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The building sector, including building operations and materials, was responsible for the emission of ∼11.9 gigatons of global energy-related CO

The potentials of deteriorated mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-killed lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees for cellulosic ethanol production were evaluated using the sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) process. The trees were harvested from two sites in the United States Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest, Colorado. The infestation age of the trees varied from zero to about 8 years. Mild (170 °C) and harsh (180 °C) SPORL pretreatments were conducted. The chemical charges were sulfuric acid of 2.21% and sodium bisulfite of 8% on oven dry wood for the harsh and half of those for the mild pretreatment. The results suggest that beetle-caused mortality enriched glucan content by as much as 3 percentage points (or 7.5%) in wood. The glucan enrichment seems to increase with infestation age. The enriched glucan can be captured after SPORL pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The killed trees are more susceptible to SPORL pretreatment, which enhanced substrate enzymatic digestibility (SED). Enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yields (EHGY) from killed trees were about 5-20% higher than those from their corresponding live trees. Total fermentable sugar productions from dead trees (including a tree laying on the ground) were 4-14% higher than corresponding production from live trees, depending on pretreatment conditions and infestation age. An ethanol yield of 267 L/metric ton of wood or 69% theoretical value was achieved from a tree infested 4 years, 7% higher than the 250 L/metric ton of wood from the corresponding live tree. The results also demonstrated the robustness of SPORL pretreatment for lodgepole pine.

Retraction of 29 articles by T. Liu et al.., A series of 29 papers by Liu et al. are retracted.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Co(C2H4NO)(NO3)(C12H8N2)]n, the CoII atoms are linked by acetamidate ligands to form a chain. Each CoII atom is five-coordinated by two N atoms of a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, one nitrate O atom, and one N atom and one O atom of an acetamidate ligand within a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry. In the crystal structure, the chains are linked by hydrogen bonds into a polymeric ribbon structure.

The title compound, [Ce2(C8H8N2O)6(C12H8N2)2] n , is a polymeric complex based on a binuclear unit with an inversion centre midway between the two CeIII ions, which are bridged by two tridentate, two bidentate and four monodentate (within the binuclear unit) acetamide groups. Each Ce atom is nine-coordinated by two 1,10-phenanthroline N atoms, four O and three N atoms of anilinoacetamide ligands. In the crystal structure, C—H...O, C—H...N, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure; an N—H...O hydrogen bond is also present within one ligand.

The title compound, [Pr2(C8H9N2O)6C12H8N2)2] n , is a polymeric complex based on a binuclear unit with an inversion centre mid-way between the two PrIII ions, which are bridged by two tridentate, two bidentate and four monodentate (within the binuclear unit) acetamide groups. Each Pr atom is nine-coordinated by two 1,10-phenanthroline N atoms and four O and three N atoms of anilinoacetamide ligands. In the crystal structure, C—H...O, C—H...N, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure; an N—H...O hydrogen bond is also present within one ligand.

The mol­ecule of the title compound, [Sm2(C8H9N2O)6(C12H8N2)2]n, is a binuclear polymeric complex and has an inversion centre midway between the two SmIII ions, which are bridged by two tridentate, two bidentate and four mondentate (within the binuclear unit) acetamide groups. Each Sm atom is nine-coordinated by two N atoms of a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and four O and three N atoms of anilinoacetamide ligands. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network structure; an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond is also present.

The FeII atom in the title complex, [Fe(NCS)2(C10H8N2)2], is coordinated by four N atoms of two 2,2′-bipyridine ligands and two N atoms of two SCN− ligands. This mononuclear complex is further extended into a supra­molecular network structure via nonclassical hydrogen bonds between C—H groups of 2,2′-bipyridine and N and S atoms of neighbouring SCN− ligands and π–π stacking inter­actions with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.619 (7) A (symmetry code: 1 − x, 2 − y, 2 − z).

This paper describes measurments of the local temperature field near a combusting stream of methanol droplets using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Synchronizing the CARS measurements with the droplets in the stream allows correlations between the temperature field and the droplet position. These measurements describe the thermal structure of the droplet stream flame and can help validate detailed spray combustion models. The diameter of the droplets in the stream is 120 μm, which is comparable to the droplet size in a practical spray. The droplet spacing is approximately 1.0 mm (8 droplet diameters). The CARS measurements indicate a flame surrounding the droplet stream located I mm (8 droplet diameters) from the stream centerline. The temperature profile shows a local minimum temperature a the stream centerline. Moving radially outward from the centerline, the temperature rises at the flame (about 2000 K), and then falls gradually to room temperature. The local minimum temperature is more pronounced on lines through droplet centers than on lines between adjacent droplets. The results also show that the temperature profile between adjacent droplets becomes more uniform as the droplets move downstream. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Mn(NO3)2(C12H8N2)]n, the MnII atoms are linked by nitrate ligands to form a chain. Each MnII atom is five-coordinated by two N atoms of a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and three O atoms of two nitrates within a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry. In the crystal structure, the chains are linked by hydrogen bonds into a polymeric ribbon structure.

The the crystal structure of the title compound, C2H9N2+·ClO4−, C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network structure.

In the crystal structure of the title complex, C2H10N22+·SO42−, C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network.

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H9N5O4, the rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 8.00 (2)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C13H10N4O4, all bond lengths and angles are within normal ranges and the benzene and pyridine rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 7.988 (4)°. N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network.

In the molecule of the title complex, [Cr(NCS)2(C5H5N)4], the CrII atom is bonded in a distorted octahedral arrangement to two N atoms of two SCN− ligands and four N atoms of four pyridine ligands. The Cr atom is located on a centre of inversion. In the crystal structure, C—H...N hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure.

In the molecule of the title compound, C15H12N2O4, the benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 8.01 (3)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C8H6N2O6·H2O, intramolecular N—H...O and intermolecular O—H...O, O—H...N, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C5H2N4O7·H2O, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network structure; intra­molecular O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds are also present.

In the crystal structure of the title complex, C7H7N2O2·H2O, inter­molecular O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supra­molecular network structure; intra­molecular O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds are also present.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(5)N(3)O(6) center dot H(2)O, O-H center dot center dot center dot O and N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a supramolecular network structure.