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Several diabetic complications are associated with forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Different chemical and natural compounds are able to prevent the development of these products. In this study, glycosylation was induced as a model by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose. Consequently, BSA was treated with glucose and different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) of syringic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid for 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical experiments comprise measurements of fluorescent AGEs, protein carbonyl contents, total thiol, hemolysis tests, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC. These demonstrated the antiglycating mechanism of these phenolic acids. Most of the phenolic acids used in this study reduced MDA levels and protected thiol residues in protein structures. They also inhibited the formation of fluorescent AGEs and RBC lysis, except gallic acid. Moreover, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid proteins significantly prevent carbonylation. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed that ellagic, caffeic, gallic, and syringic acids could interact with lysine and arginine residues in the active site of BSA and stabilize its structure to inhibit the formation of AGEs. Our results suggest that phenolic acid could be used as a potential phytochemical against protein glycation and related diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several diabetic complications are associated with forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Different chemical and natural compounds are able to prevent the development of these products. In this study, glycosylation was induced as a model by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose. Consequently, BSA was treated with glucose and different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) of syringic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid for 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical experiments comprise measurements of fluorescent AGEs, protein carbonyl contents, total thiol, hemolysis tests, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC. These demonstrated the antiglycating mechanism of these phenolic acids. Most of the phenolic acids used in this study reduced MDA levels and protected thiol residues in protein structures. They also inhibited the formation of fluorescent AGEs and RBC lysis, except gallic acid. Moreover, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid proteins significantly prevent carbonylation. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed that ellagic, caffeic, gallic, and syringic acids could interact with lysine and arginine residues in the active site of BSA and stabilize its structure to inhibit the formation of AGEs. Our results suggest that phenolic acid could be used as a potential phytochemical against protein glycation and related diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haritaki churna (HC), a single herb ayurvedic formulations is known to be prescribed for various gastro-intestinal disorders in Ayurveda. Haritaki churna aqueous extract (HCAE) has anti-cancer activity against different types of cancer cells with an IC50 in the range of 50–97 μg/ml. Bioavailability of Haritaki Churna is very high in digestive track and treatment of colorectal cancer cells HCT-116, DLD1, HT-29 with HCAE reduces its cellular viability with anti-cancer IC50 70μg/ml. HCAE consumption is safe for human as it didn't affect the cellular viability of primary human PBMCs or non-cancerogenic HEK-293 cells. Haritaki churna was found to be stable in biological gastric fluids and bioactive agents are not losing their anti-cancer activity under such harsh conditions. The HPLC Chromatogram of HCAE is giving 13 major peaks and 11 minor peaks. Exploiting LC-MS, IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques, a total of 13 compounds were identified from HCAE namely Shikimic acid, Chebulic acid, gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, Protocatechuic acid, 4-O-galloyl-shikimic Acid, 5-O-galloyl-shikimic Acid, Methylgallate, corilagin, 1, 2, 6, Tri-O-galloyl β-D-glucose, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and Ellagic acid. Reconstitution and subtraction of phytochemicals from the mixture indicate that Ellagic acid significantly contribute into anti-cancer effect of HCAE. Cancer cells treated with ellagic acid from HCAE were incapable of completing their cell-cycle and halted the cell-cycle at DNA synthesis S-Phase, as demonstrated by decreased cyclin A2 expression levels with increasing ellagic acid concentration. Halting of cells at S-phase causes induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer cells exhibiting DNA fragmentation, changes in expression of several apoptotic proteins such as Bcl2, cytochrome-c and formation of cleaved products of caspase 3 and PARP-1 suggests ellagic acid induces cell death via mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global health concern with a dynamic rise in occurrence and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Among different types of cancer, ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most diagnosed malignant tumor, while among the gynecological malignancies, it ranks third after cervical and uterine cancer and sadly bears the highest mortality and worst prognosis. First-line treatments have included a variety of cytotoxic and synthetic chemotherapeutic medicines, but they have not been particularly effective in extending OC patients' lives and are associated with side effects, recurrence risk, and drug resistance. Hence, a shift from synthetic to phytochemical-based agents is gaining popularity, and researchers are looking into alternative, cost-effective, and safer chemotherapeutic strategies. Lately, studies on the effectiveness of phenolic acids in ovarian cancer have sparked the scientific community's interest because of their high bioavailability, safety profile, lesser side effects, and cost-effectiveness. Yet this is a road less explored and critically analyzed and lacks the credibility of the novel findings. Phenolic acids are a significant class of phytochemicals usually considered in the nonflavonoid category. The current review focused on the anticancer potential of phenolic acids with a special emphasis on chemoprevention and treatment of OC. We tried to summarize results from experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies unraveling the benefits of various phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid) in chemoprevention and as anticancer agents of clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different plant-derived bioactive compounds have the potential to be used for medical applications. One of the native medicinal shrub plant species in the Mediterranean area is Micromeria fruticosa from the Lamiaceae family. In the present work, the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined for plant extracts of M. fruticosa collected from Jordan. Furthermore, the identification of phenolic compounds was done using liquid chromatography. Results showed that strong antioxidant activity (93.54%) was obtained from butanol extract while water extract exhibited the weakest antioxidant activity (13.7%). The essential oil extract showed the most potent activities against different types of bacteria compared to butanol and aqueous methanol extracts, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.2–0.75 mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of M. fruticosa showed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloids, phenols, and tannins in all solvents extract, with maximal phytochemical compounds obtained from butanol extract. The highest TPC, TFC values were measured butanol extract of M. fruticosa, whereas the lowest values were measured for water extract. The ions chromatographic analyses (RP-HPLC) for phenolic compounds present in extracts fraction revealed that the most abundant phenolic acids were gallic acid and ellagic acid. Results indicate that M. fruticosa extracts may be used in drug industry as a source of effective compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa (ABB group) "Kluai Namwa" bananas (Musa sp.) are widely grown throughout Thailand. Mali Ong is the most popular Kluai Namwa variety used as raw material for sun-dried banana production, especially in the Bangkratum District, Phitsanulok, Thailand. The sun-dried banana product made from Nanwa Mali Ong is well recognized as the best dried banana product of the country, with optimal taste compared to one made from other Kluai Namwa varieties. However, the production of Mali Ong has fluctuated substantially in recent years, leading to shortages. Consequently, farmers have turned to using other Kluai Namwa varieties including Nuanchan. This study investigated the nutraceutical contents of two popular Namwa varieties, Mali Ong and Nuanchan, at different ripening stages. Nutraceuticals in the dried banana products made from these two Kluai Namwa varieties and four commercial dried banana products were compared. Results indicated that the content of moisture, total sugar, and total soluble solids (TSS) (°Brix) increased, while total solids and texture values decreased during the ripening stage for both Kluai Namwa varieties. Rutin was the major flavonoid found in both Namwa Mali Ong and Nuanchan varieties ranging 136.00–204.89 mg/kg and 129.15–260.38 mg/kg, respectively. Rutin, naringenin, quercetin and catechin were abundant in both Namwa varieties. All flavonoids increased with ripening except for rutin, gallocatechin and gallocatechin gallate. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in flavonoid contents between both varieties. Tannic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were the main phenolic acids found in Mali Ong and Nuanchan varieties, ranging from 274.61–339.56 mg/kg and 293.13–372.66 mg/kg, respectively. Phenolic contents of both varieties decreased, increased and then decreased again during the development stage. Dopamine contents increased from 79.26 to 111.77 mg/kg and 60.38 to 125.07 mg/kg for Mali Ong and Nuanchan, respectively, but the amounts were not significantly different (p < 0.5) between the two Namwa varieties at each ripening stage. Inulin as fructooligosaccharide (FOS) increased with ripening steps. Production stages of sun-dried banana products showed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two Namwa varieties. Therefore, when one variety is scarce, the other could be used as a replacement in terms of total flavonoids, phenolic acid, dopamine and FOS. In both Namwa varieties, sugar contents decreased after the drying process. Sugar contents of the dried products were 48.47 and 47.21 g/100 g. The drying process caused a reduction in total flavonoid contents and phenolic acid at 63–66% and 64–70%, respectively. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for total flavonoid and phenolic contents between the dried banana products made from the two Namwa varieties (178.21 vs. 182.53 mg/kg and 96.06 vs. 102.19 mg/kg, respectively). Products made from Nuanchan varieties (24.52 mg/kg) contained significantly higher dopamine than that from Mali Ong (38.52 mg/kg). The data also suggest that the banana maturity stage for production of the sun dried products was also optimum in terms of high nutraceutical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The HA-E was subjected to bipartition using ethyl acetate, which resulted in an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) and an organic fraction (EtOAc-F). The HA-E and both fractions were tested using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHIA) and the larval mortality test (LMT). Fractionation of the EtOAc-F was achieved using different chromatographic processes, i.e., open glass column and HPLC analysis. Fractionation of the EtOAc-F gave 18 subfractions (C1R1-C1R18), and those that showed the highest yields (C1R15, C1R16, C1R17 and C1R18) were subjected to anthelmintic assays. The HA-E and the EtOAc-F displayed 100% egg hatching inhibition at 3 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, whereas Aq-F exhibited 92.57% EHI at 3 mg/mL. All subfractions tested showed ovicidal effect. Regarding the larval mortality test, HA-E and EtOAc-F exhibited a larvicidal effect higher than 50% at 50 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The subfractions that showed the highest larval mortality against H. contortus were C1R15 and C1R17, with larval mortalities of 53.57% and 60.23% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis of these bioactive subfractions (C1R15 and C1R17) revealed the presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid. This study shows evidence about the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera fruits that could make these plant products to be considered as a natural potential anthelmintic agents for controlling haemonchosis in goats and sheep. [Display omitted] • A hydroalcoholic extract from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits was obtained and fractioned. • The anthelmintic effects of extract and fractions on Haemonchus contortus were tested. • The organic fraction (EtOAc-F) exhibited the highest ovicidal and larvicidal activities. • Gallic acid and ellagic acid were the major compounds identified in EtOAc-F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the extract of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate peel (PP) wastes and their effect on the E. coli, S. aureus, S.mutans at different concentrations of 10-100%. Total phenolic compound substance and antioxidant modification were inspected using Folin Ciocalteau and ABTS methods respectively. The antimicrobial activity was tested on the microorganisms using diffusion method and the scanning of the phenolic compounds were analyzed using HPLC-DAD and the most abundant compound was estimated to be the punicalin, gallic acid, ellagic acid and quercetin. The most common phenolic compound was detected to bepunicalin and the highest antioxidant activity was about 821.72 mmoltrolox/mg with (60%) acetone extract and the effect on the phenol increased up to 445.04 GAEq (mg GA/g) when PP extracted with ethanol, methanol and (60%)acetone. The results were evaluated and statistically analyzed according to antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of each extract on the E. coli, S. aureus and S.mutans which were found to be the most abundant when PP extracted with (10%-60%) acetone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad® PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine phytochemical contents, antibacterial properties, and antibiotic modulating potential of Punica granatum leaf extracts: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts as well as an extract enriched with total oligomer flavonoids (TOFs). The TOF extract contained the highest value of phenols and flavonoids. Rutin, luteolin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid were determined by HPLC analysis of this extract. The antibacterial activity was assayed by the disc diffusion method and microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli standard ATCC strains and clinical isolates resistant strains. The TOF extract was the most active against all tested strains. The checkerboard method was used for the determination of synergy between two antibiotics (amoxicillin and cefotaxime) and P. granatum leaf extracts. The best synergistic interaction was found with TOF extract combined with amoxicillin for penicillin-resistant E. coli and penicillin-resistant S. aureus. These results can be assigned to tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids found in P. granatum leaf extracts. Pomegranate leaf extracts or active compounds isolated from these extracts could be used to fight the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Berries indigenously grown in Asia are known for their diversified nutritional and health promoting properties. Establishing a link between berry consumption and their classical uses in health management however requires detailed research in exploring varied biochemical factors and their therapeutic role in averting risks of chronic disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating anti-inflammatory and anticancer responses of fruit extracts of Grewia asiatica locally known as Phalsa. METHODS: Dichloromethane, methanol and 50% hydro-methanolic fractions of fruit were evaluated for polyphenols characterization, quantification and antioxidant assays. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive responses of fruit extracts were evaluated in rats and mice models, respectively, and cytotoxic activities were measured against MCF-7, HeLa, HEp-2, NCI-H522, HEK-293 cancer cell cultures. RESULTS: Phenolics quantification and biological study data suggested 50% hydro-methanolic extracts as maximum carrier of flavonoids (7.92 mgQE/g), anthocyanins (8.1 mg/Kg) and tannins (187.2 mgGAE/g) that significantly (p < 0.05)resulted in higher oxidation inhibition (IC50 41.1 ug/ml), paw edema inhibition (68–74%) and pain mediation in neurogenic phase(31–62%) when administrated at the rate of 400 mg/kg b.w. Maximum cytotoxic activity of G. asiatica (50% hydro-methanolic extracts) was observed against MCF-7 (IC50 34.9 ug/mL), HEp-2 (IC50 80.4 ug/mL) and NCI-H522 (IC50 73 ug/mL) cancer cell lines. LC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of hydro-alcoholic fractions bearing potent biological activities revealed Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quinic acid, Calycosin, Vidalenolone, Quercetin, Myricetin, Liquitrigenin and 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone. Human equivalent doses of the extracts calculated on the basis of total phenolic contents for anti-inflammatory and nociceptive assays were in range between 6.2–15.8 mg/kg b.w., and 3.1–7.9 mg/kg b.w., respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the study suggest G. asiatica fruit extracts are a potential source of bioactive compounds that might further be explored for anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug discovery and its clinical exploitation. Study concludes supplementation of G. asiatica extracts as possible approach to acquire curative properties in human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acids are a large class of compounds occur naturally in a variety of plants and exhibit a wide range of biological activities, but toxic effects have also been observed. This study was designed to assess genotoxic effect of two selected phenolic acids, gallic and ellagic, in somatic and germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster using the sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test and comet assay in vivo. The obtained results revealed that tested phenolic acids did not induce genotoxic effect and therefore have a safety margin for therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pomegranate is scientifically known as Punica granatum L. which is a nutrient dense fruit rich in phytochemical compounds. Phenolic content is the main compound attribute for the most of the functional properties in pomegranate. The aim of this study is to quantify and optimize the composition of phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate extract by using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Method: The pomegranate extracted with three different methods by using two different solvents which is 50% ethanol and water. The methods were blended (aril+ seed), Soaking (aril+ seed) and soaking + squeezed manually. HPLC-PDA was used as equipment to quantify and optimize the phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate. Result: Validation method of HPLC was analysed according to the percentage of recovery, LOD, LOQ and coefficient correlation. Result showed that GA was detected in all sample from different method of extraction applied while CA compound not detected in any of extraction method applied. FA compound was only detected in blended method by 50% ethanol and water as solvent while EA compound was detected only in water extraction of all three methods applied. Conclusion: As a conclusion, according to the standard calibration data curve showed that this method proved to detect and quantify the targeted compounds. By comparing the data obtained from this study, it showed that water blended extract method is significantly higher content of targeted compound except for the CA compound. To the best of our knowledge, this sample can be a valuable source of antioxidant for better used in health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research concerning the benefits derived from dietary polyphenols, a significant class within the family of phytonutrients, has increased considerably in the last decade. Prior to the late 1990s, the nutritional spotlight focused on the antioxidant capabilities of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. More recently, however, research has emerged in strong support of the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols and their role in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Polyphenols are categorized according to the nature of their carbon skeleton, ranging from basic phenolic molecules to highly complex compounds, such as flavonoids, the most common and widely studied of all phenolic compounds. The most prevalent phenolic acids include ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, and capsaicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New electroanalytical methods have been proposed for the estimation of the total content of phenolic compounds of low oxidation potential in cork boiling water, expressed as gallic acid equivalent/g dry cork, by using screen-printed electrode modified with graphene. The results obtained have been compared with spectrophotometric method (Folin-Ciocalteau) and a good correlation has been found between them. The detection limits obtained by Winefordner-Long and Clayton methods were 0.04 and 0.06 ppm for ellagic acid (EA), and 0.05 and 0.09 ppm for gallic acid (GA), respectively. The sensitivity, simplicity, selectivity, fast and low cost of the developed methodologies is also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrolyzable tannins and products of their hydrolysis, ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA), are important con-stituents of many medicinal plants and exhibit various biological activities. Geum rivale and G. urbanum are traditional herbal remedies rich in tannin compounds. The aim of the study was to quantitate free and total EA and GA in aerial and underground parts of G. rivale and G. urbanum. After optimization of extraction, both compounds were quantitated by reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). EA was more abundant than GA in the inves-tigated material, and underground parts of G. rivale were the richest source of total EA and GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jua (juá in Portuguese) is an underexplored fruit from Brazil's northeast. This fruit is rich in antioxidant substances. However, there is a dearth of information about jua's bioactive potential. The present study evaluated two extraction methods (continuous agitation and ultrasound-assisted extraction—UAE) and employed three different solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone) to efficiently recover soluble phenolic compounds. Aqueous extracts obtained by UAE showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antiradical activity. Besides being an eco-friendly procedure, extraction and/or solubility in an aqueous medium is also important for food application. Ellagic acids were the predominant phenolics (80%) found in aqueous jua pulp extract obtained by UAE, as determined by HPLC, while its TPC was 405.8 gallic acid equivalent per gram of fruit. This extract also exhibited a higher scavenging activity towards peroxyl radicals when compared to that of several other fruits from the literature, including grape, strawberry, cranberry, and walnuts, which are known references in terms of antioxidants. This is the first report that demonstrates jua pulp's potential as an alternative source of ellagic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids. Therefore, the outcome of this study provides new information that can be useful for functional food and nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A nontoxic PEG-based ATPS as the extractant could intensively interact with microwave. • MAE coupled to ASTPE improved extraction and separation of phenolic acids from sample matrix. • Optimization of MAE-ASTPE process was completed by response surface methodology. • MAE-ASTPE coupled to HPLC for quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid in Euonymus alatus. • Several free radical scavenging assays exhibited stronger antioxidant activity of the extract. A novel method of extraction and separation of gallic acid and ellagic acid from Euonymus alatus was developed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with aqueous surfactant two-phase extraction (ASTPE). Using PEG-400/(NH 4) 2 SO 4 system as the extractant, the effects of key factors on the extraction yields of the phenolic acids were investigated by response surface methodology. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: (NH 4) 2 SO 4 concentration 17.74% (w/w), PEG-400 concentration 25.94% (w/w), extraction temperature 95.40 °C and liquid-to-material ratio of 59.99:1. The results of validation experiments were close to the predictedvalues of the model. The extraction yields of the phenolic acids for MAE-ASTPE were superior to that of conventional methods. The proposed approach coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography was successfully applied for extraction and determination of the phenolic acids in three batches of Euonymus alatus. The extraction yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid were 0.4532 ± 0.0031, 0.5864 ± 0.0061, 0.4966 ± 0.0056 mg/g and 0.1713 ± 0.0043, 0.3072 ± 0.0030, 0.1374 ± 0.0015 mg/g, respectively. The extract obtained by MAE-ASTPE had stronger antioxidant activity, and EC 50 values of scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals were respectively 198.5 ± 1.2, 358.0 ± 2.8, 776.3 ± 3.3 and 333.6 ± 1.8 μg/mL. MAE integrated with ASTPE could improve not only extraction efficiency but also extraction selectivity, and facilitated to develop natural antioxidant from Euonymus alatus. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral potential and in vivo toxicity of twelve extracts with different polarity obtained from the herbaceous perennial plant Geum urbanum L. (Rosaceae). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by ISO 10993-5/2009 on bladder cancer, (T-24 and BC-3C), liver carcinoma (HEP-G2) and normal embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. The antineoplastic activity was elucidated through assays of cell clonogenicity, apoptosis induction, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NFκB p65) activation and total glutathione levels. Neutral red uptake study was applied for antiviral activity. The most promising G. urbanum extract was analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS. The acute in vivo toxicity analysis was carried out following OEDC 423. The ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts (EtOAc-AP) exhibited the strongest antineoplastic activity on bladder cancer cell lines (IC50 = 21.33–25.28 µg/mL) by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting NFκB p65 and cell clonogenicity. EtOAc and n-butanol extracts showed moderate antiviral activity against human adenovirus type 5 and human simplex virus type I. Seventy four secondary metabolites (gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) were identified in EtOAc-AP by UHPLC–HRMS. This extract induced no signs of acute toxicity in liver and kidney specimens of H-albino mice in doses up to 210 mg/kg. In conclusion, our study contributes substantially to the detailed pharmacological characterization of G. urbanum, thus helping the development of health-promoting phytopreparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• VA-MSPD successfully extracted phenolic compounds from edible part of M. cauliflora. • Extraction parameters were optimized using univariate and multivariate analysis. • Eight phenolic compounds were found in M. cauliflora harvested in different years. • Ellagic acid was the major compound found in the M. cauliflora edible part. • VA-MSPD is a promising method for phenolic compounds determination in fruits. In the present study, for the first time, vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (VA-MSPD) is used to determine phenolic compounds in the edible part of Myrciaria cauliflora combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the VA-MSPD method used a small amount of sample (25 mg), C18 (100 mg) as a solid support, a small volume of methanol (6 mL) as elution solvent and reduced time of grinding and vortex agitation (90 s). The proposed method showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.99) for all compounds, with detection limits in the range of 0.9˗99 μg kg−1. The matrix effect was between ˗0.8 and +52 %. This method allowed the quantification of four phenolic acids (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, p- coumaric acid and ellagic acid) and four flavonoids (myricetin, (+)-catechin, naringenin and quercetin) in M. cauliflora edible part harvested in different years. Ellagic acid was found with the highest abundance ranging from 470 to 709 mg kg−1. These results support the high potential of VA-MSPD to be applied in the determination of the phenolic compounds of fruit matrices, as well as, requiring a low solvent volume, a small amount of sample and solid support and features easy handling and short analysis time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PGG and EA could strongly interact with BSA and showed pH-dependent binding. • PGG binding with BSA results an obvious conformational change. • PGG has obvious effects on the structure and function of BSA. • Phenolic acids addition might cause denaturation of protein. Fluorescence techniques and circular dichroism (CD) were utilized to investigate the interactions of a typical gallotannin 1,2,3,4,6-penta- O -galloyl- β -D-glucopyranose (PGG) and two simple phenolic compounds ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorescence experiments showed that PGG and EA could strongly interact with BSA. The binding constants showed a pH-dependent binding of phenolic acids by BSA. The CD spectra revealed that GA, EA and PGG has slight effect on the secondary structure of BSA at the low concentration (50 μM). However, obvious alterations of the secondary structure of BSA were observed at high concentrations (from 100 μM to 500 μM). The interaction of GA, EA and PGG at high concentrations with BSA caused an unfolding of the secondary structure of BSA. PGG has a greater impact on the secondary structure of BSA when compared with small molecule compounds GA and EA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NEPC fraction of yellow and red araçá were reported for the first time. • 45 and 43 phenolic compounds were found in this fraction. • NEPC fraction represented 35% (m/m) of the total phenolic content. • NEPC fraction was characterized by the richness in phenolic acids. • NEPC antioxidant capacity (against peroxyl radical) was 50% higher than EPC fraction. LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS was used to comprehensively characterise the non-extractable phenolic compounds (NEPC) in red and yellow araçá genotypes. Results showed a total of 45 and 43 phenolic compounds in the NEPC fraction and, similarly, 51 and 50 compounds in extractable phenolic compounds (EPC) fraction from red and yellow araçá, respectively. Gallic acid and ellagic acid were the unique compounds found in both fractions. The NEPC fraction represented about 35% (m/m) of the total phenolic content and was characterised by an abundance of phenolic acids, while the EPC fraction was rich in flavanols. Although NEPC represented one-third of the total phenolic compounds found in araçá, its antioxidant capacity (against peroxyl radical) was 50% higher than the EPC fraction. The results of this work show that the NEPC fraction of araçá has great diversity and a relatively high concentration of low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]