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Resumen Los anticuerpos anticardiolipina (aCL) son anticuerpos de tipo antifosfolipido que reconocen especificamente los fosfolipidos que forman las membranas celulares. Pueden clasificarse como IgM/IgG/IgA dependiendo del isotipo involucrado o como dependientes/independientes de la β 2 glucoproteina I (GP1) dependiendo de si pueden ligarse a las cardiolipinas en presencia o en ausencia de β2GP1. Para su deteccion se emplea la tecnica ELISA de acuerdo con el estandar propuesto por Harris et al. Los aCL, junto con el anticoagulante lupico, son los marcadores mas utilizados para el diagnostico del sindrome antifosfolipido (SAF). Ademas de su presencia en el SAF primario, se encuentran en muchos otros entornos clinicos. Debemos recomendar a los pacientes que aun no han desarrollado trombosis evitar o controlar estrictamente otros factores de riesgo trombotico. En cuanto al tratamiento farmacologico, lo habitual es la antiagregacion plaquetaria con acido acetilsalicilico solo en los grupos de alto riesgo.

In clinical practice, the diseases caused by the deposition of microcrystals are an important reason for consultation among primary care professionals. More and more emphasis is being given to the impact of the drop in the quality of life of patients and their role as independent cardiovascular risk factor. Moreover, as both gout arthropathy of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals pose a diagnostic challenge for the professionals who are not familiar with the use of light microscopy polariazada or not have access to it in the consultation. Therefore, either the frequency or the comorbidity simulate the ease of articular processes of other different prognosis and treatment necessary knowledge about important for the diagnosis of microcrystalline arthropathies on purely clinical basis. In this chapter we emphasize the diagnostic guidelines and recommended an update in the treatment of this disease.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a diverse group of autoantibodies that bind macromolecular components of the cell nucleus. The presence of ANA in serum indicates the existence of an immunological response but not necessarily a disease. The discovery of positive ANA is common in many autoimmune diseases but also can occurs in healthy individuals (frequency increases with age), in diseases with other origin, with the use of some drugs, in tumours or in some infections. The medical request of ANA will be indicated in conditions where an autoimmune systemic disease is suspected. If we find ANA positive, more antibodies will be ordered according to the medical suspicion. Finally, it is important to remember that some autoimmune systemic diseases course with negative autoantibodies, so, the symptoms and the exclusion of other phenomenon are a key component for the diagnosis.