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© 2010 The Authors. Between July 18 th and 24 th 2010, 26 leading microbial ecology, computation, bioinformatics and statistics researchers came together in Snowbird, Utah (USA) to discuss the challenge of how to best characterize the microbial world using next-generation sequencing technologies. The meeting was entitled "Terabase Metagenomics" and was sponsored by the Institute for Computing in Science (ICiS) summer 2010 workshop program. The aim of the workshop was to explore the fundamental questions relating to microbial ecology that could be addressed using advances in sequencing potential. Technological advances in next-generation sequencing platforms such as the Illumina HiSeq 2000 can generate in excess of 250 billion base pairs of genetic information in 8 days. Thus, the generation of a trillion base pairs of genetic information is becoming a routine matter. The main outcome from this meeting was the birth of a concept and practical approach to exploring microbial life on earth, the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP). Here we briefly describe the highlights of this meeting and provide an overview of the EMP concept and how it can be applied to exploration of the microbiome of each ecosystem on this planet.

Background Butyrate, which is produced by the human microbiome, is essential for awell-functioning colon. Bacteria that produce butyrate are phylogeneticallydiverse, which hinders their accurate detection based on conventional phylogeneticmarkers. As a result, reliable information on this important bacterial group isoften lacking in microbiome research. Results In this study we describe a gene-targeted approach for 454 pyrotag sequencing andquantitative polymerase chain reaction for the final genes in the two primarybacterial butyrate synthesis pathways, butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase(but) and butyrate kinase (buk). We monitored theestablishment and early succession of butyrate-producing communities in fourpatients with ulcerative colitis who underwent a colectomy with ileal pouch analanastomosis and compared it with three control samples from healthy colons. Allpatients established an abundant butyrate-producing community (approximately 5% to26% of the total community) in the pouch within the 2-month study, but patternswere distinctive among individuals. Only one patient harbored a community profilesimilar to the healthy controls, in which there was a predominance of butgenes that are similar to reference genes from Acidaminococcus sp.,Eubacterium sp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii andRoseburia sp., and an almost complete absence of buk genes.Two patients were greatly enriched in buk genes similar to those ofClostridium butyricum and C. perfringens, whereas a fourthpatient displayed abundant communities containing both genes. Most butyrateproducers identified in previous studies were detected and the general patterns oftaxa found were supported by 16S rRNA gene pyrotag analysis, but thegene-targeted approach provided more detail about the potential butyrate-producingmembers of the community. Conclusions The presented approach provides quantitative and genotypic insights intobutyrate-producing communities and facilitates a more specific functionalcharacterization of the intestinal microbiome. Furthermore, our analysis refinesbut and buk reference annotations found in centraldatabases.