical data. Distinguishing specific features in the gait patterns of these patients may help tailor pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments and may help evaluate therapeutic effects over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The relationship between ankle plantar flexor biomechanical properties and gait pattern following surgery for acute rupture of the Achilles tendon has not yet been fully investigated. Methods: Forty-nine young adults (27 men and 22 women) who underwent surgical repair of a complete Achilles tendon rupture were evaluated at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months by clinical assessment, biomechanical evaluation and gait analysis. Findings: Ankle range of motion, plantar flexor passive stiffness and concentric strength were recovered within 12 months. Gait abnormalities related to these factors took longer to disappear owing to the presence of anomalous muscle patterns. At 24 months, a deficit in calf-muscle eccentric strength was still present, determining adaptive changes in gait strategy that involved ankle motion and coordinated muscular activity. Interpretation: Improvement of gait pattern is slower than recovery of plantar flexor mechanical properties. Persisting mechanical impairment resulting in gait adaptations may be detrimental to the healing structures by increasing stress on the Achilles tendon. Restoration of calf-muscle eccentric strength and coordinated antagonist muscle activity should be key points in postoperative rehabilitation following surgical repair of Achilles tendon rupture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background The harmony of the human gait was recently found to be related to the golden ratio value (ϕ). The ratio between the duration of the stance and that of the swing phases of a gait cycle was in fact found to be close to ϕ, which implies that, because of the fractal property of autosimilarity of that number, the gait ratios stride/stance, stance/swing, swing/double support, were not significantly different from one another. We studied a group of patients with cerebellar ataxia to investigate how the differences between their gait ratios and the golden ratio are related to efficiency and stability of their gait, assessed by energy expenditure and stride-to-stride variability, respectively. Methods The gait of 28 patients who were affected by degenerative cerebellar ataxia and of 28 healthy controls was studied using a stereophotogrammetric system. The above mentioned gait ratios, the energy expenditure estimated using the pelvis reconstructed method and the gait variability in terms of the stride length were computed, and their relationships were analyzed. Matching procedures have also been used to avoid multicollinearity biases. Findings The gait ratio values of the patients were farther from the controls (and hence from ϕ), even in speed matched conditions ( P = 0.011, Cohen's D = 0.76), but not when the variability and energy expenditure were matched between the two groups (Cohen's D = 0.49). In patients with cerebellar ataxia, the farther the stance-swing ratio was from ϕ, the larger the total mechanical work ( R 2 adj = 0.64). Further, a significant positive correlation was observed between the difference of the gait ratio from the golden ratio and the severity of the disease ( R = 0.421, P = 0.026). Interpretation Harmony of gait appears to be a benchmark of physiological gait leading to physiological energy recovery and gait reliability. Neurorehabilitation of patients with ataxia might benefit from the restoration of harmony of their locomotor patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To describe the temporal, kinetic, kinematic, electromyographic and energetic aspects of gait in Charcot-Marie-Tooth patients with foot drop and plantar flexion failure. Methods: A sample of 21 patients fulfilling clinical, electrodiagnostic and genetic criteria for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were evaluated by computerized gait analysis system and compared to a group of matched healthy subjects. Patients were classified as having isolate foot drop (group 1) and association of foot drop and plantar flexion failure (group 2). Results: While it was impossible to detect a reliable gait pattern when the group of patients was considered as a whole and compared to healthy subjects, we observed two distinctive gait patterns when patients were subdivided as group 1 or 2. Group 1 showed a gait pattern with some characteristics of the “steppage pattern”. The complex motor strategy adopted by this group leads to reduce the swing velocity and to preserve the step length in spite of a high energy consumption. Group 2 displayed a “clumsy pattern” characterized by very slow gait with reduced step length, a broader support area and great reduction in the cadence. This group of patients is characterized by a low energy consumption and greater energy recovery, due above all to the primary deficit and the various compensatory mechanisms. Conclusions: Such between-group differences in gait pattern can be related to both primary motor deficits and secondary compensatory mechanisms. Foot drop and plantar flexion failure affect the overall gait strategy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]