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High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and Fructose (FR) are widely used sweeteners in many foods and beverages. This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of HFCS (5%–30%) and FR (62.5–2000 μg/mL) using MTT assay in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and genotoxic effects of using Chromosome Aberrations (CAs), Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs), Micronuclei (MN) and comet assays in human lymphocytes. HFCS significantly reduced the cell viability in HepG2 cells at between 7.5% and 30% for 24 and 48 h. 30% HFCS caused a very significant toxic effect. FR had a cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells at all treatments. However, as fructose concentration decreased, the cell viability decreased. HFCS (10%–20%) and FR (250–2000 μg/mL) decreased the mitotic index at higher concentrations. IC50 value was found to be a 15% for 48 h. IC50 value of FR was detected as 62.5 μg/mL for 24 h and 48 h. HFCS significantly increased CAs frequency at 15% and 20%. FR significantly increased the frequency of CAs at 250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL for 48 h. Both sweeteners increased the frequency of SCEs at all concentrations. HFCS (15% and 20%) and FR (250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) induced MN frequency at higher concentrations. HFCS caused DNA damage in comet assay at 10% −30%. FR increased tail intensity and moment at 125-2000 μg/mL and tail length at 62.5, 250 and 500 μg/mL. Therefore, HFCS and FR are clearly seen to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, especially at higher concentrations. HFCS and FR exhibited cytotoxic effect at HepG2 and human lymphocytes at higher concentrations. Both sweeteners increased the frequencies of CAs and SCEs at higher concentrations. HFCS caused DNA damage at 10% -30% concentrations. HFCS (15% and 20%) and FR (250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) induced MN frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast agents have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a radiological method. Gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs), because of their paramagnetic characteristics, are the ones mostly used in MRI to increase signal intensity. However, the use of contrast media has raised concerns on cellular toxic risks of these agents. Studies showed the accumulation of gadolinium after injection to humans with or without renal impairment. Also, there are findings obtained under in vitro and/or in vivo conditions that revealed conflicting results for their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Some of them declared damage in cells and genetic material; some others did not. Abnormal cell growth and genetic aberration are critical because they may lead to carcinogenesis in somatic cells or may be transferred to the next generations through germ cells. Therefore, understanding the effect of GBCAs on cells is important for their safer usage in clinical administrations to generate high‐quality contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images. Because of all these reasons, cellular toxicities—mainly genotoxic and cytotoxic effects—of GBCAs were reviewed in this paper. Contrast agents have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic method. Rapid growth of diagnostic imaging elevated using of gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI to increase signal intensity. However, the use of contrast media has raised concerns on cellular toxic risks of these agents because of the accumulation of gadolinium after injection to humans with or without renal impairment. Therefore, cellular toxicities—mainly genotoxic and cytotoxic effects—of GBCAs were reviewed in this paper for their safer usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several antioxidant food additives are added to oils, soups, sauces, chewing gum, potato chips, and so on. One of them is octyl gallate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of octyl gallate in human lymphocytes, using in vitro chromosomal abnormalities (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt), micronucleus-FISH (MN-FISH), and comet tests. Different concentrations (0.031, 0.063, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 μg/ml) of octyl gallate were used. A negative (distilled water), a positive (0.20 μg/ml Mitomycin-C), and a solvent control (8.77 μl/ml ethanol) were also applied for each treatment. Octyl gallate did not cause changes in chromosomal abnormalities, micronucleus, nuclear bud (NBUD), and nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB) frequency. Similarly, there was no significant difference in DNA damage (comet assay), percentage of centromere positive and negative cells (MN-FISH test) compared to the solvent control. Moreover, octyl gallate did not affect replication and nuclear division index. On the other hand, it significantly increased the SCE/cell ratio in three highest concentrations compared to solvent control at 24 h treatment. Similarly, at 48 h treatment, the frequency of SCE raised significantly compared to solvent controls at all the concentrations (except 0.031 μg/ml). An important reduction was detected in mitotic index values in the highest concentration at 24 h treatment and almost all concentrations (except 0.031 and 0.063 µg/ml) at 48 h treatment. The results obtained suggest that octyl gallate has no important genotoxicological action on human peripheral lymphocytes at the concentrations applied in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease and is also known as high blood pressure. The large majority of hypertensive patients need long-term administration of antihypertensive agents. Indapamide is an orally administered diuretic antihypertensive drug. The present work aimed to assess the possible genotoxic effects of indapamide using four different assays: chromosomal aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus (MN), and comet. Lymphocytes from three different donors were exposed to 18.75, 37.50, 75.00, and 100.00 μg/ml indapamide. Additionally, a negative, a positive (mitomycin C = MMC, 0.20 μg/ml), and a solvent control (5.4 μl/ml methanol) were also applied. As a result, it was seen that indapamide did not cause a significant change in CAs and MN frequencies compared to the control. It caused significant damage only at the highest concentration in the comet assay. Similarly, while it did not affect the number of SCEs in the 24-h treatment, it increased the SCE frequency at the two highest concentrations in the 48-h. Mitotic index (MI) decreased at almost all concentrations. Considering all these results, this study revealed that indapamide did not have a significant genotoxic effect in these conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation about the genotoxic effect of indapamide in human lymphocytes in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside, mainly present in the seeds of the Rosaceae family such as apricots, peaches, and bitter almond. In this study, in vitro genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of amygdalin have been investigated on human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay. The antigenotoxic effect of amygdalin was performed against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using three different treatment types (pre‐, simultaneous, and post‐treatment). The isolated lymphocytes were incubated with different concentrations of amygdalin (0.86–13.75 µg/ml) alone and in combination with H2O2 (100 µM). The results indicated that amygdalin exhibited an antigenotoxic effect against H2O2, but it did not induce the genotoxic effect alone in tested concentrations in vitro on human lymphocytes. Practical applications: Amygdalin is a natural compound used in alternative medicine as an anti‐cancer, antipyretic, and cough suppressant. The comet assay which is relatively simple, rapid, sensitive, and economically efficient, measures the changes in genomic stability. Assessment of amygdalin alone has no genotoxic effect on human lymphocytes. Moreover, antigenotoxicity applications (pre‐, simultaneous, and post‐treatments) of amygdalin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by H2O2 on isolated human lymphocytes. In conclusion, amygdalin is not genotoxic, also, it exhibited antigenotoxic activity against oxidatively damaged DNA due to its antioxidant properties on human lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enniatin A (EN-A) is a Fusarium mycotoxin which is a common contaminant in grains and especially in maize and it causes serious loss of product. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell line, and genotoxic effects of EN-A using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronuclei (MN) and comet assays in human lymphocytes. The cells were treated with 0.07, 0.14, 0.29, 0.57, 1.15, 2.29, 4.59 and 9.17 μM concentrations of EN-A. It exhibited cytotoxic effects in HeLa cell lines especially when the concentrations were increased. The half-inhibitory value (IC50) was determined as 1.15 μM concentration for 24 h and 0.57 μM concentration for 48 h. However, EN-A failed to affect the frequency of CAs, SCEs and MN in human lymphocytes. Only a slight increase was observed in the frequency of SCEs at 0.57 μM concentration over 48 h. The replication (RI) and nuclear division (NDI) indices were not affected. On the contrary, EN-A decreased the mitotic index (MI) significantly at all concentrations compared to the negative control and solvent control (except at 0.29 μM for 24 h, and except at 0.14, 0.29 and 0.57 μM for 48 h). Treatments over 2.29 μM showed toxic effects in human lymphocytes. EN-A significantly increased comet tail intensity (except at 0.07 and 0.57 μM) in isolated human lymphocytes. The results of this study demonstrate that EN-A has an obvious cytotoxic effect especially when the EN-A concentration was increased. In addition, EN-A could exhibit a mild genotoxic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trazodone and milnacipran are the active antidepressant drugs that are being used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this study, thein vitrogenotoxic effects of trazodone and milnacipran have been determined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by using chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronuclei (MN), and comet assays. 3.13; 6.25; 12.50; 25.00; 50.00; and 75.00 μg/mL concentrations of trazodone and 2.50; 5.00; 10.00; 20.00; 30.00; and 40.00 μg/mL concentrations of milnacipran were used. Trazodone and milnacipran significantly increased the frequency of CAs and SCEs compared with the control. Both of the active ingredients raised the MN frequency in a dose-dependent manner. Mitotic index was significantly decreased, but replication and nuclear division indices were not affected at all treatments. Trazodone was statistically increased the mean comet tail intensity, tail length, and tail moment at three concentrations (6.25; 12.50; and 25.00 μg/mL) compared with control. Two highest concentrations (50 and 75 μg/mL) of trazodone were toxic in the comet assay. Milnacipran increased the comet tail intensity, tail length, and tail moment at all concentrations. It is concluded that trazodone and milnacipran have clastogenic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytesin vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cynarin is an artichoke phytochemical that possesses a variety of pharmacological features including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. The origin of artichoke species appears to be Mediterranean region. Two of these species, globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis DC), are widely cultivated and consumed. This vegetable, as the basis of the mediterranean diet, has been used as herbal medicine for its therapeutic effects since ancient times. Therefore, this study was performed to determine genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of cynarin against MMC (mitomycin C) and H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) induced genomic instability using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN), and comet assays in human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from two healthy volunteers (1 male and 1 female) were exposed to different concentrations of cynarin (12–194 μM) alone and the combination of cynarin and MMC (0.60 μM) or cynarin and H 2 O 2 (100 μM, only for comet assay). Cynarin alone did not induce significant genotoxic effect in the CA, SCE (except 194 μM), MN, and comet assays. The combination of some concentrations of cynarin and MMC decreased the frequency of CAs, SCEs and MN induced by MMC. Furthermore, the combination of cynarin and H 2 O 2 reduced all comet parameters at all the concentrations compared to H 2 O 2 alone. While the highest concentrations of cynarin significantly decreased mitotic index (MI), the combination of cynarin and MMC increased the reduction of MI induced by MMC alone. All the results obtained in this study demonstrated that cynarin exhibited antigenotoxic effects rather than genotoxic effects. It is believed that cynarin can act as a potential chemo-preventive against genotoxic agents. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sitagliptin is an active ingredient of antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, the genotoxic effects of sitagliptin were determined in human lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN) and comet assays. 31.25–1000 μg/mL concentrations of sitagliptin were used. Sitagliptin significantly increased the frequency of CAs and SCEs at the highest concentration at 24 h treatment and all concentrations (except 250 μg/mL for CA, except 31.25 and 62.50 μg/mL for SCE) at 48 h treatment compared with solvent control (DMSO). This compound increased the MN at only the highest concentration compared with the solvent control. Mitotic index (MI) significantly decreased at the three highest concentrations of sitagliptin at 48 h treatment. However, replication (RI) and nuclear division (NDI) indices were not affected at all the treatments. Comet assay results indicated that sitagliptin significantly increased mean comet tail intensity and tail moment at only two concentrations (62.50 and 1000 μg/mL for intensity, 125 and 1000 μg/mL for tail moment), and tail length at all concentrations (except 125 and 500 μg/mL). It was concluded that higher concentration of sitagliptin had genotoxic effects in the human lymphocytes in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food additives are approved chemicals used for various purposes in foods; to provide nutritional safety, increase flavor, extend shelf life, reduce nutrient losses etc. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic effects of flavor enhancers, Monopotassium glutamate (MPG) and Magnesium diglutamate (MDG) were investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt), and comet assays. Four concentrations of MPG (125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (93.75, 187.5, 375, and 750 μg/mL) were used. Both food additives significantly reduced mitotic index and increased the frequency of CAs at high concentrations. MPG and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased SCEs/Cell in concentration-dependent manner. In the CBMN-Cyt test, both MPG and MDG increased the formation of micronucleus, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges compared to control in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these increases were statistically significant at higher concentrations. MPG (at 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased DNA damages observed by comet assay. It is concluded from these results that MPG and MDG have clastogenic, mutagenic, aneugenic, and cytotoxic effects, particularly at high concentrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. • Genotoxic effects of MPG and MDG were investigated in in vitro. • This is the first study examining their genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. • MPG and MDG have genotoxic effects especially at only high concentrations. • Additional animal and human studies should be performed to get more information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from various plant genera such as Hypericum and Crataegus. It has an important place in the human diet and is used medically to relieve pain and ameliorate cardiovascular functions. However, a comprehensive profile of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of hyperoside is not known. The current study aimed to investigate the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of hyperoside against genetic damages induced by two genotoxins (MMC and H 2 O 2) using chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronucleus (MN) assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Blood lymphocytes were incubated with 7.8–62.5 μg/mL concentrations of hyperoside alone and simultaneously with 0.20 μg/mL Mitomycin C (MMC) or 100 μM Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Hyperoside did not exhibit genotoxic potential in the CA, SCE, and MN assays. Moreover, it did not cause a decrease in mitotic index (MI) which is an indicator of cytotoxicity. On the other hand, hyperoside significantly decreased CA, SCE, and MN (except for MMC treatment) frequencies induced by MMC and H 2 O 2. Hyperoside, increased mitotic index against both mutagenic agents at 24-h treatment when compared to positive control. Our results demonstrate that hyperoside exhibited antigenotoxic effects rather than genotoxic in vitro human lymphocytes. Therefore, hyperoside may be a potential preventive agent in inhibiting chromosomal and oxidative damage induced by genotoxic chemicals. [Display omitted] • In vitro genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of hyperoside = HYP were investigated. • This is the first study examining effect of HYP by using CA, SCE and MN tests. • HYP did not induced genotoxic damages in human lymphocytes. • HYP exhibited antigenotoxic activity against MMC and H 2 O 2 genotoxins. • It may provide chemopreventive impacts due to antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]