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A sliding mode synchronization controller is presented with RBF neural network for two chaotic systems in this paper. The compound disturbance of the synchronization error system consists of nonlinear uncertainties and exterior disturbances of chaotic systems. Based on RBF neural networks, a compound disturbance observer is proposed and the update law of parameters is given to monitor the compound disturbance. The synchronization controller is given based on the output of the compound disturbance observer. The designed controller can make the synchronization error convergent to zero and overcome the disruption of the uncertainty and the exterior disturbance of the system. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed synchronization control method.

By using a vectorial approach, the validity of paraxial approximation in second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy under low numerical aperture (NA) is examined when the sample is a collagen fibril Due to the larger value of dzzx and tensorial nature of SHG, the component Ez of the focused field may have strong effect on the radiation pattern of SHG. Numerical results indicate that when the value of NA exceeds 0.3, the effect of Ez can not be neglected, which results in the invalidation of paraxial approximation in SHG microscopy despite the fact that SHG microscopy is still under low NA focusing.

A novel design of a tunable terahertz switch and band-pass filter using liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal waveguide is demonstrated. The effects of magnetic field on the photonic bandgaps and transmitting properties of a THz wave are investigated by using the plane wave expansion method and finite difference time domain method. The efficient photonic bandgap tuning is predicted such that the two-dimensional liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal waveguide can serve as a switch and continuously tunable band-pass filter with controlling of the magnetic field.

A new learning scheme using a periodic packet as the neuronal activation function is proposed for invariance extraction and recognition of handwritten digits. Simulation results show that the proposed network can extract the invariant feature effectively and improve both the convergence and the recognition rate.

Polarization is one of the basic properties of electromagnetic wave conveying valuable information about signal transmission and sensitive measurements. Manipulations of polarization state and amplitude have aroused a lot of research interest in many different fields, especially in the terahertz (THz) regime. Although many researches on THz polarization controller have been carried out, their transmission losses are still difficult to lower in a broad bandwidth. And there are few reports on THz polarization controller which can rotate the polarization state and split beams at the same time. Multifunctional THz devices are required to meet the needs of the progress of THz technology and its applications. In order to overcome this constraint, semiconductor silicon is integrated into the proposed structure to manipulate the polarization state and the amplitude, because of its optical properties with the external pump light. Here, according to the electromagnetic resonance between split rings and silicon rings in Fabry-Prot-like cavity, we propose a metasurfaces-based terahertz polarization controller. The unite cell structure is composed of metal grids-split ring/Si ring-metal grids spaced by silica layers. By using the finite element method in CST Microwave Studio, we simulate the transport and polarization properties under different conditions. The results show that a linear polarization state can be nearly perfectly converted into its orthogonal one from 0.39 to 1.11 THz with a transmission loss of 1 dB, which fits well to the one of multiple-beam interference theory. Then we study the properties of the proposed metasurface structure for oblique incidence. The property of rotating polarization basically keeps stable even at an incident angle of 60 from 0.52 to 1.05 THz. At the end of the paper, the polarization splitting feature of the device is discussed in the THz regime. The results demonstrate that the transmitted and reflected beam power of the device can be tuned by changing the pump light power. The modulation depths of two beams reach more than 90% at 0.5 THz. It is worth noting that the proposed structure can not only rotate the polarization state of transmitted light in a broad bandwidth of 0.72 THz, but also modulate the transmitted and reflected beam power with a wide modulation depth. It can be used as a broad-band, low-loss and tunable terahertz polarization controller which is also insensitive to the incident angle. So it meets the requirements in THz communication, spectrum detection and imaging systems.

With the continuous development of terahertz (THz) technology in recent years, many kinds of THz functional devices including switchers, filters, modulators, isolator and polarizers have been demonstrated. However, researches of the focusing devices in the terahertz frequency range are rarely reported. In this paper, we propose a subwavelength metal-air-InSb-metal periodic array structure to perform terahertz wave focusing. The dependence of permittivity of InSb in the THz regime on external magnetic field and temperature is calculated theoretically. Based on the magneto-optical effect of the semiconductor material InSb and asymmetrical waveguide structure, the influences of external magnetic field and temperature on the focusing and transmittance characteristics of the device are studied in detail. Numerically simulated results show that the structure proposed above can not only improve the transmittance greatly but also perform focusing perfectly. Calculations on the transmission properties show that in a certain range of temperature, the power flow transmittance at the focus point increases with the increase of temperature. In the meantime, for a certain temperature, with increasing the external magnetic field, the power flow continuously increases as well and reaches a maximum value at a certain magnetic field. For example, for a temperature of 172 K and a magnetic field of 0.6 T, the maximum power flow transmitted at the focus point is 10200 W/m2 at 0.8 THz, which is about 28 times larger than that without magnetic field at the same temperature. In addition, the simulation results also show that when the temperature and external magnetic field are fixed at 172 K and 0.5 T, respectively, the power flow transmittances for the incident waves at different frequencies are different. There is a peak value of the transmittance appearing at a specific frequency of 0.8 THz. Moreover, when the incident wave frequency is far from 0.8 THz, the transmittance decreases dramatically. It is worth noting that by choosing different temperatures and external magnetic fields, the structure proposed can not only enhance the transmittance over 20 times at the focus point, but also manipulate effectively the THz wave in a broad operating bandwidth of 400 GHz from 0.4 THz to 0.8 THz. These properties indicate that the proposed structure can act as an ideal tunable, broadband, and high transmittance focusing device in the terahertz regime.

We propose a vector beam generation method based on the spatial light modulator composed of twisted nematic liquid crystal. According to the relation between the rotation angle and the applied voltage on the spatial light modulator, a common optical system for generating a variety of vector beams is designed in experiments. By using this common optical system, a variety of vector beams in axisymmetric phases as well as the complex vector beams are generated, and their polarization characteristics are observed and measured experimentally, where a tight focusing field is obtained, and this may be applied in optical tweezers and lithography. In addition, the device structure is simple and easy to operate, its efficiency of producing vector beam is very high and the laser spectral characteristics are not changed in the proposed generation of vector beams. Therefore, the method we proposed can find important potential applications in strong laser of vector beams interacting with matter, and laser acceleration, etc.

In this paper, an interlacing layered infiltration method is proposed, using some liquid material as the common porous fiber with triangular air-hole array in the core region, which can achieve the characteristic of ultrahigh modal birefringence in this circumstance. Förstly, the basic properties of the porous fiber with a porosity of 43.08% are thoroughly analyzed by using a full-vector finite element method, as wellas the dispersion curves of the fiber, modal birefringence, fraction of the fundamental modal power for x and y polarizations, loss characteristics, etc. Secondly, to enhance the asymmetry of the proposed structure, some liquid material with a refractive index of 1.4 is infiltrated into the air holes in the fiber core region, by using interlacing filling method. It is found that the modal birefringence of the fiber dramatically increases. At an operation frequency of 1.1 THz, the peak value of modal birefringence rises from 1.05×10-3 to 1.36×10-2 after the infiltration operation. The fundamental model effective material absorption loss coefficients for x and y polarization modes increase from 0.16 dB/cm to 0.25 dB/cm and 0.28 dB/cm, respectively. And the operation frequency band increases from 1.1 to 1.9 THz. Simulation results indicate that the modal birefringence of the fiber can be remarkably improved by increasing the refractive index of the infiltrated liquid material. With an operation frequency of 2.2 THz and a refractive index of 2, this fiber can realize an ultrahigh modal birefringence of 8.03×10-2. Moreover, to achieve the gradient distribution of the refractive index, an interlacing layered infiltration method to infiltrate the liquid material with different refractive indices in different layers is employed. Results show that the confinement capability to the guided modes has been greatly enhanced. Results also show that the peak value of the modal birefringence for the fundamental modes does not exist in the operation band. It represents a monotonically increasing trend. At an operation frequency of 2.2 THz, the fiber modal birefringence can reach as high as 7.19×10-2. This scheme presents an ultrahigh modal birefringence, and it presents the tunable characteristic as well. This study may be of significance in the practical applications in the field of THz functional devices.

A low loss broadband THz polarization splitter made from suspended dual-core porous fiber is proposed. The property of low loss is due to the porous structure of the fiber, and the match of single polarization mode is achieved by the orthogonal relationship of the microstructure in the two fiber cores. Structure of the fiber is designed by using index converse matching coupling method. Numerical simulation is carried out by employing full vector finite element method. The background material is cyclo olefin polymer COC with low loss property in THz region. Firstly, the properties of a suspended porous fiber with a single core has been analyzed in detail, including the effective refractive index, birefringence, fraction of modal power in air, and material absorption loss in the fundamental mode. Moreover, the properties of THz polarization splitter made from suspended dual-core porous fibers have been investigated theoretically. Numerical simulation results show that the operation bandwidth is 1.5 THz (from 0.8 THz to 2.3 THz). At 1 THz, the splitting length is only 0.66 cm. The extinction ratios for x and y polarization modes can reach -14.64 dB and -14.84 dB, respectively. The practical material absorption loss is less than 0.12 dB for both x and y polarization modes. Compared with other dual-core-PCF-based polarization splitters, the dual-core porous fiber has several advantages such as simplicity for structure designing, ease of fabrication, better feasibility in practical applications, low transmission loss, and wide operation frequency bandwidth.

The accurate localization of iris center is difficult since the outer boundary of iris is often occluded significantly by the eyelids. In order to solve this problem, an infrared light source un-coaxial with the camera is used to produce dark pupil image for pupil center estimation. Firstly, the 3D position of the center of cornea curvature, which is used as translational movement information of eyeball, is computed using two cameras and the coordinates of two cornea reflections on the cameras' imaging planes. Then, the relative displacement of pupil center from the projection of the cornea curvature center on 2D image is extracted, describing the rotational movement of the eyeball. Finally, the feature vector is mapped into coordinates of gazing point on the screen using artificial neural network. As for the eye region detection problem, two wide-view webcams are used, and adaptive boosting+active appearance model algorithm is adopted to limit the region of interest within a small area. The result of our experiment shows that the average root-mean-square error is 0.62 in horizontal direction and 1.05 in vertical direction, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our solution in eye gaze tracking.

Utilizing insulator-metal phase transition of vanadium dioxide thin film, we propose a thermally controlled terahertz modulator based on metamaterial, and research the transmission characteristics and temperature tunable characteristics of phase transition in metamaterials in THz wave band. While the incident THz wave is of horizontal polarization or vertical polarization, two independent pass bands are generated near 1 THz. The center frequencies of the two pass bands are 1.3 THz and 1.7 THz, the bandwidths of them are 0.2 THz and 0.35 THz. In addition, when temperature rises from 40℃ to 80℃, the transmissions of the two pass bands drop apparently, especially at phase transition temperature of 68℃. For the two polarization states, the modulation depths achieve 60% or more, which is the great function of a modulator.

With the continuous development of medical imaging technology, medical image processing has played an increasingly prominent role in computer-aided diagnosis and disease management. Kidney segmentation in abdominal computed tomography (CT) sequences is a key step. In this paper, combining with the contextual property of renal tissues, a new energy minimization model based on active contour and graph cuts is proposed for kidney extraction in CT sequence. According to the relationship between the shape difference in adjacent slices and corresponding layer thickness, the optimal search range of the contour evolution is calculated for graph cut optimization. The energy function, combining the geodesic active contour with Chan-Vese model, takes into account the boundary and regional information. Then, graph cut methods are used to optimize the discrete energy function and drive the active contour towards object boundaries. Thirty abdominal CT sequences are used to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results reveal that this approach can extract renal tissues in CT sequences effectively and the average Dice coefficient reaches about 93.7%.

Eye movement information is the key clue for recognizing the vision-dominated tasks, such as browsing the web, or watching a video. However, traditional wearable sensors are invasive and the vision-based eye trackers are very expensive and need time consuming calibration. Therefore, an activity recognition method based on eye movement analysis under one web camera is first proposed and the feasibility is assessed. First, an iris tracking method for the low quality image is proposed to acquire eye movement information. Then, five ten novel features are extracted from the horizontal and the vertical eye movement signals for activity recognition, and the optimal feature subset is selected. Finally, the support vector machine is used to assess the feasibility of the proposed method. Three experiments are designed for different applications: leave-one-out cross-validation, k-fold cross-validation, and validation after respective calibration. Experimental results show that their accuracies are 68.4%, 79.3% and 84.1%, respectively, which demonstrate the promise of eye based activity recognition using one web camera.

A novel low-loss dual-core fiber directional coupler for terahertz raditional is proposed, Coupling properties, loss and group velocity dispersion of the fibers are investigated by the full-vector finite-element method (FEM). The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling length of this coupler is less than 1.8 cm between 1.55 and 1.80 THz, and the coupling broadband of 0.07THz can be realized. And the loss coefficient of the coupler is less than 0.02 cm-1. The directional coupler has potential applications in narrowband filtering, wavelength-division multiplexing, switching, polarization splitter and so on.

We propose a novel tunable photonic crystal (PC) waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on nematic liquid crystals (LCs) 5CB and investigate its interference properties numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain method. We can change the refractive index of LC by rotating the directors of the LC molecules. The line defect modes of the PC waveguide with different liquid crystal refractive indices are analyzed by using the plane wave expansion method. Owing to the slow group velocity region of the line defect mode, when the index of 5CB changes from 1.53 to 1.63, the variation of the effective index of the line defect mode arrives at 0.168. This property helps to significantly control the phase of light propagation in a PC waveguide MZI. The novel interferometer can be used as either an optically controlled on-off switch or an amplitude modulator in optical circuits.

A low-loss and broadband terahertz twin-core photonic band-gap fiber directional coupler is proposed, which consists of a cladding with a triangular lattice array of sub-wavelength air rods and two cores formed respectively by omitting seven nearby air rods. The group velocity dispersion, the coupling and the loss of the fibers are investigated by using a full-vector finite element method. The numerical simulations show that the loss coefficient of the coupler is less than 0.021 cm-1, and the coupling broadband of 0.14 THz can be realized. The directional coupler has potential applications in terahertz communication systems, such as filtering, wavelength-division multiplexing, polarization isolation, switching and so on.

A multifunctional terahertz polarization controller is designed based on the two-dimensional photonic crystal structure and the ferrite material. The different working devices including a controllable polarizer, a polarization beam splitter and a tunable phase retarder with continuous phase retardations of - at 1 THz are controlled by the shift of photonic band gap with different external magnetic fields. By using the plane wave expansion method and the rigorous coupled wave analysis, we calculate the band gap positions and transmittances of device with the variation of magnetic field. The field distribution and phase are simulated by the finite difference time domain method.

A pre-process of feature extraction and classification approach based on spectrum edges matching is proposed to analyze the complicated nonlinear fluorescence spectra emitted by the interaction between femto-second (fs) laser and the impurities in air. The spectra data is denoised and compressed from 3979 points to 664 points using wavelet (WT) transform. By similarity analysis we create the characteristic spectra of 3 kinds of gases and the weights for classification. A new method of classification is proposed based on the edges matching and the comparison with characteristic spectra. Compared with existing methods，our method can not only get 100% classification accuracy，but also gives the characteristic position and the matching degree. The analysis of the matching degree shows that our method works well at low concentrations and has a potential application of identifying gases of lower concentration.

A novel magnetically tunable liquid crystal terahertz switch is designed to reduce the coupling loss. The main structure of the switch is the hollow-core Bragg fiber with its cladding constructed by periodically setting of high density polyethylene and nematic liquid crystal E7 The refractive index of the E7 can be changed by the application of outside magnetic field and thus alter the loss property of the Bragg fiber dramatically to achieve its function as a switch. The main advantage of this switch is that it can eliminate the loss of coupling with fibers,and what is more,this switch can select the basic mode and is easy to be controlled. This article uses the finite element method to obtain the parameter of the switch and the simulated value of the extinction ratio reaches 2634 dB.

An adaptive wavelet analysis approach based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed for analyzing the complicated spectra emitted by the interaction between femto-second laser and gases. The simulation results on twenty-seven sets of spectral data show that the proposed method has high efficiency in data compression. The data of the original spectra with 3968 points can be compressed to 124 points, and the correct recognition rate of support vector machine (SVM) can be as high as 100%, when thirteen or more compressed spectra are used for training and the others for testing.

The intelligent control of video monitoring system in a fixed background scene is realized by comparing color histogram distance between reference image and objective image. The impacts on reference images caused by the variation with time and sunlight are eliminated by renewing reference images on-line. In order to reduce computational complexity and speed up the processing, a uniform compressional algorithm of real color space based on fuzzy method is proposed. The simulations show that an image can be processed in 10 ms, which meets the requirement of real-time processing.

An adaptive training and pruning algorithm for variable bit rate(VBR) video traffic prediction is proposed in this paper. By simulation and comparison, the adaptive neural network model proposed in this paper is shown to be promising and practically feasible in obtaining the best adaptive prediction of real-time VBR video traffic.

A new approach of color image segmentation based on the principle of MDM(maximum degree of membership)for fuzzy pattern recognition is reported in this paper. The colors of target and background obtained from the color histogram of the color image can be used to set some color fuzzy-sets, to which, based on the principle of MDM, the degrees of membership of colors of all pixels in the image in these fuzzy sets are calculated to determine their memberships. A MDM-radial basis function neural network is implemented to segment color images with higher speed and efficiency.

Finding an optimal network size is one of the major concerns when building a neural network. In using the local extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm, we propose an efficient approach that combines EKF training and pruning as a whole. In particular, the covariance matrix obtained along with the local EKF training can be utilized to indicate the importance of the network weights. As a result, the network size can be determined adaptively to keep pace with the changes in input characteristics. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated on generalized XOR logic function and handwritten digit recognition.

A general discrimination function and a neural network model are constructed by using RBF function.This reveals the close relation between pattern recognition and neural network.Multi-objects classification with in-plane(2-D) and out-plane(3-D) rotation invariance is implemented by using this general discrimination function and neural network model.The computer simulation shows that it is an effective method for classifying multi-objects with rotation invariance.One of the opto-electronics recognition systems is presented to implement this function and model.

To avoid the poor performance of the Hopfield model for unequally distributed neuron states and to alleviate the dynamic range constraint of optical system, a clipped model with asymmetric clipping points is proposed. Apart from its easiness for optical implementation, the capacity and capablilty of noisy tolerance are improved greatly, compared with the former clipped model. In addition, a practical encoding method-beam-direction encoding method is proposed to implement the above clipped model. The preliminary experimental results are given.