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The paper presents a methodology for hot spinning reserve allocation (HSRA) following expected disconnection of big generators during peak demand. The proposed method includes generation rescheduling, optimal reactive power allocation, and load curtailment to prevent system cascaded outages. Hybrid grey wolf optimization (HGWO) and Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) are implemented to solve the economic HSRA problem with total costs minimization. The conversion process of HGWO is enhanced utilizing two internal loops based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. The effectiveness of the optimization algorithms is conducted on a 66-bus three-area test system for cost minimization following the outage of the biggest generator in each area. The optimal solution maximizes the social benefits of participating consumers, keeping other consumers' reliability at minimum total cost. The percentages of load curtailment in the three cases are 6.9%, 8% and 6.7% of system load, respectively, where there was no solution for the optimal power flow without shedding some loads to satisfy the network constraints. HGWO and MPA are used to determine the optimal solution. The optimal solution depends on the energy price of load curtailment, system configuration as well as the cost coefficients of generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the optimal grounding grid design using artificial intelligence techniques based on the empirical formula for grounding resistance (Rg), touch and step voltages (Et and Es), which are addressed in IEEE Std. 80-2013/Cor. 1-2015. The objective function is formulated based on the grid conductors' material cost and the installation cost. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) are individually utilized to search for and confirm the global best solution of minimizing the grounding system cost with considering all operation constraints including the safety criteria. A modified objective function is constructed based on self-adaptive penalization utilized to account for constraint violations during the optimization process. The selection strategy for modifying the local best positions of particles and the global best position of the swarm is proposed to enhance the ability of PSO for fast convergence. Results proved that either PSO or GA settles on the global best solution, successfully. To perform the space domain investigation, the optimal grounding grid design is implemented using a finite element method, where the COMSOL Multiphysics program is selected to verify the settled optimal global solution. Using COMSOL, the grounding resistance and safety criteria are evaluated over the grid diagonally. The COMSOL results ensure the operating constraints satisfaction of the optimal grounding grid design. The performance evaluation reveals that the grounding potential rise limit, the available grid area, and the number of vertical rods greatly affect the optimization of the grounding system design. The results also illustrate a great significant effect of the fault current and upper surface resistivity on the optimal grid design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future smart grids will require an observable, controllable and flexible network architecture for reliable and efficient energy delivery. The use of artificial intelligence and advanced communication technologies is essential in building a fully automated system. This paper introduces a new technique for online optimal operation of distributed generation (DG) resources, i.e. a hybrid fuel cell (FC) and photovoltaic (PV) system for residential applications. The proposed technique aims to minimize the total daily operating cost of a group of residential homes by managing the operation of embedded DG units remotely from a control centre. The target is formed as an objective function that is solved using genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique. The optimal settings of the DG units obtained from the optimization process are sent to each DG unit through a fully automated system. The results show that the proposed technique succeeded in defining the optimal operating points of the DGs that affect directly the total operating cost of the entire system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]