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Abstract: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a method for rapid and reliable quantification of mRNA. Internal controls such as reference genes are used to normalize mRNA levels between different samples for an exact comparison of gene transcription level. However, the expression levels of these reference genes may vary between cell types, developmental stages, species and experimental conditions, thus proper normalization strategy is an important precondition for reliable conclusions. In this study, we explored 10 commonly used reference genes in porcine skeletal muscle using SYBR green qPCR. We used both geNorm and NormFinder to analyze the expression stability and found that PPIA, HPRT and eEF-1γ were suitable internal controls for porcine skeletal muscle. However, PPIA, HPRT and SDHA were suitable for skeletal muscle of western pigs while PPIA, eEF-1γ and HPRT for indigenous Chinese pigs. Normalized qPCR data of ROCK2 were compared with microarray data to evaluate our developed set of reference genes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Malignant tumors and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are intricately linked to a process known as "aberrant cell cycle re-entry," which plays a critical role in the progression of these diseases. Addressing the dysregulation in cell cycles offers a promising therapeutic approach for cancers and CNS disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role as regulators of gene expression in cell cycle transitions, presenting a promising therapeutic avenue for treating these disorders and their comorbidities. This review consolidates the progress made in the last three years regarding miRNA-based treatments for diseases associated with aberrant cell cycle re-entry. It encompasses exploring fundamental mechanisms and signaling pathways influenced by miRNAs in cancers and CNS disorders, particularly focusing on the therapeutic effects of exosome-derived miRNAs. The review also identifies specific miRNAs implicated in comorbidity of cancers and CNS disorders, discusses the future potential of miRNA reagents in managing cell cycle-related diseases. [Display omitted] • Linking miRNAs to cell cycle dysregulation in cancers and CNS disorders. • Highlighting exosome-derived miRNAs in the treatment of cancers and CNS disorders. • Revealing the shared mechanism of miRNAs-based interventions in cancers and CNS disorders. • Identifying specific miRNAs in comorbidity of cancers and CNS disorders. • Discussing the challenges of miRNA reagents in disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To gain further insight into the molecular mechanism of porcine skeletal muscle development, we combined MS characterization of proteins with high-throughput screening of differential mRNAs obtained from purebred Meishan longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) at four stages of 65days post conception, 3, 60 and 120days after birth. Strikingly, the dramatic differences were observed in embryo and newborn pigs, whereas 60 and 120days pigs exhibited similar patterns in protein and mRNA expression. At the protein level, 66 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The development-dependent alterations in protein abundance indicated dramatic changes in metabolism, myofibrillar filaments, cytoskeleton, contractile activity and stress response, and signal transduction. At the transcript level, gene expression was measured with the Affymetrix Porcine Genechip, and 338 genes, representing approximately 1.7% of the chromosome, differed by two fold or more between the neighboring growth phases. Analysis of one such comparison, the expression patterns of most differential proteins showed a positive correlation with their gene expression at the transcript level during skeletal muscle development. Overall, many proteins or genes were previously unrecognized as differentially expressed during growth stages, and they represented novel starting points for understanding the developmental characteristics of biochemical and physiological properties in porcine skeletal muscle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]