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Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural polyphenol and possesses excellent in vivo bioactivity and antioxidant behaviors, which play an important role in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, such as cancer. Additionally, EA is also known as a skin-whitening ingredient. The content of EA would determine its efficacy. Therefore, the accurate analysis of EA content can provide more information for the scientific consumption of EA-rich foods and cosmetics. Nevertheless, the analysis of EA in these samples is challenging due to the low concentration level and the presence of interfering components with high abundance. Molecularly imprinted polymers are highly efficient pretreatment materials in achieving specific recognition of target molecules. However, the traditional template molecule (EA) could not be absolutely removed. Hence, template leakage continues to occur during the sample preparation process, leading to a lack of accuracy in the quantification of EA in actual samples, particularly for trace analytes. In addition, another drawback of EA as an imprinting template is that EA possesses poor solubility and a high price. Gallic acid (GA), called dummy templates, was employed for the synthesis of MIPs as a solution to these challenges. The approach used in this study was boronate affinity-based oriented surface imprinting. The prepared dummy-imprinted nanoparticles exhibited several significant advantages, such as good specificity, high binding affinity ((4.89 ± 0.46) × 10−5 M), high binding capacity (6.56 ± 0.35 mg/g), fast kinetics (6 min), and low binding pH (pH 5.0) toward EA. The reproducibility of the dummy-imprinted nanoparticles was satisfactory. The dummy-imprinted nanoparticles could still be reused even after six adsorption–desorption cycles. In addition, the recoveries of the proposed method for EA at three spiked levels of analysis in strawberry and pineapple were 91.0–106.8% and 93.8–104.0%, respectively, which indicated the successful application to real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chebulae Fructus (CF) is known as one of the richest sources of hydrolyzable tannins (HTs). In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector method was established for simultaneous determination of the 12 common phenolcarboxylic and tannic constituents (PTCs). Using this method, quantitative analysis was accomplished in CF and other four adulterants, including Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus, Phyllanthi Fructus, Chebulae Fructus Immaturus, and Canarii Fructus. Based on a quantitative analysis of the focused compounds, discrimination of CF and other four adulterants was successfully accomplished by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Additionally, the total contents of the 12 compounds that we focused on in this study were unveiled as 148.86 mg/g, 96.14 mg/g, and 18.64 mg/g in exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp and seed of CF, respectively, and PTCs were witnessed to be the most abundant in the exocarp of CF. Noticeably, the HTs (chebulagic acid, chebulanin acid, chebulinic acid, and punicalagin) were observed to be ultimately degraded to chebulic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid during sunlight-drying of the fresh fruits. As a result, our study indicated that CF and its adulterants could be distinguished by the observed 12 PTCs, which were mainly distributed in the exocarp of the fruits. The HTs were prone to degrade into the three simple phenolcarboxylic acids during drying or processing, allowing us to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the PTCs, with great significance in the improved quality of CF and related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Burdekin plums (BP) are the fruits of Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh, a tree native to Australia. In this study, BP fruit leathers were developed by blending BP puree with apple puree (0%–80% levels) to make five formulations of BP fruit leathers (100BP, 80BP, 60BP, 40BP, 20BP). Physicochemical parameters and microbial stability of fruit leathers were studied during six‐month storage at ambient conditions (temperature 16–25 °C, humidity 60%–77%). Results showed that BP leathers had a water activity from 0.60 to 0.64 and moisture content from 21% to 25%, and both were stable during storage. 20BP had the highest score for all colour parameters measured and had the lowest value in hardness. Reduction in redness and chroma and an increase in hue were observed in all leathers after storage. The total content of cyanidin 3‐galactoside and cyanidin 3‐glucoside decreased from 400–1600 mg/kg DW to 100–500 mg/kg DW after processing into leathers then to 9–70 mg/kg DW after storage. A decrease in catechins was also observed after puree was processed into leather and after the 6 months of storage, whereas an increase in gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin 3‐glucoside, trigalloylglucose was observed particularly in 20BP. Total phenolic content (ranging from 6 to 24 mg GAE/g DW) and antioxidant capacity (ranging from 80 to 240 μmol Fe2+/g DW) remained relatively stable after processing and storage with a slight reduction in 80BP and 100BP. Fruit leathers were microbiologically safe and shelf‐stable during the 6 months of storage. These results demonstrated the potential of BP to be processed into shelf‐stable fruit leathers rich in bioactive phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutically targeting senescent cells seems to be an interesting perspective in treating chronic lung diseases, which are often associated with human aging. The combination of the drug dasatinib and the polyphenol quercetin is used in clinical trials as a senolytic, and the first results point to the relief of physical dysfunction in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this work, we tested new combinations of drugs and polyphenols, looking for senolytic activity using human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cell line) with induced senescence. We researched drugs, such as azithromycin, rapamycin, metformin, FK-506, aspirin, and dasatinib combined with nine natural polyphenols, namely caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, hesperidin, quercetin, and resveratrol. We found new effective senolytic combinations with dasatinib and ellagic acid and dasatinib and resveratrol. Both drug combinations increased apoptosis, reduced BCL-2 expression, and increased caspase activity in senescent MRC-5 cells. Ellagic acid senolytic activity was more potent than quercetin, and resveratrol counteracted inflammatory cytokine release during senolysis in vitro. In conclusion, dasatinib and ellagic acid and dasatinib and resveratrol present in vitro senolytic potential like that observed for the combination in clinical trials of dasatinib and quercetin, and maybe they could be future alternatives in the senotherapeutic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terna plants are used by Indonesians as raw materials for herbal and traditional medicine, including Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. Therefore, this study aimed to explore, analyze and compile the activities and potential of Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. as agents of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors using a narrative review approach. It was conducted based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) by establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study selected and reviewed 15 out of 38 articles. The Phyllantus genus is a group of seasonal herbs containing bioactive compounds and activity as HBV Inhibitors. In this study, 23 compounds were identified in the two species, including Nirtetralin, Phyllanthin, Niranthin, Hinokinin, Ellagic acid, Ethanol, Phyllanthosterol, Ethyl brevifolincarboxylate, Tenofovir, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Astragalin, Repanducinic acid, Corilagin, Gallic acid, Aloe-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Catechin, D-glucopyranoside, Ethyl gallate, Protocatequatic acid, Chebulanin, Albibrissinoside B, and (-)-Epicatechin. Meanwhile, the activity in inhibiting cells infected with HBV was reported in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico. The mechanism of bioactive compounds as HBV inhibitors focuses on suppression, blocking, and inhibiting the synthesis, secretion, and expression of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HbeAg in test media. The results showed that Meniran red and green bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed as raw materials as herbal medicine with promising prospects as commercial drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pomegranate peel contains bioactive ellagitannins including punicalagin, a major bioactive principle. However, studies have not optimally recovered and evaluated these ellagitannins for their antioxidant and glycaemic control potential. In the present study, a temperature‐dependent extraction was employed to optimally recover bioactive ellagitannins and punicalagin from pomegranate (variety 'Wonderful') peel. The peel was extracted with distilled water at different temperatures (25, 37, 50, 65, 78 and 95 °C) and evaluated for phenol and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. XAD16N resin was used to recover tannins from the extracts and punicalagin was purified from the tannin recovered from the 78 °C crude extract. LC–MS was used to characterise the ellagitannins profile. The dose‐dependent anti‐lipid peroxidative and glucose uptake potential of the punicalagin and its parent crude extract and tannin were measured. The extract obtained at 78 °C had the highest phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and punicalagin contents, which potentiated stronger radical scavenging, ORAC (IC50 = 9.64 vs. 15.6 and 25.6 μg/mL, respectively), anti‐linoleic acid peroxidative (IC50 = 9.97 vs. 19.9 and 27.3 μg/mL, respectively) and antiglycation (IC50 = 29.1 vs. 34.2 and 79.1 μg/mL, respectively) activities than the extract and the purified punicalagin. Similarly, the cellular anti‐lipid peroxidative and glucose modulatory effects of the recovered tannin (IC50 = 3.67 μg/mL; EC50 = 14.8 μg/mL) better than that of the extract (IC50 = 24.3 μg/mL; EC50 = 55.0 μg/mL) and the purified punicalagin (IC50 = 59.0 μg/mL; EC50 = 112 μg/mL), which may be attributed to the complementary action of the tannin's constituent compounds (punicalagin, ellagic acid, granatin A, corilagin, casuarinin, gallic acid and quercetin hexoside). The α‐amylase inhibitory data, however, suggest the purified punicalagin influences enzyme inhibitory potential of pomegranate peel. The study suggests tannin/ellagitannin purified from pomegranate peel aqueous extract obtained at 78 °C may be a promising dietary supplement for exerting glycaemic control and mitigating oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era, the treatment of collagen hydrogels with natural phenolics for the improvement in physicochemical properties has been the subject of considerable attention. The present research aimed to fabricate collagen hydrogels cross-linked with gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) at different concentrations depending on the collagen dry weight. The structural, enzymatic, thermal, morphological, and physical properties of the native collagen hydrogels were compared with those of the GA/EA cross-linked hydrogels. XRD and FTIR spectroscopic analyses confirmed the structural stability and reliability of the collagen after treatment with either GA or EA. The cross-linking also significantly contributed to the improvement in the storage modulus, of 435 Pa for 100% GA cross-linked hydrogels. The thermal stability was improved, as the highest residual weight of 43.8% was obtained for the hydrogels cross-linked with 50% GA in comparison with all the other hydrogels. The hydrogels immersed in 30%, 50%, and 100% concentrations of GA also showed improved swelling behavior and porosity, and the highest resistance to type 1 collagenase (76.56%), was obtained for 50% GA cross-linked collagen hydrogels. Moreover, GA 100% and EA 100% obtained the highest denaturation temperatures (Td) of 74.96 °C and 75.78 °C, respectively. In addition, SEM analysis was also carried out to check the surface morphology of the pristine collagen hydrogels and the cross-linked collagen hydrogels. The result showed that the hydrogels cross-linked with GA/EA were denser and more compact. However, the improved physicochemical properties were probably due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the phenolic hydroxyl groups of GA and EA and the nitrogen atoms of the collagen backbone. The presence of inter- and intramolecular cross-links between collagen and GA or EA components and an increased density of intermolecular bonds suggest potential hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions. Overall, the present study paves the way for further investigations in the field by providing valuable insights into the GA/EA interaction with collagen molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Cadmium (CD) causes widespread and severe toxic effects on various tissues. Studies have shown that apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress play a role in organ damage caused by CD. Phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects are found in various fruits and vegetables. One of these compounds is Gallic acid (GA), which is found both free and hydrolyzable in grapes, pomegranate, tea, hops, and oak bark. Result of various studies show that GA has active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In our study, we investigated the mechanism of the protective effect of GA on CD-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing approximately 200-250 g were used and the rats were divided into 5 groups: Control, CD, GA50+CD, GA100+CD, and GA100. The rats were treated with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight), and Cd (6.5 mg/kg) was administrated to the rats for 5 consecutive days. The liver enzymes, TB levels in serum samples, oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stresses, apoptosis marker, histopathology, 8-OHDG, and caspase-3 positivity were analyzed. Results: CD administration significantly increased liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH), MDA, IL-1-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, GRP78, CHOP, ATF6, p -IRE1, sXBP, Bax mRNA expression, Caspase 3, and 8-OHdG expression (P<0.05). These values were found to be significantly lower in the Control, GA100+CD, and GA100 groups compared to the CD group (P<0.05). CD administration significantly decreased the expression levels of TB, IL-4, SOD, GSH, CAT, GPX, and Bcl-2 mRNA (P<0.05). These values were found to be significantly higher in the Control, GA100+CD, and GA100 groups compared to the CD group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that GA prevented Cd-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis, and tissue damage in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are the main component of Phyllanthus emblica (PE). However, polyphenols are so easy to transform that it is unknown that how drying methods driven by heating affect the anti-fatigue effect of PE. This manuscript investigated the effects of five drying methods on the chemical composition transformation and anti-fatigue of PE, and discussed the action mechanism. The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of PE with hot-air-dried at 100 °C was the best, which was as 1.63 times as that with freeze-drying. Ellagic acid (EA) may be a key component of PE in anti-fatigue, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating intestinal microbiota, protecting mitochondria, and regulating energy metabolism. This study first revealed the thermal transformation of polyphenols in PE, found the most effective strategy for enhancing the anti-fatigue function, and explores its action mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The black nectar produced by Melianthus flowers is thought to serve as a visual attractant to bird pollinators, but the chemical identity and synthesis of the black pigment are unknown.A combination of analytical biochemistry, transcriptomics, proteomics, and enzyme assays was used to identify the pigment that gives Melianthus nectar its black color and how it is synthesized. Visual modeling of pollinators was also used to infer a potential function of the black coloration.High concentrations of ellagic acid and iron give the nectar its dark black color, which can be recapitulated through synthetic solutions containing only ellagic acid and iron(iii). The nectar also contains a peroxidase that oxidizes gallic acid to form ellagic acid. In vitro reactions containing the nectar peroxidase, gallic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and iron(iii) fully recreate the black color of the nectar. Visual modeling indicates that the black color is highly conspicuous to avian pollinators within the context of the flower.Melianthus nectar contains a natural analog of iron‐gall ink, which humans have used since at least medieval times. This pigment is derived from an ellagic acid‐Fe complex synthesized in the nectar and is likely involved in the attraction of passerine pollinators endemic to southern Africa. See also the Commentary on this article by Gong et al., 239: 1542–1544. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to its medicinal properties, Pistacia integerrima is in high demand and is extensively used as a key ingredient in various formulations. However, its popularity has led to its inclusion on the International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened category list. In Ayurvedic texts, such as Bhaishajaya Ratnavali, Quercus infectoria is recommended as a substitute for P. integerrima in different formulations. Additionally, Yogratnakar highlights that Terminalia chebula shares similar therapeutic properties with P. integerrima. Objective: The objective of the current study was to gather scientific data on metabolite profiling and marker-based comparative analysis of Q. infectoria, T. chebula, and P. integerrima. Methods: In present study, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of all three plants were prepared and standardized for the comparative evaluation of secondary metabolites. TLC was carried out for the comparative fingerprinting of the extracts using chloroform-methanol-glacial acetic acid-water (60 + 8 + 32 + 10, by volume) as a solvent system. A fast, sensitive, selective, and robust HPLC method was developed to determine gallic acid and ellagic acid from both extracts of all three plants. The method was validated for precision, robustness, accuracy, LOD and LOQ as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Results: The TLC analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites, and the pattern of metabolites in the plants exhibited a certain degree of similarity. A highly precise and reliable quantification technique was created for gallic acid and ellagic acid, operating within a linear concentration range of 81.18-288.22 mg/mL and 3.83-13.66 mg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients for gallic acid and ellagic acid were 0.997 and 0.996, indicating good linear relationships. The gallic acid content in all three plants ranged from 3.74 to 10.16% w/w, while the ellagic acid content ranged from 0.10 to 1.24% w/w. Conclusion: The study contributes to the scientific understanding of the metabolite profiles and comparative analysis of Q. infectoria, T. chebula, and P. integerrima. The findings provide valuable insights into the chemical composition of these plants and can be used for various applications in herbal medicine. Highlights: This pioneering scientific approach highlights the phytochemical similarities between Q. infectoria, T. chebula and P. integerrima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (Asteraceae) is among Ethiopian herbal medicines that are traditionally used to treat skin and gastrointestinal cancers. In this study, the chemopreventive potential of Vernonia auriculifera leaf extract in dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats was investigated.Methods: Rats were assigned to nine groups (normal, positive, and negative control groups, and three pre- and three post-initiation groups). Except for the normal control group (administered with 1 mL/100 g distilled water), the remaining eight groups were given DMH (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (ip) for 15 consecutive weeks to induce colorectal tumours. The extract was given orally to the pre-initiation and post-initiation groups at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg before and after the induction of cancer, respectively. The positive control group was treated with aspirin (60 mg/kg/day) orally for the whole experimental period. Parameters including body weight, average tumour number, size, progression, incidence, total cholesterol, serum total protein, and triglyceride levels were determined. The cytotoxic activity of the extract in Caco-2 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay, and the antioxidant activity of the extract was also assessed using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and reducing power methods. Moreover, total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined using appropriate methods.Results: Rats treated with the extract showed a lower incidence of up to 50% in the pre-initiation higher dose, average number (p< 0.05),and size (p< 0.05) of tumours compared to untreated rats. It also inhibited colorectal cancer-associated increases in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. The extract's IC50 value in the MTT assay was found to be higher than 200 μg/mL. The extract had an IC50 of 74.88 ± 0.86 μg/mL and 84.69 ± 2.02 μg/mL in the reducing power and DPPH assays, respectively. Total flavonoid and phenol contents were 14.51 ± 0.41 mg quercetin acid equivalent/gm and 47.37 ± 0.72 mg gallic acid equivalent/gm of the crude extract, respectively.Conclusion: The findings collectively indicated that the leaves of V. auriculifera possess chemopreventive activity, probably mediated through antioxidant mechanisms, which supports the traditional claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of kinetic modeling data for the extraction of bioactive compounds is essential for food industries. This work aimed to investigate which mathematical model best fits the extraction of bioactive compounds from camu-camu peel and to evaluate the effect of drying by hot air convection (60 ºC). Four mathematical models (parabolic diffusion, power law, hyperbolic and pseudo-second order) were applied to assess the extraction conditions. To describe the kinetics and data modeling the peels went through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h with water and water-ethanol (50:50 v/v) as solvents. The hyperbolic and pseudo-second order mathematical models presented the best fitting to the experimental data with lower values of γ ², MSE, RMSE, and NRMSE, in addition to values closer to 1 for EF. The extracts went through UPLC-MS/MS and nine compounds were identified in the peels: cyanidin 3-o-glucoside, delphinidin, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid p-coumaric and ellagic acid. Therefore, dried camu-camu peels still have antioxidant potential, especially when extracted for 12 h with water-ethanol (50:50 v/v) as solvent. [Display omitted] • The selection of fruits was based on the color of the peel: green and red. • Extraction was performed in an ultrasonic bath in indirect contact. • Best results were obtained with ethanol/water (v/v) and extraction times of 12 and 24 h. • Hyperbolic and pseudo-second kinetic model presented the best fits. • The use of UPLC-MS/MS resulted in the determination of 9 bioactive compounds types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several diabetic complications are associated with forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Different chemical and natural compounds are able to prevent the development of these products. In this study, glycosylation was induced as a model by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose. Consequently, BSA was treated with glucose and different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) of syringic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid for 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical experiments comprise measurements of fluorescent AGEs, protein carbonyl contents, total thiol, hemolysis tests, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC. These demonstrated the antiglycating mechanism of these phenolic acids. Most of the phenolic acids used in this study reduced MDA levels and protected thiol residues in protein structures. They also inhibited the formation of fluorescent AGEs and RBC lysis, except gallic acid. Moreover, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid proteins significantly prevent carbonylation. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed that ellagic, caffeic, gallic, and syringic acids could interact with lysine and arginine residues in the active site of BSA and stabilize its structure to inhibit the formation of AGEs. Our results suggest that phenolic acid could be used as a potential phytochemical against protein glycation and related diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of leaf blades of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) populations from Lonno, Yelnya, Boloto Mokh, and Zhada reserves was conducted. The highest content of phenolic compounds was observed in the female clone of the Lonno population and amounted to 651.54 ± 21.64 mg-equiv of gallic acid per g of extract, of which 53.5 ± 5.01 mg-equiv of rutin per g of flavonoid extract. The following phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts using chromatography–mass-spectrometry: quercetin-3-O-xyloside, ellagic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. The contents of kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid, and rutin were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium zeylanicum L. (DC) (SZL) has been used in antidiabetes treatment for ages. However, the scientific evidence of active agents that have antidiabetic activity and response against biological activities is limited. In this study, the active components of SZL trunk‐bark extract (SZL extract) were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), and their antidiabetic activities were assessed. The results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and antihyperglycemic activities in the postprandial zebrafish model. The major antioxidant contributors were gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, ellagic acid, quercetin, caffeine, and apigenin, and their concentrated levels reduced α‐amylase inhibitory activity, whereas rutin and ethyl gallate influenced the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study showed the bio‐functional properties of active phenolic compounds present in the SZL extract, potentially serving as a functional food to control hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent study targeted to estimate the plain appliance of liver damage induced by either alone or combined treatments of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and mureer or Senecio glaucus L. plant (SP) via studying biochemical, histological, and genetic tests for 30 days, and to evaluate the prophylactic action of gallic acid (GA) in rats. Forty rats were orally treated and equally estranged into 8 groups with five rats in each group: Control, GA (100 mg/kg), ZnO NPs (150 mg/kg), SP (400 mg/kg), GA+ZnO NPs (100,150 mg/kg), GA+SP (100,400 mg/kg), ZnO NPs+SP (150,400 mg/kg), and GA+ZnO NPs+SP (100,150,400 mg/kg). This study tested DNA content via comet assay, mRNA expression of an anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) and a pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) via real-time qPCR, (P < 0.001), and caspase-3 expression via immunohistochemical study. Outcomes revealed that alone and combined treated groups of ZnO NPs and SP significantly altered enzyme activity and incited oxidative damage. They made DNA breakup, raised Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio levels, dwindled Bcl-2 level, overexpressed caspase-3, and then initiated histopathological variants. The deadly effect of combined treatment was more than the effect of alone treatment. In contrast, it displayed that GA moderated this injury. Lastly, it clinched that ZnO NPs and SP act as pro-apoptotic agents; yet, GA acts as an anti-apoptotic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several diabetic complications are associated with forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Different chemical and natural compounds are able to prevent the development of these products. In this study, glycosylation was induced as a model by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose. Consequently, BSA was treated with glucose and different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) of syringic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid for 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical experiments comprise measurements of fluorescent AGEs, protein carbonyl contents, total thiol, hemolysis tests, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC. These demonstrated the antiglycating mechanism of these phenolic acids. Most of the phenolic acids used in this study reduced MDA levels and protected thiol residues in protein structures. They also inhibited the formation of fluorescent AGEs and RBC lysis, except gallic acid. Moreover, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid proteins significantly prevent carbonylation. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed that ellagic, caffeic, gallic, and syringic acids could interact with lysine and arginine residues in the active site of BSA and stabilize its structure to inhibit the formation of AGEs. Our results suggest that phenolic acid could be used as a potential phytochemical against protein glycation and related diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haritaki churna (HC), a single herb ayurvedic formulations is known to be prescribed for various gastro-intestinal disorders in Ayurveda. Haritaki churna aqueous extract (HCAE) has anti-cancer activity against different types of cancer cells with an IC50 in the range of 50–97 μg/ml. Bioavailability of Haritaki Churna is very high in digestive track and treatment of colorectal cancer cells HCT-116, DLD1, HT-29 with HCAE reduces its cellular viability with anti-cancer IC50 70μg/ml. HCAE consumption is safe for human as it didn't affect the cellular viability of primary human PBMCs or non-cancerogenic HEK-293 cells. Haritaki churna was found to be stable in biological gastric fluids and bioactive agents are not losing their anti-cancer activity under such harsh conditions. The HPLC Chromatogram of HCAE is giving 13 major peaks and 11 minor peaks. Exploiting LC-MS, IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques, a total of 13 compounds were identified from HCAE namely Shikimic acid, Chebulic acid, gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, Protocatechuic acid, 4-O-galloyl-shikimic Acid, 5-O-galloyl-shikimic Acid, Methylgallate, corilagin, 1, 2, 6, Tri-O-galloyl β-D-glucose, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and Ellagic acid. Reconstitution and subtraction of phytochemicals from the mixture indicate that Ellagic acid significantly contribute into anti-cancer effect of HCAE. Cancer cells treated with ellagic acid from HCAE were incapable of completing their cell-cycle and halted the cell-cycle at DNA synthesis S-Phase, as demonstrated by decreased cyclin A2 expression levels with increasing ellagic acid concentration. Halting of cells at S-phase causes induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer cells exhibiting DNA fragmentation, changes in expression of several apoptotic proteins such as Bcl2, cytochrome-c and formation of cleaved products of caspase 3 and PARP-1 suggests ellagic acid induces cell death via mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is an infectious and parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, which affects millions of people in tropical and subtropical areas. Recently, there have been multiple reports of drug resistance in Plasmodium populations, leading to the search for potential new active compounds against the parasite. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Jucá (Libidibia ferrea) in serial concentrations. Jucá was used in the form of a freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extract. For the cytotoxicity assay, the(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method with the WI-26VA4 human cell line was used. For the antiplasmodial activity, Plasmodium falciparum synchronized cultures were treated with serial concentrations (0.2 to 50 μg/mL) of the Jucá extract. In terms of the chemical composition of the Jucá extract, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry measurements revealed the main compounds as ellagic acid, valoneic acid dilactone, gallotannin, and gallic acid. The Jucá hydroalcoholic extract did not show cytotoxic activity per MTT, with an IC50 value greater than 100 µg/mL. Regarding the antiplasmodial activity, the Jucá extract presented an IC50 of 11.10 µg/mL with a selective index of nine. Because of its antiplasmodial activity at the tested concentrations and low toxicity, the Jucá extract is presented as a candidate for herbal medicine in the treatment of malaria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of antiplasmodial activity in Jucá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and rapid high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic method for quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid in dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, and Quercus infectoria has been developed. The chromatographic development was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F254 plates in a mixture of toluene:ethyl acetate:chloroform:formic acid (4:8:1:3 v/v/v/v). The plate was scanned densitometrically at a wavelength of 280 nm. The retention factor value of gallic acid and ellagic acid was found to be 0.63 ± 0.2 and 0.53 ± 0.1, respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, specificity and stability as per the international conference of harmonization guidelines. The method showed good linear relationship over a range of 100–600 ng/band (gallic acid) and 100–500 ng/band (ellagic acid) with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.997 (gallic acid) and 0.996 (ellagic acid). The method showed high accuracy (99.65%–100.85%). The percentage relative standard deviation of intra‐day and inter‐day precision studies was not more than 2%. The method is highly robust and has displayed high specificity. The developed method is new, simple, and accurate and can be successfully employed in routine analysis of raw materials and formulations containing gallic acid and ellagic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fruit of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of different ailments. Materials and Methods: We studied the phytochemical profile of S. terebinthifolia fruit and evaluated its properties, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Results: Phytochemical investigation of S. terebinthifolia fruit showed an estimated total phenolic content of 67 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, with respect to gallic acid, while the flavonoid content was 26 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, in terms of quercetin. Bioassay fractionation of methanolic extract of the fruit resulted in the isolation of a new molecule for the first time from this natural source: 4′,methoxy-6-vinyl-7- O -rhamnosyl-dihydromyricetin or 4′,methoxy-6-vinyl-7- O -rhamnosyl-ampelopsin (Compound 8). Seven other phenolic compounds were isolated, such as (1) gallic acid; (2) afzelin; (3) quercetin 3- O - β -D-glucopyranoside; (4) genistein 7- O - α -l-rhamnopyranoside; (5) ellagic acid; (6) kaempferol and (7) quercetin. The new compound was ascertained using UV, NMR and MS spectra and acid hydrolysis analysis. Significant antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties were observed in the alcohol extract, as well as proliferation inhibition in MCF-7 human cancer cell lines. Its activity in elevating glutathione levels in diabetic rats could be due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Conclusion: The new compound shows immunomodulatory effects that can be utilized to augment host responses, which is important in both cancer and infectious diseases and thus worth further pharmacological investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical synthesis of ellagic acid has been achieved from methyl gallate by a proposed synthetic route of five steps, consisting of ketal protection, regioselective bromination, bis -lactonization, C–C bond formation between the aromatic rings of the galloyl groups, and ketal deprotection, in 38% overall yield. Ellagic acid showed a slight inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global health concern with a dynamic rise in occurrence and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Among different types of cancer, ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most diagnosed malignant tumor, while among the gynecological malignancies, it ranks third after cervical and uterine cancer and sadly bears the highest mortality and worst prognosis. First-line treatments have included a variety of cytotoxic and synthetic chemotherapeutic medicines, but they have not been particularly effective in extending OC patients' lives and are associated with side effects, recurrence risk, and drug resistance. Hence, a shift from synthetic to phytochemical-based agents is gaining popularity, and researchers are looking into alternative, cost-effective, and safer chemotherapeutic strategies. Lately, studies on the effectiveness of phenolic acids in ovarian cancer have sparked the scientific community's interest because of their high bioavailability, safety profile, lesser side effects, and cost-effectiveness. Yet this is a road less explored and critically analyzed and lacks the credibility of the novel findings. Phenolic acids are a significant class of phytochemicals usually considered in the nonflavonoid category. The current review focused on the anticancer potential of phenolic acids with a special emphasis on chemoprevention and treatment of OC. We tried to summarize results from experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies unraveling the benefits of various phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid) in chemoprevention and as anticancer agents of clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia leiocarpa is a medicinal plant widely used in ethnoveterinary medicine to treat digestive parasitosis whose extracts were shown to be active against gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic ruminants. The objective of our study was to identify compounds responsible for this activity. Column fractionation was performed, and the activity of the fractions was assessed in vitro on Haemonchus contortus and Caenorhabditis elegans as well as their cytotoxicity on WI38 fibroblasts. Two fractions were the most active on both nematode models and less cytotoxic. LC-MS/MS analysis and manual dereplication coupled to molecular networking allowed identification of the main compounds: ellagic acid and derivatives, gallic acid, astragalin, rutin, quinic acid, and fructose. Other potentially identified compounds such as shikimic acid, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose or an isomer, quercetin-3-O-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside or an isomer, and a trihydroxylated triterpenoid bearing a sugar as rosamultin are reported in this plant for the first time. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of the available major compounds showed that ellagic and gallic acids were the most effective in inhibiting the viability of C. elegans. Their quantification in fractions 8 and 9 indicated the presence of about 8.6 and 7.1 µg/mg ellagic acid and about 9.6 and 2.0 µg/mg gallic acid respectively. These concentrations are not sufficient to justify the activity observed. Ellagic acid derivatives and other compounds that were found to be positively correlated with the anthelmintic activity of the fractions may have additive or synergistic effects when combined, but other unidentified compounds could also be implicated in the observed activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to find a method for the cold extraction of biologically active compounds from tomato pomace, as there are no acceptable, affordable and environmentally friendly extraction methods, and its ability to maintain their vital functions and properties. This method was then evaluated as compared to the traditional thermal extraction methods. The limits of traditional extraction techniques have been overcome by the advent of numerous non-thermal new extraction techniques over the past 20 years. Three methods were used to help extract these compounds, which are blending the frozen (BF), microwave-assisted (MA) and Ohmic heating (OH). The results showed that the BF method was the best extraction method, and the amount of lycopene 487.4 µg/g, β-carotene 115.8 µg/g, total phenolics 1297.4 µg GAE/g, total flavonoids 462.5 µg QE/g and antioxidant activity 89.1%. It was found that the most abundant phenolic compounds in tomato pomace were gallic acid and ellagic nacid, as it contains seven essential amino acids, and that glutamic acid was the dominant acid. Fatty acid estimation showed that linoleic cis and oleic cis were the dominant acids, as they were 585.50 and 164.67 µg/g total fatty acids, respectively. It also contained on unsaturated fatty acids 820.44 µg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines are proteins that play a critical role in immune cells' development, maturation, and functional activities. For the first time, we have investigated the potential role of Terminalia arjuna as IL-4 and IL-13 modulators for preventing T1DM, i.e., autoimmune diabetes. It has been well documented that the stimulation of IL-4 and IL-13 can regulate the level of type 2 cytokines which can be maintained with the level of type 1 cytokines. The present study investigated gallic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, ellagic acid, and arjunone for their potential modulating activity of IL-4 and IL-13. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-4 are VAL51, HIS58, ASP87, THR30, GLN54, THR63, ARG64, LYS84, and GLU60. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-13 are H: GLU46, H: TRP47, H: GLN61, L: PHE98, L: VAL97, L: GLU162, L: THR163, H: ARG105, L: GLN38, L: ASP85, H: GLY42, L: GLY41, H: PRO41, H: TRP47, and L: PHE98. The phytoconstituents demonstrated better modulating activity towards IL-13 than IL-4. Luteolin displayed better potential for both IL-4 and IL-13, and therefore we concluded that it could be used to modulate the activity of IL-4 and IL-13 for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different plant-derived bioactive compounds have the potential to be used for medical applications. One of the native medicinal shrub plant species in the Mediterranean area is Micromeria fruticosa from the Lamiaceae family. In the present work, the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined for plant extracts of M. fruticosa collected from Jordan. Furthermore, the identification of phenolic compounds was done using liquid chromatography. Results showed that strong antioxidant activity (93.54%) was obtained from butanol extract while water extract exhibited the weakest antioxidant activity (13.7%). The essential oil extract showed the most potent activities against different types of bacteria compared to butanol and aqueous methanol extracts, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.2–0.75 mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of M. fruticosa showed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloids, phenols, and tannins in all solvents extract, with maximal phytochemical compounds obtained from butanol extract. The highest TPC, TFC values were measured butanol extract of M. fruticosa, whereas the lowest values were measured for water extract. The ions chromatographic analyses (RP-HPLC) for phenolic compounds present in extracts fraction revealed that the most abundant phenolic acids were gallic acid and ellagic acid. Results indicate that M. fruticosa extracts may be used in drug industry as a source of effective compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accelerated solvent extraction method was used to recover polyphenol-rich crude extract from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel, a waste product from the canning industry. The influence of extraction parameters including temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration on extraction yield, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, and ABTS antioxidant activity was investigated. A Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction process. Optimal conditions were obtained at temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of 60 °C, 34 min, and 54 vol%, respectively. These optimum conditions gave 333.01 ± 5.84 mg gallic acid/g, 318.28 ± 5.56 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside/g, and 3.05 ± 0.04 mmol Trolox/mg for total phenolic content, total anthocyanins content, and ABTS activity, respectively with extraction yield of 28.68 ± 1.48 wt%. Important active compounds found in the extract were geraniin, ellagic acid, shikimic acid and corilagin. Crude extract concentrations of 50–500 mg/kg retarded linoleic acid oxidation but efficacy was lower than synthetic antioxidants at 200 mg/kg. The current findings indicated that accelerated aqueous ethanol extraction was an effective method for the recovery of a crude extract rich in polyphenols from rambutan peel with the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron gall inks have been among the most used writing materials after carbon black, thus representing an important element of the historical and artistic heritage of our society. Crucially, the preservation of manuscripts and drawings is influenced by the presence of these inks, leading to conservation issues related to paper degradation and text fading. Besides all the advances obtained in paper conservation, the study of iron gall ink's behaviour and ageing is still an important topic, which requires investigation through an accurate molecular characterisation to produce reliable models. In the present work a micro-destructive method based on liquid chromatography techniques (HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF) has been optimised starting from a model gallic acid-based ink. An in-depth study of the behaviour of the ink in time was performed by natural and artificial ageing tests, monitored by colorimetry, showing the autoxidation of gallic acid to ellagic acid in the prepared mock-ups. The effect of relative humidity on ageing processes was also evaluated, allowing us to determine different intermediates depending on the environmental conditions. Finally, the analytical method developed was then successfully applied for investigating 19th–20th century historical ink samples, where one of the identified ageing markers was detected, besides the expected gallic and ellagic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenolic compounds are a diverse group of natural compounds that interact with various cellular proteins responsible for cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, it is yet to be established how these compounds interact in myeloid cells during their differentiation and the molecular and intracellular mechanisms involved. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that originate from myeloid cells. They resorb cartilage and bone, maintain bone homeostasis, and can cause pathogenesis. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism that is responsible for the degradation of damaged proteins and organelles within cells and helps maintain intracellular homeostasis. Imbalances in autophagy cause various pathological disorders. The current study investigated the role of several polyphenolic compounds, including tannic acid (TA), gallic acid (GA), and ellagic acid (EA) in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation of myeloid cells. We demonstrated that polyphenolic compounds inhibit osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting revealed that osteoclast markers, such as NFATc1, Cathepsin K, and TRAP were inhibited after the addition of polyphenolic compounds during osteoclast differentiation. In our investigation into the molecular mechanisms, we found that the addition of polyphenolic compounds reduced the number of autophagic vesicles and the levels of LC3B, BECN1, ATG5, and ATG7 molecules through the inactivation of Akt, thus inhibiting the autophagy process. In addition, we found that by decreasing intracellular calcium and decreasing ROS levels, along with decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, polyphenolic compounds inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Together, this study provides evidence that polyphenolic compounds inhibit osteoclast differentiation by reducing ROS production, autophagy, intracellular Ca2+ level, and mitochondrial membrane potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, total polyphenol (TP) content, individual phenolics, antioxidant capacity (AC) and invitro digestion of antioxidants and polyphenols of the extract obtained from chestnut peel with water were investigated. In addition, the potential use of chestnut peel extract in noodle production was investigated. The results showed that gallic and ellagic acids were determined by HPLC; gallic acid content (33.55 mg/g DM) of chestnut peel was found higher than ellagic acid (12.70 mg/g DM). TP and AC of chestnut peel were 172.67 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry matter (DM) and 174319.64 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100 g DM, respectively. The highest bioaccessibility of peel polyphenols was observed after the gastric stage. The lowest AC in the peel extract was detected after the intestinal stage. The addition of the peel extract (1.0%) to the noodle dough increased the TP (89.36%) and AC (102.66%) of the final product compared to the noodle without the peel extract (control). Therefore, this study showed that chestnut peel, as an important source of polyphenols, may be useful for food enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa (ABB group) "Kluai Namwa" bananas (Musa sp.) are widely grown throughout Thailand. Mali Ong is the most popular Kluai Namwa variety used as raw material for sun-dried banana production, especially in the Bangkratum District, Phitsanulok, Thailand. The sun-dried banana product made from Nanwa Mali Ong is well recognized as the best dried banana product of the country, with optimal taste compared to one made from other Kluai Namwa varieties. However, the production of Mali Ong has fluctuated substantially in recent years, leading to shortages. Consequently, farmers have turned to using other Kluai Namwa varieties including Nuanchan. This study investigated the nutraceutical contents of two popular Namwa varieties, Mali Ong and Nuanchan, at different ripening stages. Nutraceuticals in the dried banana products made from these two Kluai Namwa varieties and four commercial dried banana products were compared. Results indicated that the content of moisture, total sugar, and total soluble solids (TSS) (°Brix) increased, while total solids and texture values decreased during the ripening stage for both Kluai Namwa varieties. Rutin was the major flavonoid found in both Namwa Mali Ong and Nuanchan varieties ranging 136.00–204.89 mg/kg and 129.15–260.38 mg/kg, respectively. Rutin, naringenin, quercetin and catechin were abundant in both Namwa varieties. All flavonoids increased with ripening except for rutin, gallocatechin and gallocatechin gallate. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in flavonoid contents between both varieties. Tannic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were the main phenolic acids found in Mali Ong and Nuanchan varieties, ranging from 274.61–339.56 mg/kg and 293.13–372.66 mg/kg, respectively. Phenolic contents of both varieties decreased, increased and then decreased again during the development stage. Dopamine contents increased from 79.26 to 111.77 mg/kg and 60.38 to 125.07 mg/kg for Mali Ong and Nuanchan, respectively, but the amounts were not significantly different (p < 0.5) between the two Namwa varieties at each ripening stage. Inulin as fructooligosaccharide (FOS) increased with ripening steps. Production stages of sun-dried banana products showed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two Namwa varieties. Therefore, when one variety is scarce, the other could be used as a replacement in terms of total flavonoids, phenolic acid, dopamine and FOS. In both Namwa varieties, sugar contents decreased after the drying process. Sugar contents of the dried products were 48.47 and 47.21 g/100 g. The drying process caused a reduction in total flavonoid contents and phenolic acid at 63–66% and 64–70%, respectively. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for total flavonoid and phenolic contents between the dried banana products made from the two Namwa varieties (178.21 vs. 182.53 mg/kg and 96.06 vs. 102.19 mg/kg, respectively). Products made from Nuanchan varieties (24.52 mg/kg) contained significantly higher dopamine than that from Mali Ong (38.52 mg/kg). The data also suggest that the banana maturity stage for production of the sun dried products was also optimum in terms of high nutraceutical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The HA-E was subjected to bipartition using ethyl acetate, which resulted in an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) and an organic fraction (EtOAc-F). The HA-E and both fractions were tested using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHIA) and the larval mortality test (LMT). Fractionation of the EtOAc-F was achieved using different chromatographic processes, i.e., open glass column and HPLC analysis. Fractionation of the EtOAc-F gave 18 subfractions (C1R1-C1R18), and those that showed the highest yields (C1R15, C1R16, C1R17 and C1R18) were subjected to anthelmintic assays. The HA-E and the EtOAc-F displayed 100% egg hatching inhibition at 3 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, whereas Aq-F exhibited 92.57% EHI at 3 mg/mL. All subfractions tested showed ovicidal effect. Regarding the larval mortality test, HA-E and EtOAc-F exhibited a larvicidal effect higher than 50% at 50 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The subfractions that showed the highest larval mortality against H. contortus were C1R15 and C1R17, with larval mortalities of 53.57% and 60.23% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis of these bioactive subfractions (C1R15 and C1R17) revealed the presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid. This study shows evidence about the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera fruits that could make these plant products to be considered as a natural potential anthelmintic agents for controlling haemonchosis in goats and sheep. [Display omitted] • A hydroalcoholic extract from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits was obtained and fractioned. • The anthelmintic effects of extract and fractions on Haemonchus contortus were tested. • The organic fraction (EtOAc-F) exhibited the highest ovicidal and larvicidal activities. • Gallic acid and ellagic acid were the major compounds identified in EtOAc-F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the performance of different regression algorithms based on artificial intelligence in the quantification of ellagic and gallic acids from ultraviolet (UV) data. Samples of Libidibia ferrea, which is known for its medicinal properties and mostly consumed as tea, were used. The medicinal properties are related to gallic and ellagic acids present in the species. Thus, quantifying gallic and ellagic acids is important to differentiate the biological activities. This quantification is generally performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, HPLC is expensive and uses polluting solvents. A potential alternative to HPLC is spectrophotometry, which is less expensive and easier to implement. However, the spectrophotometric signal has many overlapping components. This characteristic makes it difficult to quantify substances by spectrophotometry. Computational tools and chemometric methods are used to overcome this limitation. To perform the analysis, eight regression models were used: linear regression, support vector machine, random forest, random tree, and four configurations of extreme learning machines, with kernel: linear, third-degree polynomial, sigmoid, and sine. The Pearson correlation coefficient ( r) was the main metric used to evaluate the performances of the algorithms. The regression algorithms were shown to deliver effective concentration predictions even from raw spectrophotometric measurements, providing results closer to the values using HPLC, with a maximum r value of 0.93 for ellagic acid and 0.83 for gallic acid. The overall findings are promising, pointing to the development of a low-cost and efficient quality control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a poisonous Asteraceae weed. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and cytotoxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower extract were evaluated in this study, and the toxic effects were assessed in rabbits. The HPLC-DAD system was used for phytochemical analysis. The hemolytic and DPPH assays were performed. The effects of orally administering the flower crude extract to rabbits (n = 5) at four different doses (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) for ten days on hematological and biochemical parameters were investigated. The crude extract of the flower contained phenolic compounds such as Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Ellagic acid, and P Coumaric acid, which were detected at different retention times, according to the HPLC results. With a sample peak of 4667.475 %, chlorogenic acid was abundant. At concentrations of 80 µg, the methanolic extract of flowers had total phenolic contents (89.364 ± 4.715 g GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (65.022 ± 2.694 g QE/g). In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, 80 µg of extract had the highest cell inhibition of 76.90% with an IC50 value of 54.278 µg/µL, while in the hemolytic assay 200 µg of extract had the highest cell inhibition of 76.90% with an IC50 > 500. The biochemical and hematological parameters were altered in the flower extract-fed groups as compared to the control (p < 0.05). The toxic effects on the blood, liver, and kidneys were confirmed. The findings also confirmed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the flower extract, both of which contribute to the plant's antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive compound characterization is an essential step for utilizing pomegranate peel waste as food and nutraceuticals ingredients. In the present investigation, the effects of different drying methods (freeze, tray-oven, and sun) and extraction solvents such as methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, and hexane were investigated on the extraction and recovery of major bioactive compounds (ellagic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and punicalagin) of pomegranate peel for two pomegranate varieties (i.e., Bhagwa and Ganesh) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that the freeze dried pomegranate peel powder of both pomegranate varities potential to extraction higher amount of bioactive compounds with methanol as extraction solvent as compared to other drying methods and solvents. Freeze-dried peel powder of Bhagwa pomegranate showed a higher amount of gallic acid (32.2 mg/g), ellagic acid (13.6 mg/g), punicalagin (15.2 mg/g), and quercetin (2.5 mg/g) with methanol solvent as compared to the other extract of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties. The basis on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that the freeze-drying method of drying pomegranate peel powder and methanol as an extraction solvent are effective to recover higher amounts of bioactive compounds that can be utilized in food and pharmaceutical sectors at commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate flowers (PFs) were reported to possess various biological activities such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, and using to treat diabetes. Although chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of PFs have been studied, unfortunately, there was no report on the pharmacokinetic profile of PFs in vivo. In this study, a selective high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–QQQ–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of four compounds (corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and brevifolincarboxylic acid) in rat plasma after oral administration of PFs. The good linearity concentration ranges for the four analytes were from 2.5 to 3000 ng/mL with coefficient value R 2 > 0.99 in calibration curves. The intra- and inter-day accuracy of the four analytes was in the range of 85.33–102.50%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of <14.81%. The stability results showed that accuracy of the four analytes was in the range of 81.88–104.74%, with RSD of <14.86%. The validation method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic profiles of the four analytes in rats after oral administration of PFs extract. This pharmacokinetic study can provide better understanding to clarify in vivo mechanisms of PFs and may facilitate its further development as therapeutic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casearia sylvestris var. lingua (Cambess.) Eichler is widely used in traditional medicine to treat diseases. Simultaneously, the growing search for phytocosmetics has culminated in the exploration of plant extracts. In this context, this study aimed to obtain the chemical composition and antioxidant and photoprotective potential of the infusion of C. sylvestris var. lingua leaves. The techniques of UV/Vis spectroscopy, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with diode array detector (LC-DAD) were used to get the results. The total phenolic content in the infusion of leaves from C. sylvestris var. lingua was 101.57 mg GAE g-1, flavonoids 50.37 mg RE g-1 and tannins 1.12 mg TAE g-1. Quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, β-sitosterol, lupeol, lupeol acetate, stigmasterol and campesterol were identified and quantified in the samples. The infusion of C. sylvestris var. lingua leaves has potential for application in phytocosmetics and sunscreens, with a sun protection factor of 8.65 ± 0.45, a UVA/UVB ratio of 1.16 and a critical wavelength of 373. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the wide usage of Triphala for large number of therapeutic indications, ethno medicinal practice of extract preparation viz. extracting the three plants together (sample A) and mixing the extracts of three plants prepared separately (sample B), were compared. Both the test samples were analyzed with respect to their physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles. In case of physicochemical properties, ash values and moisture content of both samples were comparable. Sample A showed less acidic nature and high water soluble extractive (96.15±1.7) value which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Phytochemical estimation of gallic acid and ellagic acid by high-performance thin-layer chromatography showed higher content in sample B (-97.7 ng/µg) and sample A (-49.2 ng/µg) respectively. Pharmacological activity of both the samples was comparable for total phenol content, total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Although both samples inhibited the activities of acetylcholine esterase and lipase in a concentration dependent manner; sample B showed better activity. Usually, multi-plant extracts were proven more superior over single plant extracts. In our study extract prepared by mixing the extracts of 3 plants prepared separately showed better pharmacological activity profile than the extract prepared by extracting the three plants togethers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some physicochemical and bioactive properties of Rosa damascena Mill. and the effect of different extraction methods and conditions on total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) extraction were investigated. The average petal weights, petal areas, L*, a*, and b* values, dry matter, pH, titration acidity, L‐ascorbic acid, TMA, and total phenolic content of the samples were 2.49 g, 6.04 cm2, 54.01, 37.30, 22.72, 18.65%, 5.45, 0.11 mg/100 g, 1,366.52 mg/kg DW, 515.79 mg C3G Eq./100 g DM and 4,353.52 mg GAE/100 g DM, respectively. Catechin, ellagic acid, rutin, gallic acid, and two different anthocyanins were detected. The mass transfer coefficient values in conventional (20, 40, and 60°C) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (50%, 75%, and 100% amplitude) were 0.068, 0.324, and 0.922 ml/cm2 and 2.178, 3.822, and 7.812 ml/cm2 min, respectively. Results showed that anthocyanins can be extracted faster and with higher yields by ultrasound‐assisted extraction. Novelty impact statement: Rosa damascena Mill. petals have attractive red color and are rich sources of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are water‐soluble natural pigment and have the positive effects on human health. The anthocyanin extraction, which takes 210 min at 60°C with conventional extraction, can be shortened up to 18 min at 100% ultrasound amplitude by ultrasound‐assisted extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies on post-harvest processing of edible roses have mainly focused on processing techniques and physicochemical properties of the final dried products, with limited studies on how changes in metabolites during processing affect the quality of these products. This study investigated changes in water content and status, enzyme activity, phenolic compounds, and volatile and non-volatile compounds during processing and revealed the mechanisms by which post-harvest processing (drying without blanching (WBD) and drying with blanching (BD)) affects the quality of dried roses by establishing their correlations. Results showed that the blanching reduced the relative content of free water and water activity, thus reducing the subsequent drying time and enzyme activity. The BD method caused higher levels of phenolic compounds than the WBD method in terms of gallic acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, and quercetin. The OPLS-DA analysis identified 6 differential volatiles out of 72 detected volatiles, contributing to the unique aroma of dried roses by activating olfactory receptors through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. 58 differential metabolites were screened from 964 non-volatile metabolites. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the changes in volatile and non-volatile metabolites induced by different processing methods were due to the effect of blanching on glutathione and fatty acid metabolism. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of how post-harvest processing affects the quality of dried roses. • The blanching step increased the drying rate by changing water content and status. • 72 volatile and 964 non-volatile compounds were identified in processed rose petals. • Differential compounds were identified for rose petals at different processing stages. • The blanching step altered the metabolic pathways of the non-volatile compounds. • Volatile compounds bound to ORs by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallic acid (GA) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, while ellagic acid (EA) demonstrates anticancer, antiviral and photoprotective activity. In this study, the combination of these substances incorporated into a poloxamer gel was tested to verify the individual effect of the substances, in addition to taking advantage of a probable complementary effect, aiming to provide additional therapeutic benefits. As a result of the incorporation, formulations containing GA, EA and GA + EA were obtained, which were evaluated for the effects of the Freeze-thaw cycle on pH, which revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in most samples, including the vehicle (without drug) and the gel containing both drugs. No sample showed variation outside the normal pH range for the skin, with values ranging from 4.8 to 6.0. Regarding conductivity, the GA, EA and GA + EA formulations showed a reduction (p < 0.05) after the freeze-thaw cycle. The drug content in the formulations ranged from 95.86% to 101.35% initially to 91.30% to 101.51% after the freeze-thaw cycle. Regarding the drug release, the results revealed the following cumulative percentages: GA-3% - 92.58% after 1.5 h; AE-3% - 51.60% after 6 h; GA + EA (1.5% = 1.5%) - 99.91% after 2 h; GA + EA- (1.5% = 1.5%) released 57.06%, after 6 h. Regarding toxicity, it was observed that the group treated with GA showed a lower survival rate of the larvae (40%) at the dose 3000 mg/Kg in the formulation. Following the same trend, in the acute lethal concentration (ALC50) test performed using Zophobas morio larvae , an ALC50 of 2191.51 mg/Kg was observed for GA at 48 h. Melanin analysis showed a decrease in concentrations of 30 mg/Kg in the GA group, 3 mg/Kg of EA and 3, 300, 3000 mg/Kg of GA + EA, of the pure drugs. In the groups with the drugs incorporated into the gel, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in melanin in the vehicle (gel), at concentrations of 300 and 3000 mg/Kg of GA and EA. On the other hand, in the combination of GA + EA, a reduction was observed at concentrations of 3 and 30 mg/Kg when compared to the control group. Thus, the gel showed good quality as a pharmaceutical formulation for topical use and low toxicity, making it promising for use in skin therapies. • Gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) incorporated into the gel demonstrates good release and low toxicity. • Gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) incorporated into the gel reduced oxidative biomarkers. • Gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) incorporated into the gel demonstrates low toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microwave (MW)/deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted (MWDA) extraction process for obtaining value-added compounds from chestnut shell waste (CSW) is presented. DESs were used as green solvents featuring both high biomass dissolution ability and good response to MW irradiation. A survey of different acid-based DESs led to the identification of Choline Chloride (ChCl)–oxalic acid as the system most sensitive to experimental design variations, especially when considering the total phenolic content (TPC) and the total mass amount recovered (yield wt%). Hence, the MW absorption properties of ChCl–oxalic acid dihydrate and ChCl–oxalic acid DESs, as single components and in mixture with water, were assessed by the experimental determination of their MW heating response. Moreover, the extraction efficiency for the best MW responding system, ChCl–oxalic acid dihydrate, was evaluated at different MW-irradiation times and extraction temperatures. The isolated polyphenols from CSW were further characterized by HPLC-DAD analysis. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin hydrate and procyanidin B2 were identified and quantified, with their relative ratios varying as a function of the MWDA extraction conditions. Lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose compositions of the solid residues of CSW after the MWDA extraction were assessed using a cross validation model obtained by partial least squares regression (PLS) of their FTIR spectra. The chemometrics results, corroborated by SEM analyses, highlighted the ability of the oxalic acid-based DES to simultaneously remove lignin during polyphenol extraction. Overall, the MWDA extraction process presented here enables the fast, cheap and tunable processing of food waste yielding a high amount of valuable bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical method development for herbs and their formulation need to develop in order to standardize the herbal formulations and their phytoconstittuents. There are various available herbal formulations in the market to be used by the patient and their analytical parameters need to be developed. In the present investigation ellagic acid and gallic acid in herbal capsule using UV spectroscopy in raw material and marketed capsule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites distributed in different parts of a plant, have major role in protecting the plants from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiations and various diseases caused by pathogens. Considering the fact that these metabolites possess tremendous medicinal properties, extensive research has been carried out during the past few decades to explore their potential health benefits. Further, polyphenols are documented to possess different activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiulcer. The present study pertained to analyze different polyphenolic compounds in pollen grains of 9 medicinally important plant species viz., Bauhinia variegata, B.purpurea, Cassia biflora, C. fistula, C. glauca, C. saimea and Delonix regia belonging to Fabaceae family, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonging to Malvaceae family and Melia azadirach belonging toMeliaceaefamily using Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Various polyphenolic compounds likecaffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, tert-butyl hydroquinone andumbelliferonewere found to be present in the pollen grains of these plant species. The order of plant species in terms of maximum number of polyphenolic compounds was observed as Cassia saimea (10) > B. purpurea (9) = C. fistula (9) = Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (9) > Delonix regia (8) > B. variegata (6) > C. glauca (4) = Melia Azadirach (4) > C. biflora (3). The plants such as C. saimea, B. purpurea, C. fistula and H. rosa-sinensis with different polyphenolic compounds indicated their potential for the treatment of ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania, and oxidative stress has been associated with the observed neurochemical changes in this disease. We evaluated the effects of gallic acid on hyperlocomotion, acetylcholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress in an animal model of ketamine‐induced mania. Rats were pretreated orally with vehicle, gallic acid (50 or 100 mg/kg), or lithium (45 mg/kg twice a day) for 14 days. Between days 8 and 14, the animals also received ketamine (25 mg/kg) or saline daily. On the 15th day, hyperlocomotion was assessed, following which the animals were euthanized, and brains were collected. Results showed that ketamine‐induced hyperlocomotion and caused oxidative damage by increasing reactive oxygen species levels, lipid peroxidation, and nitrite levels, and decreasing the total thiol content and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the brain. Pretreatment with gallic acid and lithium prevented hyperlocomotion and brain oxidative damage. Further, ketamine increased the acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus and striatum, whereas gallic acid and lithium ameliorated this alteration. Thus, gallic acid may provide effective protection against manic‐like behavior by reducing oxidative stress and preventing cholinergic signaling dysfunction in the brain regions involved in emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psidium guajava L. (guava) is predominantly grown throughout the world and known for its medicinal properties in treating various diseases and disorders. The present work focuses on aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from the guava leaf and its utilization in the formulation of jelly to improve the public health. The guava leaf extract has been used in the preparation of jelly with pectin (1.5 g), sugar (28 g) and lemon juice (2 mL). The prepared guava leaf extract jelly (GJ) and the control jelly (CJ, without extract) were subjected to proximate, nutritional and textural analyses besides determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. GJ was found to contain carbohydrate (45.78 g/100 g), protein (3.0 g/100 g), vitamin C (6.15 mg/100 g), vitamin B3 (2.90 mg/100 g) and energy (120.6 kcal). Further, the texture analysis of CJ and GJ indicated that both the jellies showed similar properties emphasizing that the addition of guava leaf extract does not bring any change in the texture properties of jelly. GJ exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria ranging from 11.4 to 13.6 mm. Similarly, GJ showed antioxidant activity of 42.38% against DPPH radical and 33.45% against hydroxyl radical. Mass spectroscopic analysis of aqueous extract confirmed the presence of esculin, quercetin, gallocatechin, 3-sinapoylquinic acid, gallic acid, citric acid and ellagic acid which are responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This is the first review about the anxiolytic effect of pomegranate. • Pomegranate anxiolytic effects are described up to twelve mechanisms of action. • The most studied phytochemicals are quercetin, rutin, gallic acid and ellagic acid. • One of the most complete reports on Pomegranate phytochemicals are presented. Anxiety is a mental disorder characterized by excessive concern about possible future threats that, if prolonged, becomes a pathology that must be controlled through psychotherapy and medication. Currently, the pharmacological treatment for anxiety involves the use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines; however, these treatments often come with adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to seek natural compounds that can help alleviate anxiety and reduce these side effects. On the other hand, pomegranate (PG) fruit is known to have important health benefits, which have been compiled in several reviews. However, its anxiolytic effect has not been thoroughly studied, and clinical research on this topic is lacking. The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review of studies exploring the anxiolytic-like effect of PG and its phytochemicals. Databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Springer link, Google scholar, Worldwide science, and Web of science were searched for articles using predetermined terms. Inclusion criteria were established, and original articles that met these criteria were selected. The data collected included information on PG part and variety, species, sample size, anxiety model, dose, route and time of administration, reference drug, main results, and the mechanisms of action. Fifty-nine studies were found that reported the anxiolytic-like effect of PG and its phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, organic acids, and xanthonoids. The literature suggests that the mechanisms of action behind this effect involved the inhibition of the GABAergic receptor, NMDA, CaMKII/CREB pathway; the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting TLR4 and nNOS; modulation of cytokines and the expression of NFkB, GAD67, and iNOS, as well as the activation of Nrf2 and AMPK. PG and some of its phytochemicals could be considered as a novel alternative for the treatment of pathological anxiety. This review is the first to document the anxiolytic-like effect of PG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]