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The 1,3,4-Oxadiazole is an aromatic heterocyclic moiety recognized in drug research for its low lipophilicity. The multiple functionalities, heterocyclic azinane, sulfonamide, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and acetamide, are combined collectively to enhance the bioactivity potential of synthesized molecules. All the compounds were acquired by following microwave assisted and conventional techniques in a comparative way. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their antibacterial and enzyme inhibition potential. Furthermore, BSA binding analysis was executed to infer about the interaction with serum albumin. The spectral data of IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to elucidate the final structures of compounds. The synthesized compounds had a modest antibacterial potential. Compound 8f bearing 2-methyl-4,5-dinitrophenyl group was the most active one against all the bacterial strains taken into account and α-glucosidase enzyme. Compound 8d bearing 4-nitrophenyl group was the best acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor and 8i bearing phenylethyl group was the best urease inhibitor.

Considering the varied pharmacological prominence of thiazole and oxadiazole heterocyclic moieties, a unique series of bi-heterocyclic hybrids, 8a–h, was synthesized in a convergent manner.

Considering the importance of acetylcholine esterase (AChE, BchE) and α-glucosidase in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus, the synthesis of novel azinane triazole-based derivatives as effective acetylcholinesterase (AchE), α-glucosidase, urease, lipoxygenase (LOX), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors is described. Azinane analogue (

In recent years, the continuously increasing demand for wastewater treatment has increased research on perovskite-based materials with narrow band gaps.

A multi-step synthesis of novel bi-heterocyclic N-arylated butanamides was consummated through a convergent strategy and the structures of these medicinal scaffolds, 7a-h, were corroborated using spectral techniques. The in vitro analysis of these hybrid molecules revealed their potent tyrosinase inhibition as compared to the standard used. The kinetics mechanism was investigated through lineweaver-burk plots which exposed that, 7f, inhibited tyrosinase enzyme non-competitively by forming the enzyme-inhibitor complex. The inhibition constants Ki calculated from Dixon plots for this compound was 0.025µM. Their binding conformations were ascertained by in silico computational studies whereby these molecules disclosed good binding energy values (kcal/mol). So, it was anticipated from the current research that these bi-heterocyclic butanamides might be probed as imperative therapeutic agents for melanogenesis.

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been modified by an in situ electrochemical reduction of an aryldiazonium salt generated from the reaction of 4-aminobenzoic acid and sodium nitrite in acidic ethanolic solution. The as-prepared phenyl carboxylic acid-modified glassy carbon electrode has been, for the first time, used for the electrochemical determination of dopamine. Under optimal experimental parameters, outstanding electrocatalytic activity, high sensitivity at a LOD of 5.6×10

The design of conductive, improved durable and selective anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for desalination application via electrodialysis (ED) process is critical for a more sustainable future. This work reports the design of a series of homogeneous trimethylphosphine (TMP)-functionalized anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for desalination application via electrodialysis (ED) process. Physico-chemical characterization and electrochemical performance of the trimethylphosphine-functionalized anion exchange membranes was conducted and the activity found to be tuned by varying the quantity of trimethylphosphine into the membrane architecture. For anion exchange membranes M1 to M4, the ion exchange capacity (IEC) was increased from 1.35 to 2.16 mmol/g, water uptake (W

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are encouraging electrochemical structures for the competent and complaisant conversion of energy. Herein, the development of brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (BPPO)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with different quaternary ammonium groups for AEMFCs was reported. The successful preparation of AEMs was proved by utilizing proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. They were explored in terms of water uptake (WR), ion exchange capacity (IEC), hydration number (λ), linear swelling ratio (LSR), morphology, tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (Eb). The alkaline stability of the prepared AEMs was assessed and compared with each other. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that the N-methylpyrrolidinium-based membrane (MPyPPO) exhibited higher alkaline stability, whereas the N-methylimidazolium-based membrane (MImPPO) showed the lowest alkaline stability among the prepared AEMs. Similarly, the hydroxide conductivity of the prepared AEMs was measured and compared with each other. The pyrrolidinium-based membrane (MPyPPO) exhibited higher hydroxide conductivity among the prepared AEMs.

In this research, the development of a novel brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO)-based homogeneous anion exchange membrane (AEM) via the solution casting method was reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the successful development of the BPPO-based AEM. The prepared AEM showed excellent thermal stability. It exhibited an ion exchange capacity of 2.66 mg/g, a water uptake (

Two series of new N-aryl/aralkyl derivatives (9a–q) of 2-(4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)acetamide and N-aryl/aralkyl derivatives (10a–q) of 2-(4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)acetamide were synthesized. The methods included successive conversions of thiophen-2-acetic acid (a) into its respective ester, hydrazide and N-aryl/aralkyl 1,3,4-triazole. The target compounds (9a–q; 10a–q) were obtained by the reaction of N-aryl/aralkyl 1,3,4-triazole (5, 6) with various electrophiles, (8a–q), in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The characterization of these compounds was done by FTIR, 1H-, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and HR-EI-MS spectral data. All compounds were evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory potentials against electric eel acetylcholinesterase, AChE (10f, 10d; IC50 values 32.26 ± 0.12, 45.72 ± 0.11 µM, respectively), equine butyrylcholinesterase, BChE (9d, 9l, 9b, 10d, 10h; IC50 values 12.52 ± 0.19, 12.52 ± 0.19, 21.72 ± 0.18, 23.62 ± 0.22, 24.52 ± 0.21 µM, respectively), jack bean urease (10i, 10n, 9e; IC50 values 7.27 ± 0.05, 7.35 ± 0.04, 8.79 ± 0.05 µM, respectively) and yeast α-glucosidase enzymes (9o, 10i; IC50 values 62.94 ± 0.19, and 69.46 ± 0.15 µM, respectively). The molecular docking studies supported these findings. This study provides cheaper bioactive triazole amides as promising future lead molecules.

Nanocomposites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol embedded with nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 were successfully synthesized by employing a facile two-steps process. The nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 were synthesized via a micro emulsion procedure and then embedded into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix by an ultrasound-assisted in-situ emulsion. The result showed that the prepared nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 diffuse homogeneously in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix, maintaining the particle shape and size of the Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope images revealed that polyvinyl alcohol chains have encircled the Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The interaction between the polyvinyl alcohol and the nanoparticles in the prepared nanocomposites was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy via the shifting of bands revealed from the Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Dielectric studies explained the decreasing trend by varying concentrations of nanoparticles with a constant polymer concentration. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss both revealed a decreasing trend by varying the concentration of the nanoparticles with a constant polymer concentration. This occurred due to the grain boundary effect which becomes dominant at low frequencies. The Transmission electron microscope images result shows that polycrystalline Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles with an average size of 10–15 nm were incorporated with PVA to form nanocomposites. Keywords: Nanocomposites, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Ultrasound-assisted, In-situ emulsions

The rapid development of flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices, demanding the superior, reliable, and ultra-long cycling energy storage systems. But poor performances of electrode materials used in energy devices are main obstacles. Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are considered as emerging and potential candidates as electrode materials for battery devices. Herein, we have discussed the recent methods for the fabrication of SACs for rechargeable metal-air batteries, metal-CO

This paper presents the synthesis of some unique bi-heterocyclic hyb­rid molecules with a thiazole and an oxadiazole ring. The synthesis was ini­tiated by the conversion of ethyl 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetate ( 1 ) to the corres­pond­ing 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetohydrazide ( 2 ) by the reaction with hydra­zine hydrate in methanol. The treatment of the acid hydrazide, 2 , with carbon disulfide gave the bi-heterocyclic nucleophile, 5-[(2-amino-1,3- -thiazol-4-yl)­methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol ( 3 ). Finally, the target com­pounds, 5a – o , were synthesized by stirring the nucleophile 3 with different electrophiles, 4a – o , in DMF using LiH as a base and an activator. The struc­tures of the newly syn­thesized molecules were confirmed through spectro­scopic techniques, such as IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The structure– –activity relationship of all these bi-heterocycles was established by evaluating them against four enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholines­ter­ase, urease and a -glucosidase, followed by their in silico study. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also profiled by killing data of brine shrimps at various concentrations.

Two series of new N-aryl derivatives (9a-j; 10a-j) of 2-(4-ethyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)acetamide and 2-(4-phenyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)acetamide were synthesized by the successive conversions of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (a) into its respective ester (1) hydrazide (2), and into N-substituted 1,2,4-triazole (5, 6) via 3 and 4, respectively. The target compounds (9a-j; 10a-j) were obtained by the reaction of N-substituted 1,2,4-triazole (5, 6) with various electrophiles (8a-j), in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and sodium hydride (NaH). The synthesized analogues were characterized by using FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, EIMS and HREIMS spectrometry. All the synthesized compounds, 9a-j and 10a-j, were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinestrase (BChE), where these compounds showed moderate to good activities against the tested enzymes. Compounds 9j and 10f displayed potent inhibitory potential (IC50 5.41 ± 0.24 & 13.57 ± 0.31 μM, respectively) against AChE while compound 9j exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC50 7.52 ± 0.18 μM) against BChE. Other compounds showed good to moderate inhibitory activities against the said enzymes in the range of IC50 14.29–43.94 μM for AChE and IC50 21.59–41.54 μM for BChE. To rationalize the binding site interactions, docking studies were carried out. All docked compounds were found to bind in the active site with similar binding orientation and favorable binding interactions with the surrounding amino acids.

In toluene at 50 °C, the vinyl addition polymerization of 4-vinyl-cyclohexene (VCH) comonomers with ethylene is investigated using symmetrical metallocene (rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2) combined with borate/TIBA. To demonstrate the polymerizations’ living character, cyclic VCH with linear-exocyclicπ and endocyclicπ bonds produces monomodal polymers, but the dispersity (Ɖ) was broader. The copolymers obtained can be dissolved in conventional organic solvent and have excellent thermal stability and crystalline temperature (ΔHm), and their melting temperature (Tm) varies from 109 to 126 °C, and ΔHm ranges from 80 to 128 (J/g). Secondly, the distribution of polymeric catalysts engaged in polymer chain synthesis and the nature of the dormant state are two of the most essential yet fundamentally unknown aspects. Comprehensive and exhaustive kinetics of E/VCH have shown numerous different kinetic aspects that are interpreted as manifestations of polymeric catalysts or of the instability of several types of active center [Zr]/[C*] fluctuations and formation rates of chain propagation RpE, RpVCH, and propagation rate constants kpE and kpVCH, the quantitative relationship between RpE, RpVCH and kpE, kpVCH and catalyst structures, their constituent polymer Mw, and their reactivity response to the endocyclic and exocyclic bonds of VCH. The kinetic parameters RpE, RpVCH, kpE, and kpVCH, which are the apparent rates for the metallocene-catalyzed E/VCH, RpE, and kpE values, are much more significant than RpVCH and kpVCH at 120 s, RpE and RpVCH 39.63 and 0.78, and the kpE and kpVCH values are 6461 and 93 L/mol·s, respectively, and minor diffusion barriers are recommended in the early stages. Compared with previously reported PE, RpE and kpE values are 34.2 and 7080 L/mol·s. VCH increases the RpE in the initial stage, as we are expecting; this means that the exocyclic bond of VCH is more active at the initial level, and that the chain transfer reaction of cyclic internal π double is increased with the reaction time. The tp versus Rp, kp, and [Zr]/[C*] fraction count may be fitted to a model that invokes deactivation of growing polymer chains. At tp 120–360 s higher, the incorporation rate of VCH suppresses E insertion, resulting in reduced molecular weight.

A new series of acetamide derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole and azinane moieties has been synthesized and characterized using $^{1}$H NMR, $^{13}$C NMR, IR, and EI-MS spectroscopic analysis. The intermediate triazole was synthesized through a sequential synthesis of carboxylate and carbohydrazide. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding of the newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazole derivatives was evaluated along with thermodynamics, site-selective binding, and synchronous study. The results obtained by BSA binding as well as thermodynamic studies justify that all the compounds show spontaneous interaction with BSA and could be effectively distributed and eliminated from the body. Therefore, the triazole-based analogs might be a useful strategy for designing new drug systems.

In the study presented herein, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid (1) was sequentially transformed in the first phase into ethyl 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate (2), 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide (3) and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4) as a nucleophile. In the second phase, various electrophiles were synthesized by reacting substituted-anilines, 5a–j, with 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (6) to afford 4-chloro-N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides (7a–j). In the final phase, nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4 was carried out with different electrophiles, 7a–j, to achieve novel indole based oxadiazole scaffolds with N-(substituted-phenyl)butamides (8a–j). The structural confirmation of all the as-synthesized compounds was performed by spectral and elemental analysis. These molecules were screened for their in vitro inhibitory potential against urease enzyme and were found to be potent inhibitors. The results of enzyme inhibitory kinetics showed that compound 8c inhibited the enzyme competitively with a Ki value 0.003 μM. The results of the in silico study of these scaffolds were in full agreement with the experimental data and the ligands showed good binding energy values. The hemolytic study revealed their mild cytotoxicity towards cell membranes and hence, these molecules can be regarded as valuable therapeutic agents in drug designing programs.

Our efforts lay emphasis on synthesis of S-aralkylated 5-(4-OMeC6H5)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiols like pharmacologically active candidates to counter neurodegenerative disorder; Alzheimerand#39;s disease. A synthetic strategy was instigated by esterifying 4-methoxybenzoic acid through Fisher esterificationand#39;s methodology. Hydrazinolysis of corresponding ester was performed under reflux with methanolic hydrated hydrazine to afford 4-methoxybenzohydrazide (I) which refluxing with phenyl isothiocyanate (II) in MeOH to yield a reactive intermediate (III). The later underwent base-catalyzed intermolecular cyclization to furnish 5-(4-OMeC6H5)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiol (IV). Ultimately, IV was aralkylated at thiol position with aralkyl halides V(a-l) in polar aprotic solvent and catalytic amounts of LiH to provide S-aralkylated 5-(4- OMeC6H5)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiols VI(a-l). Modern spectral analysis data explicitly established all the substitutions on nucleophilic S-atom of parent 1,2,4-triazol-3-thiol ring. Effective anti-cholinesterase potential depicted in 3-(phenylpropylthio)-5-(4-OMeC6H5)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole; VIc (IC50; 3.26and#177;0.35 μM) against acetyl cholinesterase; AChE and 3-(phenethylthio)-5-(4-OMeC6H5)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole; VIb (IC50; 8.52and#177;0.54 μM) against butyrylcholinesterase; BChE enzyme as compared to standard Eserine for both enzymes (IC50; 0.04and#177;0.01 μM). Molecular modelling analyses had been conducted to recognize the interconnection of these compounds with enzymes that suggested key interactions (Docking is made to untie the active binding sites). Anti-proliferative activity results showed VIg and VIj with -Cl groups on benzylic ring as promising candidates with HCT-116 cell viability of 14.83 % and 3.09 % respectively.

Graphene oxide (GO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), iron oxide (Fe2O3), and gold nanoparticle-based nanocomposite (Au/GOCNIONPs) has been synthesized using four different routes in order to study several applications. The GO, Fe2O3, and g-C3N4 samples were prepared via Modified hummer, co-precipitation, and thermal exfoliation method, respectively. The facile photo deposition method was adopted for anchoring Au NPs onto g-C3N4 to get the finely structured nanocomposite. Au/GOCNIONPs nanocomposite revealed a face-centered hexagonal structure with an average particle size of 10.67 nm. The XRD peaks of the synthesized nanocomposite were confirmed using JCPDS data card # (00-013-0458), (04-0784), and (87-1526). The Au/GOCNIONPs nanocomposite showed 93.9% and 90.1 % degradation efficiency against the methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B dyes. The synergetic effect of the iron oxide nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite has shown substantially enhanced and fast dyes degradation within no time that makes it unique compared with other nanocomposites. Moreover, better Photo Luminescence results at the lower excitation wavelength, antibacterial activity results, good stability at comparatively high temperature, super specific-capacitance are the main findings confirming the superior performance of the prepared nanocomposite as compared with other composites, has been a tempting nominee regarding its feasibility, efficiency, and versatility to be used in future.

The goal of this work was to synthesize some 4-chloro-N-(dimethylphenyl)butamide regio-isomers starting from dimethylated phenylamines and to examine their biofilm inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains along with hemolytic activity. The synthetic approach for the synthesis of regio-isomers involved the reaction of 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (1) with three different dimethylphenylamines (2a-c) in alkaline medium under vigorous shaking for 1-2 h under dynamic control of pH ranging from 9-10 to obtain the final products, 4-chloro-N-(dimethylphenyl)butamides (3a-c). The structural confirmation of these products was accomplished using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and CHN analysis data.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are newly introduced category of porous compounds reflected as proficient and economic to exclude organic dyes from water. In the present work, a metal doping strategy in MOFs has been introduced to enhance the efficiency of porous MOFs for adsorption of environmentally detrimental rhodamine B (Rh-B). The porous ZIF-67 and metal-doped MOFs (Fe@ZIF-67) having Fe metal composition 1%, 3% and 5% were fabricated by in situ doping strategy during a simple solvothermal synthesis of ZIF-67. The spectroscopic characterization showed that limited metal-doping did not affect the characteristic features of MOFs like structural topology, porosity and surface area. The highest observed adsorption amount of Fe@ZIF-67 (5%) calculated with Langmuir model was 135.14 mg. g−1, considerably higher as compared to pristine ZIF-67 (85.69 mg. g−1) and other synthesized MOFs. The adsorption experiments data was well fitted by Langmuir model (R2 = 0.998) clarified that the adsorption process of Rh-B was monolayer and specified a stronger electrostatic interaction between Rh-B and porous Fe@ZIF-67 with 5% Fe, which was reliable with the observation from the effects of pH and ionic strength. The results showed that 47.71, 64.52 and 79.92% of rhodamine B dye removed by Fe@ZIF-67 (1%), Fe@ZIF-67 (3%) and Fe@ZIF-67 (5%) respectively with 240 minutes contact time. The recycling experiments also disclosed high stability of the Fe-doped MOFs. Up to 92% adsorption efficiency was examined after four regeneration cycles. All of the outcomes shown a pronounced prospective of the synthesized Fe@ZIF-67 nanocomposite in water treatment/purification in the industry.

2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds are one of the most attractive classes for researchers due to their pharmacological activities. In the current research, a new series of 2-[[5-alkyl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]thio]-N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamides (6a–m) were prepared by converting different aryl/aralkyl organic acids (1a–m) successively into corresponding esters (2a–m), hydrazides (3a–m) and 5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–m). Finally, the target compounds 6a–m were synthesized by stirring 5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–m) with 2-bromo-N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamide (5) in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride (NaH). The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated through IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data. The compounds were also screened for antimicrobial and hemolytic activity and most of them were found to be active against the selected microbial species at variable extent relative to reference standards. The compounds, 6d and 6f were active against the selected panel of microbes and the former was the most potent one. This series showed less toxicity and may be considered for further biological screening and application trial except 6h and 6l, possessing higher cytotoxicity.

Heterocyclic compounds are the most attractive class for researchers due to their biological activities. In the undertaken research, a number of N -(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthio)butanamide (6a–k) compounds were prepared by converting multifarious phenyl/aryl/aralkyl/heterocyclic organic acids ( 1a–k) consecutively into the corresponding esters (2a–k) , hydrazides (3a–k) and 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–k) . Finally, the target compounds 6a–k were synthesized by stirring 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–k) with N -(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-bromobutanamide (5) in the presence of N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride (NaH). The structure elucidation of the synthesized compounds was processed through 1 H-NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened against lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and showed moderately good activities relative to the reference standard Baicalein.

In the present work, a series of {4-[(2-alkyloxy/aralkyloxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanones was synthesized through a linear bi-step approach. The synthesis was initiated by the coupling of 2-furyl(1-piperazinyl)methanone (1) with 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) under dynamic pH control in aqueous alkaline medium to form parent compound, {4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanone (3). Then, the O-substitution reaction on nucleophile 3 was carried out by treating it with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-l) in the presence of lithium hydride (LiH) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtained the designed {4-[(2-alkoxy/aralkyloxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanones (5a-l). These synthesized compounds were screened against α-glucosidase enzyme and some of them exhibited considerable inhibitory activity. Additionally, compounds were also evaluated for hemolytic and cytotoxic profile.

The goal of this work was to synthesize some 4-chloro-N-(dimethylphenyl)butamide regio-isomers starting from dimethylated phenylamines and to examine their biofilm inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains along with hemolytic activity. The synthetic approach for the synthesis of regio-isomers involved the reaction of 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (1) with three different dimethylphenylamines (2a-c) in alkaline medium under vigorous shaking for 1-2 h under dynamic control of pH ranging from 9-10 to obtain the final products, 4-chloro-N-(dimethylphenyl)butamides (3a-c). The structural confirmation of these products was accomplished using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and CHN analysis data.

The therapeutic applications of 1,2,4-triazoles motivated us to synthesize some new derivatives. Two series of $S$-substituted derivatives (8a-8j, 12a-12i) of 5-$\{$1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-3-piperidinyl$\}$-4-phenyl-4$H$-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiol (6) have been synthesized and evaluated for their biological potential. Using 4-chlorobenzene sulfonyl chloride (1) and ethyl piperidine-3-carboxylate (2), ethyl 1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]piperidine-3-carboxylate (3) was synthesized and converted into 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazole (6) through formation of the corresponding carbohydrazide (4) and hydrazinecarbothioamide (5). Compound 6 was transformed into 8a-8j by alkyl halides (7a-7j) and into 12a-12i by $N$-aralkyl/aryl-2-bromoacetamides (11a-11i) in an aprotic solvent. The electrophiles, 11a-11i, were synthesized by gearing up $N$-substituted aralkyl/aryl amines (10a-10i) with 2-bromoacetyl bromide (9) under dynamic pH control by aqueous sodium carbonate. Structures were elucidated through the spectral techniques of IR, EIMS, $^{1}$H NMR, and $^{13}$C NMR. Most of the synthesized derivatives were found to be potent inhibitors of $\alpha $-glucosidase enzyme and even better than acarbose. Acarbose is a reference standard and is a commercially available $\alpha $-glucosidase inhibitor to treat patients with type II diabetes. The low hemolytic activity also emphasized the potential of the synthesized compounds as new drug candidates.

The synthesis of poly-functional moieties as one unit has been under consideration by the synthetic chemists to search out new potent molecules. 2-Chlorobenzoic acid (1) was converted to 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol (4) through a series of steps. This nucleophile was attached with different electrophiles, prepared by the reaction of aryl/alkyl amines with 2-bromoacetylbromide, in NaH/DMF to synthesize N-substituted-2-((5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl)acetamide, 7a-f. The molecule 4 was stepped to ethyl ester and carbohydrazide. The carbohydrazide was made to react with aryl carboxaldehydes in methanol to synthesize N'-substituted-2-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-ylthio)acetohydrazide, 11a-i. The structures of all the molecules were corroborated through IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS spectral data. Both the series were screened for antibacterial and enzyme inhibition activity.

Owing to valuable biological activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, sulfamoyl and piperidine functionalities, some new 1-(4-{[(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) thio]methyl}benzene sulfonyl)-4-methylpiperidine ( 6a-o ) derivatives have been introduced. The target molecules were synthesized from different aralkyl/aryl carboxylic acids, 1a-o , through a series of steps. First the compounds, 1a-o , were converted to heterocyclic 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleophiles, 4a-o . Second an electrophile as 1-(4-bromomethylbenzenesulfonyl)-4-methylpiperidine ( 5 ) was synthesized from 4-methylpiperidine. Finally the target compounds, 6a-o , were prepared by reacting 4a-o with 5 in DMF and LiH. The final compounds were structurally elucidated by spectral data of IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS. All the compounds were screened for their antibacterial evaluation and found to exhibit valuable results.

In search of new bioactive molecules from Caryopteris odorata, two new regio-isomeric iridoid glucosides were isolated from its ethyl acetate soluble fraction. Their structures were established as 8-O-caffeoyl caryoptoside (1) and 8-O-caffeoyl shanzhiside methyl ester (2) using FAB-MS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. These molecules exhibited suitable antioxidant potential when evaluated with DPPH·(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay.

A series of new N'-[(alkyl/aryl)sulfonyl]-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives were synthesized. Starting from ethyl piperidine-4-carboxylate (a), first ethyl 1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (1), second 1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbohydrazide (2), and finally N'-[(alkyl/aryl)sulfonyl]-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbohydrazides (4a--n) were synthesized by reacting 2 with alkyl/aryl sulfonyl chlorides (3a--n). The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and EI-MS spectra and all were screened in vitro for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme inhibition activities. Molecular docking was accomplished for these compounds to examine their binding interactions with AChE and BChE human proteins. The strategy we applied for this purpose was a direct receptor-based approach. The binding modes of the inhibitors under study were determined using an automated docking program (AutoDock) and were compared with antienzymatic IC50 values. Both studies confirmed the potential of compounds as excellent inhibitors for AChE and BChE.