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Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies, represent the most taxonomically diverse family of Diptera Carnoidea, comprising over 3000 described species worldwide. Previous phylogenetic studies of this family have predominantly relied on morphological characters, with mitochondrial genomes being reported in a few species. This study presents 11 newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes (10 Chloropidae and 1 Milichiidae) and provides the first comprehensive comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes for Chloropidae. Apart from 37 standard genes and the control region, three conserved intergenic sequences across Diptera Cyclorrhapha were identified in all available chloropid mitochondrial genomes. Evolutionary rates within Chloropidae exhibit significant variation across subfamilies, with Chloropinae displaying higher rates than the other three subfamilies. Phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial genomes were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The monophyly of Chloropidae and all four subfamilies is consistently strongly supported, while subfamily relationships within Chloropidae remain poorly resolved, possibly due to rapid evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome of the family Dixidae is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome ofDixellasp. is a circular molecule of 15,574 bp in length, containing all 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (srRNAandlrRNA), and a long control region. Its gene arrangement is conserved with the ancestral gene order ofDrosophila yakuba, which is considered to exhibit the ground pattern of Hexapoda mitochondrial genome. Most PCGs start with standard ATN codons, whileCOIuses CCG,ND1uses TTG andND5uses GTG as start codons. All PCGs terminate in the common stop codons TAA, except forCOIIandND5which end with a single thymine stop codon. There is a 703 bp of the control region, located betweensrRNAandtRNAlle-tRNAGln-tRNAMet(IQM) cluster, without conserved blocks or long tandem repeats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genomes ofMusca domestica(Muscidae) andScathophaga stercoraria(Scathophagidae) are circular molecules of 16,108 bp and 16,223 bp in length, respectively. The first complete mitochondrial genome of Scathophagidae is reported here. Both genomes contain all 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a large control region, with conserved arrangement pattern reported in all cyclorrhaphan flies. All PCGs start with standard ATN codons except for theCO1which starts with TCG in both species. All PCGs terminate with the common stop codons TAA or TAG, except for theCO2andND5in both species andND4inS. stercorariawhich end with a single T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]