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L’étude a porté sur la caractérisation du peuplement ligneux de deux systèmes d’utilisation des terres (la forêt qui est une mise en défens et les champs) dans le terroir de Ngouye au Sénégal. Elle a été effectuée dans une zone agropastorale qui accueille annuellement plusieurs familles de transhumants. Au moyen d’un échantillonnage par relevés de la végétation ligneuse et d’enquêtes auprès des populations nous avons inventorié 28 espèces appartenant à 25 genres et 15 familles botaniques. Les Fabaceae (sous-familles : Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae) ont été les plus représentées, suivies des Combretaceae. Les paramètres de l’étude ont révélé qu’il existait des différences nettes entre les deux systèmes, ce qui montrait leur hétérogénéité, avec par ailleurs une grande stabilité de peuplement en forêt. Le peuplement était généralement très jeune, avec un grand pourcentage d’individus dans la première catégorie de diamètreet de hauteur. Les champs avaient la plus forte proportion d’individus adultes mais le taux de régénération dans cette zone était inférieur à celui de la forêt. La richesse spécifique des champs était bien supérieure à celle de la forêt. Sur le plan pastoral les ligneux intervenaient dans l’alimentation du bétail.

Introduction: Congenital limb gangrene is a rare pathology. In the majority of cases, no cause is identified and its treatment is not codified. Observation: 29-week premature newborn, female from poorly followed twin pregnancy. Clinical examination at admission found an unstable neonate, the presence of necrosis of the left hand and forearm well limited, with absent humeral pulse and absence of hand movement. Surgical treatment was scheduled for amputation of the limb after the agreement of the parents whose postoperative follow-ups were simple. Conclusion: Congenital gangrene remains a rare entity in neonatology.

In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: Acacia raddiana tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (x) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (y). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for B. aegyptiaca, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for A. senegal and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for A. raddiana; i.e. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO2 is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO2/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO2. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate change.

The objective of this study is to analyze the dendrochronological potential of two Sahelian species (B. senegalensis and S. birrea) and to evaluate the relationships between their growth rings and the climate. The study was conducted in 2016 in the Ferlo area of Senegal. The biological material consists of wood slices, taken from the trunks of these adult woody species at 0.30 m and 1.30 m from the ground after they have been felled. The technique used to examine the slices consists in identifying their rings, establishing their structures, inter-dating them and studying the relationship between the identified rings and climatic factors. The results showed that the species had thin, clear, highly visible and sharp rings. The limit of growth is marked by a line of parenchyma. Intradatation series carried out on the chronologies made it possible to estimate the ages of the individuals, which vary from 10 to 38 years for B. senegalensis and from 29 to 50 years for S. birrea. Their average growth rates are estimated at 0.906 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively. The chronological sequences are 29 years (1987-2016) for B. senegalensis and 38 years (1964-2012) for S. birrea. The results revealed that there is no significant correlation between the growth chronologies of B. senegalensis and the climatic regressors (temperature and precipitation). In contrast, the ring-climate relationship shows that in S. birrea winter precipitation positively influences ring growth while temperature has no effect on ring growth in this species. This study provides a better understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to possible climate change, particularly in the current context of sustainable forest management.

The temporary ponds at Ferlo constitute wetlands whose pastoral activity is of paramount importance in the economy of Senegal. These zones are characterized by a fairly specific microclimate (soft and humid), a shallow depth of the water table, alternating phases of submersion and exudation whose functioning is linked to the soil. Thus the restoration and conservation of these wetlands requires a good knowledge of the soil factors. The objective of this study is to compare the physico-chemical parameters of the soil around temporary pools in grazed and ungrazed areas and different topographical units in order to determine their relative similarities. The samples taken at different horizons from seven soil pits (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7) opened in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond were analyzed in the laboratory. The results obtained show that the soils of Ferlo have a sandy texture and low fertility in the slopes and plateaus. However, they have a balanced texture and average fertility in ponds and ungrazed areas. The factorial analysis made it possible to highlight three distinct soil classes. A class of sandy texture soil with very low chemical fertility comes from the plateau. A class of soil with a balanced texture which is rich in cation and calcium exchange capacity found in the low zones of strong mineralization. A last class rich in chemical element with a silty texture which is found in wooded areas. These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropic and topographic factors on the evolution and physico-chemical composition of the soil.

The objective of this study was to characterize the phenology of the species Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst and to monitor the influence of climatic factors (rainfall and temperature) on its phenological behaviour. The study was carried out in three sites of Ferlo Nord (Senegal) (Amaly, Widou Thingoly and Tessekere) between December 2015 and December 2016. Climatic data were collected throughout the year and the phenological characterization of the species (leafing, flowering and fruiting) was carried out according to the method described by Grouzis & Sicot in 1980. The results showed that for the majority of individuals, leaf fall was between August and March, the budding phase between January and July and full leafing between May and February. The flowering and fruiting phases took place during the dry period. There was also another flowering phase in the cold dry season, which was unusual for the species S. birrea . According to these observations the species behaved like a savannah species that flowers more than once a year. Marked differences were observed between and within sites for the leafing and flowering phases and a significant difference within and between species. Furthermore, the results confirmed the importance of inter-site variations and climatic variations in particular the temperature on S. birrea phenophases. The results of this study were of capital interest in the management and silviculture of this species whose potential was little exploited and less valued.

This study aims to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and anatomopathologic features of urogenital fistulas. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with urogenital fistulas admitted to the department of general surgery and gynecology and obstetrics between January 1, 2014 and December 30, 2015, including the first 5 fistula repair campaigns organized by the Fistula Mali project. Urogenital fistulas account for 19.53% of all urologic disorder treated during our daily practice. The median age at first marriage was 16.57 years. The majority of our patients (96.70%) was illiterate and self-employed, coming from rural areas (85.36%). Obstructed labour was the dominant etiology, with 91.50% of stillborn children. The patients were primiparous women (43.33%) and, among them, 53.60% received no prenatal care. The divorce rate associated with the disease was 7.30%. Most patients underwent simple fistulorraphy, of whom 121 underwent lower fistulorraphy, 26 upper fistulorraphy and 3 mixed fistulorraphy. Outcomes were satisfactory in 65.33% patients and poor in 34.66% of patients. Patients with type I and type V obstetric fistulas had the highest healing rate compared to patients with type IV fistulas. Urogenital fistulas are a real public health problem. Treatment is mainly based on surgery and prognosis is compromised by the narrowness of the surgical field, the complexity of the lesions and the condition of the surrounding tissue. The focus must be on the implementation of women’s socio economic development programs and on emergency obstetric care access. The research and discussion should continue to facilitate the development of a standard classification.

Le rétrécissement urétral est une pathologie dont l'étiologie et la prise en charge varient selon le contexte. L'objectif de l'étude était de procéder à une analyse des aspects épidémiologiques, étiologique et thérapeutique du rétrécissement urétral dans notre contexte. Il s'agit d'une étude transversale longitudinale portant sur les cas de rétrécissement urétral acquis admis dans notre service entre mars 2014-février 2016. Age moyen: 24,5ans (10 et 81 ans). Le diagnostic fut confirmé par l'Uretro-Cystographie Rétrograde et Mictionnelle (UCRM). La longueur moyenne du rétrécissement était de 2,28cm (0,5-5cm). Les modalités thérapeutiques adoptées: la Résection Anastomose Termino-Terminale (RAT-T); la Dilatation Urétrale Rétrograde Itérative (DURI) etc. L'évaluation du résultat 6-15 mois postopératoire; satisfaisant en l'absence de récidive, RPM ≤30cc et un jet urinaire fort et mauvais en cas de récidive de dysurie ou RPM ≥100cc. Le RU occupe 7,14% de nos activités urologiques. La plus part de nos patients sont des cultivateurs provenant de la zone rurale. Les antécédents d'urétrite répétée ont été le plus souvent évoqués par nos patients et 78,57% d'entre eux étaient des hommes mariés dont 91% polygames. Les patients ont consulté surtout pour dysurie soit 50% de l'effectif et 50,01% de nos patients ce sont présentés avec une infection urinaire secondaire dont le germe prédominant est Escherichia coli. L'étiologie infectieuse a été la plus dominante soit 56,52%. La portion la plus atteinte a été l'urètre bulbaire soit 45,60% des cas. La RAT-T a été la technique la plus utilisée soit 39,13%. Globalement nous avons eu 85,65% de bon résultat et 13,04% d'échec; les taux de succès les plus élevés ont été obtenus avec la résection anastomotique soit 94,44% respectivement. Le rétrécissement urétral reste une pathologie fréquente chez les jeunes. L'étiologie infectieuse demeure la plus dominante dans notre contexte. L'accent doit être mis sur la prévention et la Prise en Charge (PEC) efficace et efficiente des Infections Sexuellement Transmissible (IST).

International audience; The combined effects of climate change and human pressure have led to the progressive degradation of natural resources in semi-arid regions. Woody taxa in these regions play an important role in the functioning and services provided by semi-arid savannah by serving as forage for both domestic and non-domestic grazers. Maintaining the functioning of semi-arid savannas thus requires understanding the dynamics of these communities of woody taxa and their responses to exogenous forces, such as climate. To better understand the dynamics of woody taxa in semi-arid environments we collected dendrometric characteristics from five field sites along an environmental gradient in the Ferlo region of central Senegal. Density and basal area were found to be greater in the northern part of the zone, contrasted with the distance between individuals and crown cover, which is greater in the southern part of the zone. Stand structure estimated from the distribution according to height and diameter at breast height shows a preponderance of individuals in the shrub layer, although with a significant representation of the tree layer in southern Ferlo. Stand regeneration was better in the south and less effective in the north. There was a trend towards the rejuvenation of populations belonging to the dominant species. There were only three species for which degradation was not apparent (Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia raddiana and Dalbergia me-lanoxylon), all of which have important ethnobotanical uses, suggesting that human use of taxa can play an important role in preventing degradation. Three distinct groups of woody taxa were found to correspond to gradients of precipitation, topography, and human land use pressure. Our results suggest an important role in the management and reintroduction of woody species in the Sahel and the regulation of pastoral techniques necessary for the rehabilitation of the agro-pastoral zone of Senegal.

The goal of this study was CGH array profiling of breast cancer from Malian women in order to define differences with those from USA. CGH array was performed in 28 samples, 17 with a triple negative phenotype. The profiles were compared to those of 106 tumors from USA. 6 chromosomal regions (6p21, 9q34, 11q13, 12q24, 17q25 and 22q12.1-22q13.1) were identified with a significant higher rate of copy number alterations. These regions contain several genes of interest including BCR. FISH and IHC confirmed that BCR was amplified and overexpressed particularly in triple negative tumors. Finally, 5 regions presented a high level of amplification in two or more samples, including 2 regions located between 9p22.3-9p23 and 9p23-9p24.1. This study confirms that breast cancers from African women present biological differences with those from USA. Larger studies are needed to go further in the identification of therapeutic targets that would be specific to African women.

The development of equations to predict tree height, crown diameter, crown depth from stem diameter of a tree species enables arborists, researchers, and urban forest managers to model costs and benefits, analyze alternative management scenarios, and determine the best management practices for sustainable forests. The objective of this study was to develop regression prediction models for tree age, tree height, crown diameter, crown ratio and crown depth for A. senegal growing in Ferlo, in the northern Senegal. Four plantations of different years old (ISRA, 10 years old plantations, Ndodj, 8 years old plantations, Boulal, 5 years old plantations and Deali, 4 years old plantations) were selected. The following dendometric variables: crown height, crown diameter, stem diameter at the breast height, stem basal diameter (at 0.30 m) and the height from the tree base to first branch were measured on a total of 489 trees. The results suggested that the ecological structure of the different year old A. Senegal plantation revealed a bell-shaped form with left dissymmetric distribution indicating a predominance of individuals with small diameter at breast height. Allometry study of A. Senegal showed highly significant positive correlations (p = 0.00) between stem diameter at breast height, stem basal diameter, tree height, crown diameter and crown depth. Positive correlations were also found between crown diameter, tree height and crown height. Prediction models derived from these relationships can be used to estimate the tree height, stem diameter at breast height and crown depth from crown diameter with greater precision. As for A. Senegal age estimation, the established model is not strong as it can explain only 49.1% of the age variation.