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DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic modification involved in many biological processes, including growth and development, stress response, and secondary metabolism. DNA demethylase (DNA-deMTase) genes have been identified in some plant species; however, there are no reports on the identification and analysis of DNA-deMTase genes in Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). In this study, seven DNA-deMTases were identified in S. italica. These DNA-deMTase genes were divided into four subfamilies (DML5, DML4, DML3, and ROS1) by phylogenetic and gene structure analysis. Further analysis shows that the physical and chemical properties of these DNA-deMTases proteins are similar, contain the typical conserved domains of ENCO3c and are located in the nucleus. Furthermore, multiple cis-acting elements were observed in DNA-deMTases, including light responsiveness, phytohormone responsiveness, stress responsiveness, and elements related to plant growth and development. The DNA-deMTase genes are expressed in all tissues detected with certain tissue specificity. Then, we investigated the abundance of DNA-deMTase transcripts under abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, ABA, and MeJA). The results showed that different genes of DNA-deMTases were involved in the regulation of different abiotic stresses. In total, our findings will provide a basis for the roles of DNA-deMTase in response to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified 57 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) genes from the pineapple genome, and the analysis of these bZIP genes was focused on the evolution and divergence after multiple duplication events in relation to the pineapple genome fusion. According to bioinformatics analysis of a phylogenetic tree, the bZIP gene family was divided into 11 subgroups in pineapple, Arabidopsis, and rice; gene structure and conserved motif analyses showed that bZIP genes within the same subgroup shared similar intron-exon organizations and motif composition. Further synteny analysis showed 17 segmental duplication events with 27 bZIP genes. The study also analyzed the pineapple gene expression of bZIP genes in different tissues, organs, and developmental stages, as well as in abiotic stress responses. The RNA-sequencing data showed that AcobZIP57 was upregulated in all tissues, including vegetative and reproductive tissues. AcobZIP28 and AcobZIP43 together with the other 25 bZIP genes did not show high expression levels in any tissue. Six bZIP genes were exposed to abiotic stress, and the relative expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. A significant response was observed for AcobZIP24 against all kinds of abiotic stresses at 24 and 48 h in pineapple root tissues. Our study provides a perspective for the evolutionary history and general biological involvement of the bZIP gene family of pineapple, which laid the foundation for future functional characterization of the bZIP genes in pineapple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]