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Amaç: Doğum sürecinde ebelerle iletişiminin kadınların doğum deneyimine etkisini incelemektir. Gereçler ve Yöntem: Bu tanımlayıcı tipte kesitsel araştırmanın örneklemini, Mart 2016- Ekim 2016 tarihleri arasında İzmir’de Sağlık Bakanlığı’na bağlı bir devlet hastanesinde normal doğum yapmış 353 kadın oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılarla yapılan yüzyüze görüşmelerde veri toplamak için "Lohusa Tanıtım Formu", "Doğumda Ebeyle İletişimi Değerlendirme Formu" ve “Wijma Doğum Beklentisi/Deneyimi Ölçeğinin B Versiyonu” kullanılmıştır. Bulguların analizinde SPSS istatistik programı aracılığıyla frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma hesaplanmış, ki kare ve korelasyon analizleri uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 26,72 ± 5,05 olup ortalama doğum sayısı 2,08±1,07’dir. Doğumların büyük çoğunluğu (%88,7) gebeyi takip eden ebe tarafından, %11,3’ü ise doğum sürecinde müdahale eden ebe ve doktor tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Katılımcıların, Doğumda Ebeyle İletişimi Değerlendirme Formu’ndan aldıkları puanların ortalaması 25,03±6,52; Wijma Doğum Beklentisi/Deneyimi Ölçeği’nin B Versiyonu’ndan aldıkları puan ortalaması ise 89,95±23,08’dir. Bulgular, kadınların ebelerin iletişim davranışlarını algılama düzeyi ile doğum beklentisi/deneyimi arasında negatif yönlü, orta düzeyde güçlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir (r= ­,36; p< 0,05). Sonuç: Ebelerin doğum eyleminde sergiledikleri olumlu ve etkili iletişim becerileri, kadınların doğum deneyimini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir., Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the ability to communicate of midwives with the birth experience of women. Material and Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional descriptive research consists of 353 women who gave birth by vaginal delivery in a state hospital affiliated to the Health Ministry in İzmir between March 2016 and October 2016. In order to collect data in face-to-face interviews with the participants, “Puerperant Description Form”, “The Communication with Midwife Assessment Form in Childbirth” and “Wijma Scale, B Version of Expectation of Giving Birth /Experience” were used. In the analysis of the findings, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation were calculated, chi-square and correlation analysis were applied using the SPSS statistical program.Results: Average age of the women who participated in the research is 26,72 ± 5,05. Most of the births (88,7 %) of women were done by the midwife who followed the pregnancy, and 11,3 % of them by midwife and doctor who intervened during the birth process. Average point of the women who have got from Form of Assessment of Communication Perception of Women in the Childbearing Process was found as 25,03±6,52 (max: 33,00). The average score obtained by the participants from the Form for the Assessment of Perception of Communication with Midwives in Birth Process is 25.03 ± 6.52 (Max: 33.00; The average score they got from Version B of the Wijma Birth Expectancy / Experience Scale is 89.95 ± 23.08. The findings show that there is a negative, moderately strong, and statistically significant relationship between women's perception of the communication behaviors of midwives and their birth expectation/experience (r =, 36; p

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease transmitted to humans by infected female sand flies. Turkey has received more than three million immigrants from Syria because of the civil war and political instability. This study reported cases of two patients, who were from Syria and lived in Hatay, with cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucosal involvement. Two patients presented to the infectious diseases clinic with a complaint of facial lesions and were subsequently referred to the parasitology department laboratory. Smears were prepared from the lesions, stained with Giemsa and examined under a microscope. Moreover, aspirates taken from the patients' lesions were inoculated into the modified Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle medium. The diagnosis was made when amastigotes were detected in both smears. Proliferation of promastigotes was observed in one of the clinical specimens inoculated on the medium. By PZR-RFLP, Leishmania tropica were detected in the isolate. Both patients were treated with amphotericin B. One patient was treated again with a pentavalent antimony compound because of the recurrence of the lesion.Leishmaniasis, bir protozoon parazit olan Leishmania türlerinin sebep olduğu ve enfekte dişi kum sinekleri tarafından bulaştırılan bir hastalıklar grubudur. Türkiye, yakın sınır komşumuz olan Suriye’de meydana gelen iç savaş ve siyasi istikrarsızlık nedeniyle üç milyonu aşan sayıda göç almıştır. Bu çalışmada, Suriye’den göç ederek Hatay’da yaşayan, iki yurt dışı kaynaklı mukozal tutulumlu kutanöz leishmaniasis olgusu ve tedavileri sunulmaktadır. Enfeksiyon hastalıkları kliniğine yüzünde lezyon nedeniyle başvuran iki olgu, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı laboratuvarına yönlendirilmiştir. Olguların lezyonlarından yayma preparatlar hazırlanmış ve Giemsa ile boyanarak mikroskop altında incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda olguların lezyonundan, aspirasyon sıvısı alınarak modifiye edilmiş Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle besiyerine inoküle edilmiştir. Üreme gözlenen örnekler, ITS-1 bölgesini hedefleyen LITSR ve L 5.8S primerleri kullanılarak PZR-RFLP yöntemi ile tiplendirilmiştir. Olguların lezyonlarından hazırlanan yayma preparatların ikisinde de amastigotlar görülerek tanı konmuştur. Besiyerine inoküle edilen klinik örneklerin, birinde promastigotların ürediği gözlenmiştir. PZR-RFLP ile izolat Leishmania tropica olarak tiplendirilmiştir. Olguların ikisi de amfoterisin B ile tedavi edilmiştir. Bir olgu lezyonun tekrar etmesi nedeniyle beş değerli Antimon bileşiği ile tekrar tedavi edilmiştir.

Objective Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) are the species causing cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Turkey. There was a wave of immigration due civil war in Syria in 2011. Migration from Syria, where CL is endemic, to other countries is thought to affect the number of CL cases and species diversity. The aim of the study was to typify the samples of CL positive, pre-migration and post-migration Turkish patients and importe (Syrian) patients whose smears were found in the archive and to reveal the difference of CL species before and after migration in Hatay. Methods Smears of a total of 150 patients (50 Turkish patients before migration, 50 Turkish patients after migration and 50 Syrian patients) which had been prepared with dermal scraping, stained with Giemsa and determined as CL positive by microscope examination were included in the study. DNA isolation of selected preparations was performed and GZ-PZR analysis with ITS-1probe was performed for species determination. Results L. infantum/donovani was detected in 40 (80%), L. tropica in 8 (16%), and L. major in 2 (4%) of the samples belonging to pre-immigration Turkish patients. L. infantum/donovani was detected in 28 (56%), L. major in 3 (6%) and L. tropica in 19 (%38) of the samples belonging to post-immigration Turkish patients. L. infantum/donovani was detected in 2 (4%), L. major in 1 (2%) and L. tropica in 47 (94%) of the samples belonging to Syrian patients. Conclusions It was observed that in local cases in Hatay before immigration, L. infantum/donovani was the common species that caused CL and that after immigration L. tropica began to raise and that L. major was more encountered than before. It was concluded that Syrians coming to Hatay may have caused diversity in the Leishmania species which were the causative agents of CL, and that further research was needed on the subject.

Objective Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) are used for the treatment of cutaneous leismaniasis in Turkey. There is a reported resistance to these drugs in recent years. The aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro sensitivities of resistant Leishmania isolates against Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Meglumine Antimoniate, Paromomycin and Sodium Stibogluconate. Methods Five Leishmania isolates of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, who showed no clinical recovery despite two consecutive meglumine antimoniate treatments, which were stored in the Parasite Bank in Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty were selected. They were genotyped with Real-Time PCR using specific primers and probes to ITS1 region. Drug resistance levels of each Leishmania isolate were analysed for Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Meglumine Antimoniate, Paromomycin, and Sodium Stibogluconate at concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 50, 25 μg/mL with XTT method and hemocytometer. Results It was observed that the resistant Leishmania tropica isolates showed no resistance to Amphotericin B, and were sensitive to Miltefosine, Sodium Stibogluconate, Paromomycin and Meglumin Antimonate, respectively. In addition, Leishmania tropica (MHOM/AZ/1974/SAF-K27) isolate of the control group could stay viable in none of the drug concentrations of five agents in the study. Conclusion It was determined that none of the selected resistant L. tropica isolates showed resistance to Amphotericin B and that was also shown statistically (p

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesi, internette yer alan servisler ve ürünler hakkında müşterinin bakış açısı, yorumları ve oy değerlerinin paylaşılmasına ve toplanmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Müşteriler, bu değerlendirmeleri çoklu kriterlere dayanarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, havayolu firmalarının performans analizi için Skytrax’ da yer alan veriler kullanılmıştır. Çok kriterli karar verme teknikleri kullanılarak yapılan bu çalışmada, Promethee II için gerekli olan ağırlık değerleri, bir yapay sinir ağları modeli olan Çok Katmanlı Algılayıcı (MLP) ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlarda ANA havayolu firmasının yıllar içerisinde gelişmeler gösterip üst sıralara taşınırken, United havayolu firmasının iki yıl içerisindeki sıralamasında herhangi bir değişiklik gözlenmemiştir. Bu makalede kullanılan tekniklerin detayları verilirken, elde edilen sonuçlarda havayolu firmaları için rekabette sağladığı avantajlar vurgulanmıştır., The development of information and communication technologies offers the possibility of collecting and sharing customer views, comments and ratings about products and services over the Internet. Customers generally make these evaluations based on multiple criteria. This study uses such data recorded on Skytrax to analyse the performance of leading airlines. It does so using the a multicriteria decision making technique (Promethee II), and the criteria weight values required for the Promethee II method are obtained from a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), an artificial neural network method. According to the results obtained, ANA airline has shown improvements in the years and moved up to the top, while the ranking of United airline within two years has not changed. The paper provides details of the technique and graphically presents results to highlight where airlines possess advantages over their competitors.

Objective This study aims to determine the optimum liquid medium for the reproduction of Trypanosoma cruzi strains and provide cryopreservation. Methods The reproduction density of T. cruzi strain was evaluated in the following five different commercial liquid culture media: RPMI 1640, Medium 199 (M199), Schneider's Insect Medium (SIM), Nutrient Broth (NB), Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB). Cultures were monitored on every other day for a period of 24 days. Cryopreservation of T. cruzi was also performed and viability was tested after six months. Results Epimastigotes of T. cruzi were not found to be produced in NB and BHIB media. Significant difference was not observed among the reproduction potential of RPMI-1640, M199, and SIM after evaluating the data for the first 10 days. Between days 12 and 24, RPMI-1640 was found to be the best reproduction medium. From the 18th day onwards, parasites transformed amastigotes. On the 24th day, the highest level of amastigote amount was observed, and reproduction was determined to have stopped. As a result of cryopreservation, it was determined that the survival of T.cruzi continued after six months.. Conclusion Thus, the selection of RPMI-1640 medium, followed by M199 and SIM media would be appropriate when studying T. cruzi epimastigotes. Studies using epimastigotes should be planned for up to 18 days and for those using amastigotes, it would be appropriate to plan the studies after the 18th day. Moreover, T. cruzi can be cryopreserved with 15% DMSO and stored for a long time in liquid nitrogen.

Objective The Wolrd Health Organization (WHO) encourages all countries to investigate antimalarial drug substances derived from herbal sources with the slogan "Hunt of the Next Artemisinin" due to the emergence of resistant strains of Plasmodium species to artemisinin. In the broad and simple sense, it was planned to help guide the young researchers set in-vitro and in-vivo models of malaria in order to be used in drug research and active ingredient studies. Methods In-vitro study, young Plasmodium berghei trophozoites were removed from the liquid nitrogen tank and resuspended in appropriate conditions, followed by incubation with chloroquine and tetracycline at concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 6.4, 12.8 μg/mL for 24 hours at +37°C in a shaking incubator. In-vivo studies, Tetracycline group (TG) and Chloroquine group (KG) were administered 50 mg/kg of tetracycline and chloroquine by intragastric lavage and untreated control group (TACG) were administered the same amount of saline via the same route. The suppression of parasitemia in mice was followed for 24 days. Results In our in-vitro study it was observed that 0.8 μg/mL of chloroquine and 1.6 μg/mL of tetracycline was enough to suppress parasitemia. In our in-vivo drug study, all of the mice in the TG group died at day 24, and all of the mice in the TAKG group died at day 12, with no parasitemia observed in the mice in the KG group. Conclusion Our study suggests that if tetracycline therapy is administered when the induction of chloroquine therapy is delayed, the exacerbation of the parasitemia may be prevented and when chloroquine is obtained chloroquine therapy can be commenced thus preventing the loss of the patient.

Objective Two pentavalent antimonials, meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®, France) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®, England), are used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Turkey. The present study, serving as a guidebook for young researchers, aims to provide basis for conducting drug resistance tests and active ingredient scanning in in vitro and in vivo models. Methods A CL isolate kept in liquid nitrogen was initially thawed and genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using ITS1 prob. In vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to determine drug resistance against meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Hemocytometry and XTT (sodium 3,39-[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzenesulfonic acid hydrate) methods were used to investigate in vitro drug resistance. CL mouse models were used to analyze in vivo drug resistance. Results The isolate was determined as Leishmania tropica by genotyping by PCR on the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene region. In in vitro drug resistance tests, sodium stibogluconate was observed to be more effective than meglumine antimoniate, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p > 0.05). It was observed that the footpad lesions of the animals started to shrink afterward the 5th week of infection following treatment with these agents, and parasitologic recovery was observed at the end of 3 months. Conclusions With an aim to be used as a guidebook for young researchers, active ingredient scanning and drug resistance tests in both in vitro and in vivo models were presented in the current study.

OBJECTIVE It was aimed to assess the success of the cryopreservation process which is carried out in order to preserve the genetic material and the virulence of the Leishmania species that are an important health problem in our region. METHODS Leishmania tropica, L. infantum, L. major, and L. donovani strains in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium in MCBU were used. Promastigotes cultured in the NNN medium were transferred to RPMI 1640 medium; promastigotes in the logarithmic phase were washed three times with PBS, and 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was added. Leishmania species were transferred to 12 separate tubes. The tubes were stored at -86°C for one night by placing them in Coolcell boxes. The tubes were transferred into a liquid nitrogen tank. One cryotube per Leishmania strain is thawed monthly and cultured in NNN medium. RESULTS For the duration of study it was observed that each Leishmania isolate preserved 60-65% of their viability and entered the logarithmic phase on the 7th day following the inoculation in the NNN medium. Abnormalities in the structures and movements of the promastigotes were not observed in microscopic examinations. CONCLUSION The following conclusions were made: cryopreservation is important for studies planned related to leishmaniasis and cryopreservation with DMSO is successful.