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2 results on '"Direct toxicity"'

1. The unrecognized occupational relevance of the interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the gastro-intestinal tract: a consensus paper from a multidisciplinary working group.

Author

Pietroiusti A, Bergamaschi E, Campagna M, Campagnolo L, De Palma G, Iavicoli S, Leso V, Magrini A, Miragoli M, Pedata P, Palombi L, and Iavicoli I

Subjects
Animals, Consensus, Gastrointestinal Microbiome drug effects, Gastrointestinal Tract metabolism, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Gastrointestinal Tract pathology, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Nanostructures chemistry, Risk Assessment, Gastrointestinal Tract drug effects, Inhalation Exposure adverse effects, Nanostructures adverse effects, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Occupational Health
Abstract

Background: There is a fundamental gap of knowledge on the health effects caused by the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) with the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). This is partly due to the incomplete knowledge of the complex physical and chemical transformations that ENM undergo in the GIT, and partly to the widespread belief that GIT health effects of ENM are much less relevant than pulmonary effects. However, recent experimental findings, considering the role of new players in gut physiology (e.g. the microbiota), shed light on several outcomes of the interaction ENM/GIT. Along with this new information, there is growing direct and indirect evidence that not only ingested ENM, but also inhaled ENM may impact on the GIT. This fact, which may have relevant implications in occupational setting, has never been taken into consideration. This review paper summarizes the opinions and findings of a multidisciplinary team of experts, focusing on two main aspects of the issue: 1) ENM interactions within the GIT and their possible consequences, and 2) relevance of gastro-intestinal effects of inhaled ENMs. Under point 1, we analyzed how luminal gut-constituents, including mucus, may influence the adherence of ENM to cell surfaces in a size-dependent manner, and how intestinal permeability may be affected by different physico-chemical characteristics of ENM. Cytotoxic, oxidative, genotoxic and inflammatory effects on different GIT cells, as well as effects on microbiota, are also discussed. Concerning point 2, recent studies highlight the relevance of gastro-intestinal handling of inhaled ENM, showing significant excretion with feces of inhaled ENM and supporting the hypothesis that GIT should be considered an important target of extrapulmonary effects of inhaled ENM., Conclusions: In spite of recent insights on the relevance of the GIT as a target for toxic effects of nanoparticles, there is still a major gap in knowledge regarding the impact of the direct versus indirect oral exposure. This fact probably applies also to larger particles and dictates careful consideration in workers, who carry the highest risk of exposure to particulate matter.

Published
2017
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2. The unrecognized occupational relevance of the interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the gastro-intestinal tract: A consensus paper from a multidisciplinary working group

Author

Enrico Bergamaschi, Giuseppe De Palma, Ivo Iavicoli, Michele Miragoli, Marcello Campagna, Andrea Magrini, Luisa Campagnolo, Leonardo Palombi, Sergio Iavicoli, Antonio Pietroiusti, Veruscka Leso, Paola Pedata, Pietroiusti, Antonio, Bergamaschi, Enrico, Campagna, Marcello, Campagnolo, Luisa, De Palma, Giuseppe, Iavicoli, Sergio, Leso, Veruscka, Magrini, Andrea, Miragoli, Michele, Pedata, Paola, Palombi, Leonardo, and Iavicoli, Ivo

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Workers' exposure, Pathology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Engineered nanomaterials, 02 engineering and technology, Review, Bioinformatics, Toxicology, Gastrointestinal tract, Settore MED/44 - Medicina del Lavoro, Ingested nanoparticle, Direct toxicity, Inhalation Exposure, Microbiota, Inhaled nanoparticles, General Medicine, Ingested nanoparticles, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, gastro-intestinal, Workers’ exposure, 0210 nano-technology, Inhaled nanoparticle, Gastro intestinal, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Pulmonary effects, lcsh:Industrial hygiene. Industrial welfare, Multidisciplinary team, Risk Assessment, Indirect evidence, engineered nanomaterials, 03 medical and health sciences, Incomplete knowledge, lcsh:RA1190-1270, Occupational Exposure, medicine, Animals, Humans, Occupational Health, lcsh:Toxicology. Poisons, Intestinal permeability, Ingested nanoparticles, Inhaled nanoparticles, Direct toxicity, Indirect toxicity, Workers’ exposure, Gastrointestinal tract, Microbiota, business.industry, Indirect toxicity, medicine.disease, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Nanostructures, 030104 developmental biology, Gastrointestinal Tract, Intestinal Absorption, Digestive tract, business, lcsh:HD7260-7780.8
Abstract

Background There is a fundamental gap of knowledge on the health effects caused by the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) with the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). This is partly due to the incomplete knowledge of the complex physical and chemical transformations that ENM undergo in the GIT, and partly to the widespread belief that GIT health effects of ENM are much less relevant than pulmonary effects. However, recent experimental findings, considering the role of new players in gut physiology (e.g. the microbiota), shed light on several outcomes of the interaction ENM/GIT. Along with this new information, there is growing direct and indirect evidence that not only ingested ENM, but also inhaled ENM may impact on the GIT. This fact, which may have relevant implications in occupational setting, has never been taken into consideration. This review paper summarizes the opinions and findings of a multidisciplinary team of experts, focusing on two main aspects of the issue: 1) ENM interactions within the GIT and their possible consequences, and 2) relevance of gastro-intestinal effects of inhaled ENMs. Under point 1, we analyzed how luminal gut-constituents, including mucus, may influence the adherence of ENM to cell surfaces in a size-dependent manner, and how intestinal permeability may be affected by different physico-chemical characteristics of ENM. Cytotoxic, oxidative, genotoxic and inflammatory effects on different GIT cells, as well as effects on microbiota, are also discussed. Concerning point 2, recent studies highlight the relevance of gastro-intestinal handling of inhaled ENM, showing significant excretion with feces of inhaled ENM and supporting the hypothesis that GIT should be considered an important target of extrapulmonary effects of inhaled ENM. Conclusions In spite of recent insights on the relevance of the GIT as a target for toxic effects of nanoparticles, there is still a major gap in knowledge regarding the impact of the direct versus indirect oral exposure. This fact probably applies also to larger particles and dictates careful consideration in workers, who carry the highest risk of exposure to particulate matter.

Published
2017

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