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Personalised medicine tumour boards, which leverage genomic data to improve clinical management, are becoming standard for the treatment of many cancers. This paper is designed as a primer to assist clinicians treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with an understanding of the discovery and functional impact of recurrent genetic lesions that are likely to influence the management of this disease in the near future. This manuscript integrates genetic data from publicly available array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and next-generation sequencing genetics databases to identify the most common molecular alterations in HNSCC. The importance of these genetic discoveries is reviewed and how they may be incorporated into clinical care decisions is discussed. Considerations for the role of genetic stratification in the clinical management of head and neck cancer are maturing rapidly and can be improved by integrating data sets. This article is meant to summarise the discoveries made using multiple genomic platforms so that the head and neck cancer care provider can apply these discoveries to improve clinical care., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

NGS technology is speeding up neurogenetics research, helping to unravel the intricacies associated with it. Neurological disorders are not predictable in the early-stage and different people show different responses to treatment. This difference can be caused by molecular pathways or environmental effects. Therefore, as a first step selecting a correct genetic test for diagnosis is important, which should be customized to fit the disorder. Microarray, single gene analysis and repeat expansion disorders could be used as rapid first-level tests to address these issues. If the associated results are negative, NGS methods such as whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) can be considered as second-level testing platforms. WES is most commonly used due to its low associated cost and turnaround time, compared with WGS. However, the overall diagnosis rate remains low, primarily due to challenges associated with the detection of pathogenic mutations, which may be classified as a variant of insignificance. So interpretation of variants as a pathogenic or non-pathogenic become challenging as many variants are unknown or not reported previously. Another issue is that many variants may lie into non-coding regions which comprises 90% of the genome and they can't be captured by short sequencing read technologies. However, over the last decades third generation sequencing emerges to overcome some shortcomings of NGS. Specifically, long read technologies have the potential to identify molecular mechanisms associated with the neurological disorders that are caused by expansion repeats such as Friedreich ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxias, Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]