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The Ruta del Oro Geopark project proposal presents a wide range of interest sites, mainly geological and mining. This allows them to be promoted as tourist itineraries (e.g., georoutes). During tourist visits to the geosites, there must be monitoring to guarantee non-environmental degradation, geoconservation, and economic and social sustainability. Therefore, this work aims to conduct an environmental and tourism carrying capacity assessment of six geosites within the Ruta del Oro Geopark project through a modified cause-effect method for the sustainable strengthening and optimal use of geotourism. The methodology consisted of selecting geosites of high interest within the Ruta del Oro Geopark (El Sexmo mine, Zaruma-Urcu hill, El Calvario hill, Portovelo hot springs, El Chimbo waterfall, and Salvias River) to carry out a geoenvironmental and tourism carrying capacity assessment. This evaluation served to propose geotourism sustainability strategies as a tool for decision-makers. Eight environmental aspects are classified as favorable, highlighting the visual element, social recreation, and cultural symbol. In comparison, there are four unfavorable aspects, the main one being the impact on flora and fauna. Within the carrying capacity assessment, visitor numbers vary between 518 − 99 per day, with the El Sexmo mine standing out for its adequate geotourism sites. The analysis and evaluation allowed us to propose improvement strategies to promote and make optimal use of the geosites based on geotourism, geoeducation, and geoconservation pillars. A fundamental axis is the governmental participation through plans that motivate awareness and sustainable tourism, as well as geocommunication of the unique values of each geosite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current research is to propose a model for geoeducation in tourism destinations, which facilitates the sustainable utilization of geoheritage and supports its conservation. To gather data for the formulation of the research model, a systematic review of the existing literature was conducted. For this systematic review and to identify the concepts and variables of geoeducation in tourism destinations, the meta-synthesis method was used. The results show that the proposed model consists of three main dimensions: clarifying, communicating, and aligning. The clarifying dimension improves the understanding and evaluation of geoheritage by focusing on disclosing information about intrinsic and acquired values. The communicating dimension promotes and strengthens geological values in society using components like advertising, explanation, understanding, and persuasion. The aligning dimension integrates educational and operational processes with geological values by emphasizing human resources, equipment, institutions, participation and cooperation, geological interpretation, organizing, experiential learning, and information and communication technology. The main innovation of this research lies in presenting a model that clarifies these dimensions and components and enables the assessment and measurement of their impact. This feature allows the model to be effectively evaluated and improved in educational and conservation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The inventory of geoheritage is important for the geoconservation, management, and public awareness of geoheritage sites. Due to the limited focus on geotourism research and inventory of geoheritage sites in Africa, it is crucial to adopt a methodology to inventory, evaluate, and prioritize them. Through this case of the Kruger National Park in South Africa, this paper contributes to new knowledge on national systematic geoheritage inventory. Fifteen geoheritage sites are evaluated according to six indicators. Findings revealed that out of 15 geoheritage sites, eight geoheritage sites have both very high geotourism and cultural value. It is suggested that projects in Africa should start by creating a list of geoheritage sites to be used as geotourism attractions, as outlined in this paper, especially in areas where geoheritage and geotourism are not yet considered. This study could serve as a basis for similar studies to be conducted in other developing countries where geotourism has not yet been recognised.

The Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark (NSAUUG) territory is located in the Amazonian foothills of Ecuador. It encompasses landscapes and geoforms associated with igneous and sedimentary materials that reveal Earth’s geological history. This study examines the relationship between knowledge and the use of the geopark’s geodiversity for promoting geoconservation and geotourism. A total of 18 geological sites, part of NSAUGG´s, have been identified and classified according to their origin, geological objects and cultural affinity. The classification of geosites describes the geodiversity in terms of igneous and sedimentary rocks, as well as their economic and mining activity. A SWOT analysis was used to generate geoconservation strategies. The results herein presented provide information on the geological features present in the aspiring geopark territory. The interaction between geodiversity, biodiversity and the habitants who use geosites, provides optimal conditions for the promotion of geotourism with cultural, natural, and adventure components. Finally, it is important to ease collaboration between community initiatives, public strategies, and policies to support NSAUGG community development through geotourism and geosites conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the Sites of Geotouristic Interest (SGIs) on the volcanic island of La Palma, Spain. The objective is to identify, select, characterize and evaluate SGIs, for the first time on this island, in order to promote volcano tourism and diversify the tourist leisure offerings. A variety of methods have been used to identify, select and characterize the SGIs, including bibliographic review, topographic, geological and geomorphological mapping, and field work during the 2021, 2022 and 2023 surveys. To evaluate the SGIs, the criteria developed by Reynard et al. (Geoheritage 8:43-60, 2007, Geoheritage 8:43-60, 2016) have been used, which includes scientific (Vs), additional (Va) and “use and management” (Vum) values. The findings indicate that: 1) the 52 SGIs are well-preserved, many of them are protected; 2) they are easily accessible to tourists; 3) the SGIs are representative of the volcanic geoheritage and the erosion and sedimentary geoforms of the main geological units defined in this active volcanic island. The SGIs have an average Vs value of 0.60, higher than the Va value of 0.46. However, the Vum value needs improvement in terms of the touristic information provided and minimizing the impacts of touristic use. This work provides a comprehensive database for both the public administration and active tourism companies to develop initiatives for volcano tourism in La Palma, contributing to the promotion of geotourism and diversifying their offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the study of geoheritage has gained global importance, and in the case of Costa Rica, the first investigations have been carried out to identify geosites, as well as the interest in establishing a geopark in the La Amistad-Pacífico Conservation Area. This research focuses on identifying, analyzing, and evaluating the geosites in the Altamira Sector of the La Amistad International Park (PILA, in Spanish) to understand their state of geoconservation and their potential for geotourism. The methodology consists of three steps: geosites identification through geomorphological mapping, fieldwork, and bibliographic research; historical-cultural characterization using documentation related to natural history, expeditions, art, and sacred sites; and geosites evaluation based on criteria such as form, condition, ecosystems, management, and conservation, as well as their relevance to geotourism and their impact on local communities. Four geosites were identified in the Altamira sector: Valley of Silencio, Kamuk Hill, Gemelo-Pittier Hills, and The Esperanza savanna. These geosites feature valleys dissected by channels due to fluvial processes, as well as landscapes shaped by steep volcanic slopes, river action, and periglacial processes. Historical-cultural references were found, including artistic documents, legends, and stories linking them to Costa Rican indigenous culture. Geosites evaluation revealed high scores in criteria related to intrinsic values that define these sites as highlights of geoheritage due to their unique characteristics. However, weaknesses were identified in the Use and Management criteria, primarily in terms of infrastructure to promote geotourism. It is concluded that the selected geosites are representative of their geological and geomorphological evolution, housing valuable information about the natural processes that shaped the territory and serving as evidence of the country's natural and cultural history. Additionally, they stand out as suitable places to promote geoheritage conservation through activities such as research, education, cultural events, and geotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jurassic section at Gintsi Village (Western Balkan Mts, Bulgaria), including the Zaskogo natural landmark, has been reevaluated as a geosite of continental significance with high scientific, educational, and historical value to Bulgarian geology. With its diverse lithology and rich fossils (ammonites, bivalves, belemnites, brachiopods) spanning more than 55 Ma (from the Hettangian to Tithonian, but also including the Berriasian and Valanginian of the Early Cretaceous), this geosite has been the subject of great interest since the late 19th century. Geotourism can be a great benefit to this geosite due to its natural (and geological) diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Madeira forms part of the Madeira Archipelago, an Autonomous Region of Portugal, in the NE Atlantic Ocean. The Madeira Archipelago was built on 140-million-year-old oceanic crust. The exposed geology of Madeira is comprised of the Miocene (> 5.6 million years old) Basal (Inferior), Pleistocene-Miocene (1.8–5.6 million years old) Intermediate Volcanic, Pleistocene (0.7–1.8 million years old) Upper (Superior) Volcanic, and Holocene-Pleistocene (0.007-0.7 million years old) Upper (Superior) Volcanic complexes, generating the landforms and landscapes for which the island is renowned. There are at least 17 geosites on Madeira, including those in the Ponta de São Lourenço, Porto da Cruz, São Vicente Valley, Pico Ruivo, and Ponta da Cruz areas. Geotourism is not as well developed as cultural or biodiversity tourism on Madeira, however, it represents another way for tourists to explore the island’s natural heritage if done in a sustainable manner. Future studies are required to better delineate and set up georoutes on Madeira, particularly in the Ponta de São Lourenço, Porto da Cruz, and São Vicente Valley areas. It is envisaged that the aforementioned geosites could be linked by a single georoute around Madeira, the Madeira Georoute. Further investigation of the geosites identified by this study is required to ensure that these sites are managed and conserved, thereby protecting the geoheritage of Madeira. Geoconservation, sustainable tourism and the cooperation between the public and government authorities (including geologists) are required to improve geotourism on Madeira. The application of the Inventario Español de Lugares de Interés Geológico (IELIG) and Geosite Assessment (GA) models are required to assess and manage threats to Madeira’s geoheritage sites. Such threats include coastal erosion and human activities, such as mass tourism and urban expansion. It is proposed that the government of the Autonomous Region of Madeira in consultation with local and regional stakeholders should submit an application to create a UNESCO Global Geopark on the island of Madeira. This territorial sustainable development approach should be implemented based on the principles of geotourism, geoconservation, and geoeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to inventory and assess the geomorphological heritage of the Uruburetama Massif, located in the Semi-arid Northeast of Brazil. This granite massif constitutes one of the typical residual reliefs formed by differential erosion that stand out along regional planation surfaces. It is an area with a great diversity of macro and micro granitic features, whose genesis is associated with different weathering, fracturing, and exhumation processes, making it a very didactic area in terms of regional geomorphological interpretation. The evaluation of the geomorphological heritage of this area was carried out through Pereira (2006) methodology for qualitative and quantitative assessment of geomorphological heritage, aiming at analyzing the possibilities of implementing geotourism activities focused on local development, promotion, recognition, and valorization of local granitic landforms with heritage value. As a result, 27 sites of geomorphological interest were identified, and 6 geotouristic routes were suggested to facilitate the visitation of these sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of geodiversity provides insight into the potential and limitations of an area's physical environment, making it highly valuable for public and private managers in supporting the development of appropriate land use and occupation proposals for a region. In this perspective, the Geodiversity Map of the coast of the state of Pernambuco was created by combining the Geodiversity Map of the Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) and the Geodiversity Map of the Southern Coast of Pernambuco. Both were developed by the Geological Survey of Brazil through bibliographic studies and field surveys of geology, geomorphology, soils, and superficial formations, resulting in fifteen geological-environmental units composed of materials that significantly influence the suitability and usage constraints of the region. An example is the DCT unit, which covers a substantial area along the coastal zone of the northernmost municipalities of the RMR. Composed of sediments with varied composition (irregular alternation between layers of sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and gravel), it is widely used for urban occupation and mineral exploitation (borrow material in civil construction). However, on the slopes of the plateaus, particularly near the cliffs along the coastline, this area is unsuitable for housing due to the risk of landslides caused by slope gradients and the high susceptibility of these materials to erosion. Other information of significant importance and interest for public managers can be obtained as a result of this geodiversity study, such as mineral resources, groundwater potential and quality, geotechnical characterization, and areas prone to geological-geotechnical events that could impact land use, among others. All this knowledge is valuable for developing public policies and guiding actions by managers to generate employment and income, protect the environment, and promote health in the region.

This paper outlines the 10 major topics related to geodiversity that have emerged since the concept was first introduced in 1993, 30 years ago. After a short introduction, each of the 10 topics is then illustrated by a relevant case study. The 10 topics (italics) and their case studies (bold) are as follows: 1. Celebrating, International Geodiversity Day; 2. Measurement/Assessment, Potential role of remote sensing; 3. Natural Capital and Geosystem Services, Coastal geosystem services; 4. Biodiversity, Mangue de Pedra, Brazil; 5. Geomaterials, The circular economy; 6. Geotourism, World's top geotourism sites?; 7. Geoheritage, Landscape restoration; 8. National Geoconservation, Trump golf course and an SSSI, Scotland; 9. World Heritage Sites and Global Geoparks, Azores Global Geopark, Portugal; 10. Sustainability, Xitle Volcano, Mexico City. It is concluded that, given the way in which geodiversity has developed as a concept, leading to new insights and avenues of research and advancing our understanding of the world since its first use, it clearly now constitutes a significant, geoscientific paradigm. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morocco hosts a wealth of geological heritage, alongside a rich and varied palaeontological heritage that dates back 1.7 billion years, and archaeological assets that chronicle the biological evolution of the human species and their cultural activities. Research into Morocco's geoheritage has pinpointed several sites and monuments, both nationally and internationally recognised, noted for their unique geological formations and aesthetic appeal. This study aims to offer a comprehensive review of the geoheritage research conducted in Morocco over the last 14 years (2008–2022). This research is sourced from databases including Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The documents retrieved have been meticulously reviewed after isolating publications that primarily focus on Moroccan geoheritage sites. The findings indicate a growing trend in the number of studies conducted in this realm over the years. Initially, most research concentrated on the identification and characterisation of Morocco's geoheritage localities. However, with the burgeoning interest in this field, geoscientists have broadened their scope to explore diverse facets of geoheritage site evaluation, encompassing aspects such as geoparks, geotourism, geoeducation, and geoconservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although geoheritage is gaining importance wordwide, much appreciation is still required for the overlooked geoheritage resources. The geoheritage of Saudi Arabia is promising and gaining much attention towards geoconversation and geotourism, but thematic publications are limited compared to the global context. This paper aims to identify the relevant geosites in Saudi Arabia according to the IUCN theme and propose a geoheritage strategic plan. For identification of the geosite, we have conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and online material, including web blogs, YouTube videos, social media, and governmental websites. For the strategic plan for known/unknown geosite, published literature from established geoparks with similar key landforms has been reviewed. Seven IUCN themes can be linked with the geoheritage of Saudi Arabia. Most of these sites are local tourist spots, therefore, immense potential for the geotourism development. The key geomorphological heritage in Saudi Arabia is volcanic harrat, escarpment, cave, mesas, butte, pinnacle, canyon, island, aeolian dune, and submarine corals. Geological heritage includes various fossils in Tuwaiq Mountain. Submarine geoheritage includes different colourful corals and rock structures with high scientific value. Biodiversity-protected area and cultural heritage site enhance the geoheritage value of the geosite, and its geotourism importance.

Coastal zones, with their significant geodiversity, are vital areas for geotourism. Effective management is crucial to harness the geological interest of these sites as geotourism resources while ensuring their conservation. Manabí Province is one of the most representative regions along the Ecuadorian coast due to its beaches and coastal cliffs, offering a wealth of tourist attractions and cultural elements. This study aims to evaluate the geosite potential of six cliffs in Manabí Province through quantitative and qualitative analyses to propose geotourism promotion strategies. The methodology involves (i) inventory and characterisation of the cliffs, (ii) assessment of the sites by the Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest method (IELIG), and (iii) qualitative evaluation through focus group discussions and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The results reveal that all six sites boast diverse geological assets, including geomorphological, stratigraphic, sedimentological, and tectonic elements. They are characterised by “high” scientific, didactic, and tourist interest, while also being susceptible to degradation due to natural and anthropic threats. The SWOT analysis demonstrates that the valuable geological and geomorphological heritage of potential geosites provides an opportunity to foster geotourism and boost the province’s economy, incorporating geoconservation and geoeducation strategies. This study proposes a georoute called “Ruta Acantilados del Sol”, a 245 km journey encompassing all six sites, incorporating diverse tourist and cultural activities. Our research lays the foundation for fostering geotourism along the Manabí coast and strengthening the connection between nature, heritage, and the welfare of residents within a global resilience plan.

The number of geoconservation studies in Costa Rica has been increasing in the last 10 years. The Poás Volcano National Park has been characterized as one of the most visited places in Costa Rica where many tourists come to see one of the most emblematic volcanoes in the country and Central America. This study documents the process of recognizing five key geomorphosites of volcanic origin where Principal Crater stands out as the site with the highest overall value. Other places of interest are the Botos Cone and Von Frantzius Cone, whose proximity to the Principal Crater is a scenic attraction that many visitors take advantage of to enjoy the landscape that the volcano offers. All the geomorphosites have cultural and historical relevance as Costa Ricans have a strong sense of belonging to this volcano. The zoning of the National Park is very restrictive and protects the geomorphosites from human disturbance, which is why Public Use Zones should be used to access the geomorphosites proposed in this article. We evaluate the geomorphosites in the Poás Volcano National Park and how it has influenced the Costa Rican population, having been an inspiration for artists and scientists who developed artistic works and several studies related to this volcano.

Although geoheritage is gaining importance wordwide, much appreciation is still required for the overlooked geoheritage resources. The geoheritage of Saudi Arabia is promising and gaining much attention towards geoconversation and geotourism, but thematic publications are limited compared to the global context. This paper aims to identify the relevant geosites in Saudi Arabia according to the IUCN theme and propose a geoheritage strategic plan. For identification of the geosite, we have conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and online material, including web blogs, YouTube videos, social media, and governmental websites. For the strategic plan for known/unknown geosite, published literature from established geoparks with similar key landforms has been reviewed. Seven IUCN themes can be linked with the geoheritage of Saudi Arabia. Most of these sites are local tourist spots, therefore, immense potential for the geotourism development. The key geomorphological heritage in Saudi Arabia is volcanic harrat, escarpment, cave, mesas, butte, pinnacle, canyon, island, aeolian dune, and submarine corals. Geological heritage includes various fossils in Tuwaiq Mountain. Submarine geoheritage includes different colourful corals and rock structures with high scientific value. Biodiversity-protected area and cultural heritage site enhance the geoheritage value of the geosite, and its geotourism importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NEOM in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia comprises of range of geodiversity like desert, mountain, and coast. This paper is a pioneering approach to document the geoheritage value of key landforms with outstanding scientific, educational, touristic, and additional value. The objective of this study is to prepare an inventory of the key geosites. The methodology involves the identification of geosites and geoheritage assessment and identifies geotourism potential. The study revealed ten key geosites, classified into geomorphological, geological, and geoarchaeological sites. Major key landforms are canyon, yardang, honeycomb structure, columnar basaltic lava, syn- and post-sedimentary deformation, denuded landscape, gullies in evaporite, alluvial fan, dyke swarm, and valley. The tectonic process in different geological phases formed various-scale deformations and fault structures, modified by rainfall and fluvial systems, including various gully and alluvial fans. Further, substantial shifting of the environment from the fluvial to the aeolian environment and weathering along the tectonic structures within a single territory of NEOM represent the geodiversity. Biodiversity and archaeological imprint in the geosites enhanced the additional value of the geosite. The study recommends that these ten sites be conserved and promoted for geotourism through the involvement of academicians, policymakers, and local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterizes the submerged geomorphology around Annobón, São Tomé, and Príncipe Islands, and the De Santarém–Escobar seamount in the Cameroon Volcanic Line or CVL (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa) through analyses of topographic relief and coastal bathymetry, and data from fieldwork and historical fossil collections. The clear relation between each submerged island and the seamount morphology of the CVL and the various stages of coral reef development according to Darwin's subsidence hypothesis meets the concept of intangible geoheritage. This type of geoheritage is related to phenomena rather than to a thing, and it is usually highly evaluated by scientific communities. Academics tend to use science-based discourse to explain this theory, but it is rarely understood by non-specialist audiences. This work proposes a virtual geo-itinerary along the submerged geomorphology of the CVL islands and seamounts, which aims at telling the geohistory of the coral reefs' origin and evolution according to Darwin's theory, and disclosing its geoheritage contents for further sustainable uses. The resulting narrative can be used to support geotourism initiatives and to support the United Nations' objectives for Small Island Developing States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of geoconservation studies in Costa Rica has been increasing in the last 10 years. The Poás Volcano National Park has been characterized as one of the most visited places in Costa Rica where many tourists come to see one of the most emblematic volcanoes in the country and Central America. This study documents the process of recognizing five key geomorphosites of volcanic origin where Principal Crater stands out as the site with the highest overall value. Other places of interest are the Botos Cone and Von Frantzius Cone, whose proximity to the Principal Crater is a scenic attraction that many visitors take advantage of to enjoy the landscape that the volcano offers. All the geomorphosites have cultural and historical relevance as Costa Ricans have a strong sense of belonging to this volcano. The zoning of the National Park is very restrictive and protects the geomorphosites from human disturbance, which is why Public Use Zones should be used to access the geomorphosites proposed in this article. We evaluate the geomorphosites in the Poás Volcano National Park and how it has influenced the Costa Rican population, having been an inspiration for artists and scientists who developed artistic works and several studies related to this volcano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered by many to be one of the last hidden treasures, the Príncipe Island, off the coast of west-central Africa, is part of the twin-island state of São Tomé and Príncipe—the second smallest country in Africa. The islands are known as the “Galápagos of Africa” due to the high number of endemic plant and animal species, especially vascular plants, mollusks, insects, birds, reptiles, and bats. They are a melting pot of influences from different cultures and have a unique and authentic character in terms of language, culture, gastronomy, traditions, and geology. The Príncipe Island is 30.4 My old, being the oldest volcanic island of the Cameroon Volcanic Line located at the Gulf of Guinea (West Africa). It has an area of 142 km2 and a population of only about 8420 people. Rainforest covers the island’s basaltic peaks and slopes, cascading down to spectacular deserted beaches. In 2012, the Príncipe Island was declared UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve. However, there is a great lack of knowledge about its geodiversity and geological heritage. The aim of this work is to describe the geoheritage of the Príncipe Island based on seven selected geosites that represent the major geological characteristics of the island by interconnecting each episode of its formation with the observable products in outcropping. The resulting narrative makes it possible to support educational activities and geotourism initiatives that are fundamental to the promotion of sustainable development in this tiny African country. By integrating the geodiversity dimension to the biodiversity dimension, this research intends to display a holistic vision of the natural heritage of the Príncipe Island and to contribute to assist United Nation’s goals regarding Small Island Developing States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Monti Pisani massif (Tuscany, central Italy) is an isolated mountain relief known for its rich geodiversity, including a remarkable palaeontological heritage from the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The Palaeozoic record consists of exquisitely preserved plant remains and rarer invertebrates of Permo-Carboniferous age, which testify to extensive rainforests and large swamps that thrived in an alluvial system under a humid, (sub)tropical climate. In addition to invertebrate shells, invertebrate trace fossils and microbial structures, the Mesozoic record features a diverse Middle Triassic tetrapod ichnoassemblage consisting of tracks of lepidosauromorphs, archosaurs (among which are the earliest dinosauromorph fossils of Italy) and nonmammalian therapsids. These vertebrates lived in a subsiding costal setting that stretched across an expanding rift valley under a subarid climate. The Cenozoic record features abundant fossils of terrestrial vertebrates (including spectacular members of the mammalian megafauna) from karst deposits, testifying to the manifold inhabitants of the massif during the glacial and interglacial phases of the Late Pleistocene. Overall, this long-lasting fossil record remarkably demonstrates how much the Earth's environments have been changing through the Phanerozoic. The outstanding palaeontological heritage of the Monti Pisani area is in need of specific efforts of conservation and valorisation, especially with respect to the many palaeontological sites that punctuate the massif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Azores UNESCO Global Geopark, located in the North Atlantic Ocean is a volcanic archipelago with several non-inhabited islets and nine inhabited islands. The 27 volcanic systems with polygenetic central volcanoes and volcanic ridges, most of them active but dormant, represent an exuberant geological heritage, most of which (77% of geosites) is protected. The quantity and quality of the Azorean geosites, their international relevance, and high range of geodiversity, together with the rich biodiversity and the notable cultural heritage of the archipelago sustain the Azores UNESCO Global Geopark through the motto “Nine Islands - One Geopark”. The Azores Geopark, the first archipelagic geopark in the world, is established on the basis of 121 geosites distributed across the nine islands and surrounding marine area. The unique geological and geographical setting of the archipelago allowed the development of outstanding landscapes and a culture that is deeply linked to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. One of the priorities of the geopark is to provide the tools and knowledge for sustainable use of this heritage e through geotourism. Here, we review the Geopark, and introduce a new geosite, the Ponta da Ajuda, the largest and best outcrop of columnar jointing on São Miguel island.

AbstractTo find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses.Keywords: Evaluation, Geomorphosite, Geotourism, Geopark, Geoconservation, Khorasan Razavi. IntroductionGeomorphosites and geosites are parts of geodiversity and geoheritage. The protection of the geological heritage is an important goal for planners and managers (Brilha, 2015). Geomorphosites are the main components of the development of geotourism, which have certain values such as scientific, cultural, historical, aesthetic, and social economics. The maintenance and discovery of geodiversity and their evaluation can be geoconservation objectives and are considered the basis of particular geotourism activities (Andrasanu, 2009). One of the most effective ways of protecting and conserving geodiversity is to protect and preserve its valuable landmarks such as geoheritage (geological and geomorphic heritage). This study aims to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s (2017) native model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi. It includes parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. The longitude of the area is between 56 to 57 degrees (east) and the latitude is between 35 to 36 degrees (north). Materials and MethodsThis study uses an analytical-comparative approach for the evaluation of geosites and geomorphosites. The data were collected using library and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel software. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. (2017) designed for Iran's geoparks is computed with eight scientific, educational, service, protection and conservation, cultural, aesthetic, ecological, and indigenous values. In Brilha’s model, geosites and geomorphosites are scored based on the four main criteria of science, educational potential, touristic potential, and degradation risk (protective value). Comanescu’s model (2011) is based on five values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic, and management). Fassoulas et al. (2012) presented a method of four educational, tourist, ecological, and conservation criteria (a score of 1 to 10) for a quantitative study of geosites to protect the geoheritage. Research FindingsThe results of this study show that Kalshoor River, watercolor, Sheikholeslami Qanat, Ophiolite Melange, Kamiz Dam, talus, fans, watershed management, catching in the watershed, and Mushroom Stone are respectively 10 geomorphosites that have the highest geoconservation scores. Drawing shapes, ripple marks, meander, Dike Nahaldan, Sabzevar Claypan, fault, perpendicular layers, sandy pyramids, manifold, and hamada have the lowest scores in geoconservation, respectively. In total, it can be said that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models; instead, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. The Brilha method is the closest method to Shayan Yeganeh et al. for evaluating geomorphosites considering that the aesthetic and economic aspect of geomorphic cultures is insignificant. The models of Comanescu and Fassoulas are at later stages. Comanescu paid less attention to service values, and Fassoulas weakly examines the ecology of geomorphosites. Discussion of Results and Conclusion According to this study, it can be said that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model has good coverage of geomorphotoristic potential assessment. After assessing the potential of geomorphotourism, it can be calculated for each geopark as well. In this model, water forms like the Kalshoor River, watercolor, and Qanat Shaykholeslami have the highest protection levels, and wind and water shapes like drawing shapes, ripple marks, and Meander, have the weakest scores in the geoconservation of geoheritage. It can be concluded from the comparison of the models that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The latter can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions. References- Abedini, M., Hemmati, T., Nezafat Tekle, B., & Khayati, A. (2022). Evaluating the capabilities of sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites using the Comanescu model and the Pavlova model (Case study: Sabalan tourist route to Hiran Pass). Quarterly Journal of Tourism Space, 11(44), 19-37 (in Persian).- Andrasanu, A. (2009). Geoeducation-a key part of geoconservation. Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, 5-16.- Arora, K., Rajput, S., & Anand, R. (2020). Geomorphosites assessment for the development of scientific geo-tourism in north and middle andaman's, india. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 32(4), 1244-1251. DOI 10.30892/gtg.32408-564.- Artugyan, L. (2017). Geomorphosites assessment in karst terrains: Anina karst region (Banat Mountains, Romania). Geoheritage, 9(2), 153–162 . DOI:10.1007/s12371-016-0188-x.- Brilha J. (2015). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: A review. The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage.- Burek, C. V., & Prosser, C. D. (2008). The history of geoconservation: An introduction. London: Geological Society, 1-5.- Carrión-Mero, P., Ayala-Granda, A., Serrano-Ayala, S., Morante-Carballo, F., Aguilar-Aguilar, M., Gurumendi-Noriega, M., … & Berrezueta, E. (2020). Assessment of geomorphosites for geotourism in the northern part of the “ruta escondida” (Quito, Ecuador). Sustainability, 12(20), 8468.- Cleal, C. J. (2007). Geoconservation – what on earth are we doing? Regional Conference on Geoconservation: Geological heritage in the South-European Europe. Book of abstracts (p. 25). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from http://arsis.net/circular/ProGEO-Abstract.pdf.- Cocean, G., & Cocean, P. (2017). An assessment of gorges for purposes of identifying geomorphosites of geotourism value in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania). Geoheritage, 9(1), 71–81. DOI: 10.1007/s12371-016-0180-5.- Comanescu, L., Nedelea, A., & Dobre, R. (2011). Evaluation of geomorphosites in vistea valley (Fagaras Mountains-Carpathians, Romania). International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(5), 1161 -1168.- De Lima, F. F., Brilha, J. B., & Salamuni, E. (2010). Inventorying geological heritage in large territories: A methodological proposal applied to Brazil. Geoheritage, 2, 91–99. DOI:10.1007/s12371-010-0014-9.- Ebrahimpour, H., Nemati, V., & Nezafat Taklhe, B. (2022). Investigating the geotourism capabilities of Ardabil province using the Kubalikova model and the Fiolet model (Case study: Nir, Nemin, Sarein). Journal of Geography and Human Relations, 5(3), 144-161 (in Persian).- Fassoulas, C., Mouriki, D., Dimitriou-Nikolakis, P., & Iliopoulos, G. (2012). Quantitative assessment of geotopes as an effective tool for geoheritage management. Geoheritage, 4, 177–193. DOI:10.1007/s12371-011-0046-9.- Kamran, H., Alizadeh, M., & Nikbakht, R. (2020). Evaluation of the capabilities of selected geosites of Isfahan province with Braille model. Geography (Quarterly Scientific-Research and International Journal of the Geographical Society of Iran), 18(64), 5-22 (in Persian).- Kubalíková L., & Kirchner K (2015). Geosite and geomorphosite assessment as a tool for geoconservation and geotourism purposes: A case study from Vizovická vrchovina Highland (eastern part of the Czech Republic). Geoheritage, 12. DOI:10.1007/s12371-015-0143-2- Maghsoudi, M., & Arabameri, A. R. (2017). Quantitative assessment of salt geomorphosites in Semnan Province using Brilha and Pralong methods with emphasis on west province geosites. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 49(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/ JPHGR. 2017. 62844 (in Persian).- Maghsoudi, M., Ganjaeian, H., Safdari, E., & Abdolmalki, M. (2020). Identification and evaluation of pre-geosites of Zanjan province and its impact on sustainable tourism development. Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 14(48), 149-178. https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2020.28234.1804 (in Persian).- Newsome, D., & Dowling, R. K. (Eds.) (2010). Geotourism: The tourism of Geology and Landscape. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Ltd.- Özşahin, E. (2017). Geodiversity assessment in the Ganos (Isıklar) Mount (NW Turkey). Journal of Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(7), 271.- Panizza, M. (2001). Geomorphosites: Concepts, methods and example of geomorphological survey. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 4-6.- Pereira, P., & Pereira, D. (2010). Methodological guidelines for geomorphosite assessment. Geomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environment, 16(2), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7942- Raeisi, R., Dinca, I., Almodaresi, S. A., Swart, M. P., & Boloor, A. (2022). An assessment of geosites and geomorphosites in the Lut Desert of Shahdad Region for potential geotourism development. Land, 11(5), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050736.- Reynard, E. (2004). Geotopos, geomorphosites et paysages geomorphologiques. In Reynard, E., and Pralong, J. P. (Eds.), Paysages geomorphologiques, Travaux and Recherches. 27, IGUL, Lausanne, 123-136.- Reynard, E., Fontana, G., Kozlik, L., & Scapozza, C. (2007). A method for assessing the scientific and additional values of geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica, 62(3), 148-158. DOI:10.5194/gh-62-148-2007.- Saadatyfar, R., Zanganeh Asadi, M. A., & Goli Mokhtari, L. (2021). The importance of tourism land and a proposal for geopark: A priority in the economy of the Northwestern region of Neishabour - Khorasan Razavi. Journal of Sustainable Development & Geographic Environment, 3(4), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.52547/SDGE.3.4.58 (in Persian).- Salari, M. (2019). Evaluation of geomorphosites and analysis of their strengths and weaknesses using GAM and M-GAM models (Case study: Sardasht city). Journal of Environmental Hazards Management, 6(2), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.22059/JHSCI.2019.283578.481 (in Persian).- Yamani, M., Azimirad, S., Bagheri, S., & Shakari, S. S. (2012). Investigating geotourism capabilities of geomorphosites in Saymarreh region using the Pralong method. Journal of Geography and Environmental Sustanability, 2(1), 69-88 (in Persian).- Zanganeh Asadi, M. A., Amirahmadi, A., & Shayan Yeganeh, A. A. (2018). Mechanism of protection of proposed Geopark West of Khorasan Razavi by the Brilha method. 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The Ait Attab syncline, in the southwestern part of the Moroccan Central High Atlas (CHA), is a vast basin characterised by an exceptional geodiversity illustrating the complete sedimentary series in the CHA. This series offers the opportunity to study regional palaeogeography, transgressive and regressive megasequences, Jurassic-Cretaceous volcanism and Atlas tectonics, and various fossils, including dinosaur footprints. The study area also harbours considerable landscape and cultural wealth that can play a significant role in sustainable geotourism and geoeducation development. To promote and protect this geoheritage wealth, the present work provides the first quantitative and qualitative inventory of geosites of interest by adopting Brilha's (2016) method. Thus, 3 geotrails covering 8 geosites and 11 geodiversity sites have been selected. The evaluation of these sites confirms their scientific and educational importance, which helps understand the geological, tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of the Ait Attab syncline. The tourist value of these sites is also high, explained by the high interpretative potential of the geosites and their location as a gateway to the M'Goun Unesco geopark. The degradation risk assessment showed that most of these sites have a medium risk, except for palaeontological and magmatic sites, which have a high degradation risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the Foumbot-Kouomboum region (Noun Plain, Cameroon Volcanic Line), with the main objective of presenting (i) the geomorphological characteristics of the volcanic landforms and (ii) the inventory and evaluation of the main geomorphosites in the Foumbot-Kouomboum region. All the geomorphosites selected in this study are of volcanic origin and include four crater lakes (Monoun Lake, Mfouet Lake, Negop-Ghang Lake, Ngouondam Lake) and four Strombolian cones (Mfomben, Chapchap, Makwet, North-Njitande). Most of these volcanic geomorphosites are accessible and have volcanic features that highlight the geological significance of this region, warranting national and international recognition. These volcanic landscapes have relatively high scientific and additional values. The integrity of many of the selected geomorphosites is preserved and they are representative of the regional geomorphology. Some artisanal and industrial quarries, as well as agro-pastoral activities, tend to degrade certain geomorphosites that currently lack legal protection. The results of the inventory and evaluation of the selected geomorphosites show that they have enormous geotourism, educational and cultural potential that can be studied in depth with the aim of creating an UNESCO Global Geopark. Therefore, it is highly recommended to implement geoconservation policies for these geomorphosites. This will help to safeguard and enhance the natural beauty and unique volcanic landscapes they possess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in Kouoptamo, located in the Noun Plain in Western Cameroon, with the main objective of inventorying and evaluating the geological heritage, and promoting the protection and geoconservation of geosites, and their use in geotourism development. Geosites in the region include dammed lakes (Petpenoun lakes), maars (Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Tchoua Maar), scoria cones (Nkoambeng, Kechuentim, Ngouen volcanoes), a dome (Njigoumbé Dome) and a managed natural area (Petponoun Domain). Most geosites have a high scientific, aesthetic and educational value. The method used for the inventory and assessment of geosites in this work is according to Reynard, et al. (2016), which is more suitable for geological heritage on a regional scale. The scientific value in this method is composed of four criteria, namely rarity, representativeness, integrity and palaeogeographical interest. Each of these criteria is evaluated independently by a numerical score ranging from 0 (nil) to 1 (very high) in intervals of 0.25. The overall average scientific value of the Kouoptamo geosites is 0.77. Nkoambeng Volcano has the highest scientific value (0.88), followed by Tchoua Maar, Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Njigoumbé Dome and Ngouen Volcano, all of which score 0.81, while Kechuentim Volcano and Petpenoun Domain score 0.75 and 0.69, respectively. The integrity of several of these geosites is preserved, mainly the Petpenoun lakes, the Tchoua Maar, and the Sanka Ndoumkain Maar. Geosites such as Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Tchoua Maar, Njigoumbé Dome and the Nkoambeng, Kechuentim, and Ngouen volcanoes are representative of the regional geomorphology. Artisanal quarries (Nkoambeng Volcano) and industrial quarries (Njigoumbé Dome), as well as agro-pastoral activities, tend to degrade these geosites, which in general do not benefit from any legal protection. It is strongly recommended that geoconservation policies be adopted for these geosites, in order to preserve and develop these sites for their considerable geotourism potential while taking into account the current resource and land usage to find an optimum, sustainable strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Soutwest (SW) Pacific is an expansive oceanic region with many of its islands difficult to access and relatively unexplored in a geoheritage context. Here we provide a potential framework for systematically assessing geoheritage values of the SW Pacific and creating a holistic and multi-value inventory. We outline the use of digital terrain models as landform classification tools, and other newly available spatial data. While New Zealand is scientifically and culturally recognised as part of the SW Pacific, due to its large landmass and significant scientific data already available, here we excluded it from our analysis. Rather, the aim of our ongoing research is to provide the first comprehensive overview of the geoheritage potential and unique characteristics of small island nations of the SW Pacific. Only those islands were included in this study where geoheritage research has been initiated and include islands reflecting a good spectrum of geodiversity such as Vanuatu (Ambrym, Ambae, Lopevi, Kuwae group, Tanna), Tonga (Tongatapu, Tofua), and Samoa (Savai’i and Upolu). In a geotectonic context the SW Pacific sits on the western extremity of the large Pacific plate, resulting in a broad array of geotectonic situations where convergent plate boundary processes govern the broad geological evolution and geomorphological processes seen on the islands of our study area. Volcanism associated with plate boundaries is one of the most characteristic and recognisable geological processes linked with the region in the public perception of the area. Volcanism is associated with arc-type geosystems forming complex and compound polygenetic volcanism which offers unique geological-geomorphological elements shaping geodiversity of the region. In addition, these volcanic processes have shaped human communities since the earliest days of their establishment. The interaction of Polynesian societies with volcanism provides a unique geocultural perspective based on accumulated oral traditions, forming the basis of cultural practices that remain part of everyday life into the 21st century.

The Azores UNESCO Global Geopark, located in the North Atlantic Ocean is a volcanic archipelago with several non-inhabited islets and nine inhabited islands. The 27 volcanic systems with polygenetic central volcanoes and volcanic ridges, most of them active but dormant, represent an exuberant geological heritage, most of which (77% of geosites) is protected. The quantity and quality of the Azorean geosites, their international relevance, and high range of geodiversity, together with the rich biodiversity and the notable cultural heritage of the archipelago sustain the Azores UNESCO Global Geopark through the motto "Nine Islands - One Geopark". The Azores Geopark, the first archipelagic geopark in the world, is established on the basis of 121 geosites distributed across the nine islands and surrounding marine area. The unique geological and geographical setting of the archipelago allowed the development of outstanding landscapes and a culture that is deeply linked to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. One of the priorities of the geopark is to provide the tools and knowledge for sustainable use of this heritage e through geotourism. Here, we review the Geopark, and introduce a new geosite, the Ponta da Ajuda, the largest and best outcrop of columnar jointing on São Miguel island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Special Issue, we present 11 of the 15 geoparks that show key aspects of the past and current volcanic development of Europe. The sites include currently active locations along the mid-Atlantic ridge, from the Canary Islands and the Azores in the south to Iceland in the north. Other sites in continental Europe, from Portugal and Spain in the west to Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic in the east, document the volcanic history of the continent over the past 500 million years. The Special Issue aims to show how geological and geoconservation research have contributed to a better understanding of the respective geoparks and broadened their significance for education and geotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The coastal cliffs around the Roses Lighthouse (Cap de Creus, Mediterranean Costa Brava) display deformation structures generated during the emplacement of a syntectonic granodiorite and associated rocks (quartzdiorite enclaves and leucocratic dykes). These rocks were subjected to shearing and spectacular shear zones are present, which have been object of several scientific publications. The outcrops are considered of international high scientific value, being regularly visited by researchers and students from several European universities. In 2005, the site was included in the Geosite Inventory of Catalonia, but it does not have any special protection yet, despite decades of efforts to claim the need for protection and conservation in front of the constant deterioration and loss of outcrops due to strong urban and touristic pressure. A project of restoration, access improvement, and dissemination of geological values was finally executed between 2020 and 2021. The Roses case study leads us to the remark that urban and periurban geosites offer a good opportunity for promoting geological research, education, and tourism, provided its protection based on geoconservation criteria and a strong sustainable conservation management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) have a unique and internationally recognized flora and fauna. However, despite its strict management framework focused on biotic heritage, understandable elements are needed to transmit geological and geomorphological knowledge to the public. Therefore, the integration of other values, such as geotourism and geoconservation, is an opportunity to improve local tourism, considering the geological history of the oldest area of the archipelago. This study aims to evaluate sites of geological interest and the proposal of geotourism routes on an island (San Cristóbal) under added approaches (e.g. geoeducation), using two international geosite evaluation methodologies, for the valorization of the geoheritage and its integration with the present ecotourism. The workflow included i) analysis and selection of sites, ii) semi-quantitative assessment, and iii) proposals for management strategies. Twelve sites were classified into four typologies of geological/geomorphological domain, where scientific, cultural, and tourist values exceeded 60 % of the total score. Laguna "El Junco" stands out, as it combines volcanic elements (extinct crater) and ecological values (e.g. frigates). "Cerro Quemado" presented a high risk of degradation, given its extractive activity that influences the volcanic landscape of interest to visitors (cinder cones). Simultaneously, the identified weaknesses were the low cultural appropriation of natural elements. Thus, the research proposed four routes with natural and cultural value for the development of geotourism, influenced by Charles Darwin's expedition aboard the Beagle in 1835. Finally, this work showed how geotourism and geoeducation could enrich the framework of "research-oriented" tourism in island-protected areas, as exhibited in similar regions worldwide. For this purpose, it was crucial to design interpretive panels showing the geological importance with tangible and intangible values that configure the island as a World Heritage Site and their links with the cultural elements of the area. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of volcanic geosites within a protected area. • Design of geotouristic routes combining biotic, abiotic, and cultural elements of a volcanic island. • Cultural values inspired by Charles Darwin scientific explorations. • Geocommunication aligns with geotourism, geoconservation, and geoeducation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of new geoheritage sites, their conservation and promotion for tourism development have become a recent trend in the tourism sector. The Indian subcontinent exhibits a wide range of geological and geomorphological features, many with global significance. The Kachchh district of Gujarat is blessed with such geological and geomorphological elements, ranging in age from Mesozoic to Recent. This study describes some geologically rich sites and their potential to be ranked as geoheritage sites. To analyze the potential, we carried out four assessments: scientific value, educational value, touristic value, and the degradational risk. A total of 18 geodiversity sites have been considered for this assessment, all of them with unique significance. The authors appeal to the government of India for the conservation of these geodiversity sites through this paper, as we identify that all of them are at risk of degradation. We also provide some suggestions for the promotion of geotourism, some of which the government may adopt.

The Azores UNESCO Global Geopark, located in the North Atlantic Ocean is a volcanic archipelago with several non-inhabited islets and nine inhabited islands. The 27 volcanic systems with polygenetic central volcanoes and volcanic ridges, most of them active but dormant, represent an exuberant geological heritage, most of which (77% of geosites) is protected. The quantity and quality of the Azorean geosites, their international relevance, and high range of geodiversity, together with the rich biodiversity and the notable cultural heritage of the archipelago sustain the Azores UNESCO Global Geopark through the motto âNine Islands - One Geoparkâ. The Azores Geopark, the first archipelagic geopark in the world, is established on the basis of 121 geosites distributed across the nine islands and surrounding marine area. The unique geological and geographical setting of the archipelago allowed the development of outstanding landscapes and a culture that is deeply linked to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. One of the priorities of the geopark is to provide the tools and knowledge for sustainable use of this heritage  through geotourism. Here, we review the Geopark, and introduce a new geosite, the Ponta da Ajuda, the largest and best outcrop of columnar jointing on São Miguel island.

Harrat Khaybar is an active monogenetic volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia that hosts spectacular monogenetic volcanoes and a Holocene volcanic cone with extensive lava fields. The volcanic region is a subject of intensive land use development, especially along tourism ventures, where the volcanic features are the key elements to utilize for increasing visitation rates to the region. The youngest eruption is suspected to be Holocene and occurred fewer than 5000 years ago based on the cross-cutting relationship between the youngest lava flows and archaeological sites. Lava flows are typical, from pāhoehoe to 'a'ā types with great diversity of transitional textural forms. Here, we recorded typical transitional lava flow surface textures from the youngest flows identified by digital-elevation-model-based terrain analysis, satellite imagery, and direct field observations. We performed lava flow simulations using the Q-LavHA plug-in within the QGIS environment. Lava flow simulations yielded satisfactory results if we applied eruptions along fissures, long simulation distances, and ~5 m lava flow thickness. In these simulations, the upper flow regimes were reconstructed well, but long individual lava flows were not possible to simulate, suggesting that morphological steps likely promoted lava ponding, inflation, and sudden deflation by releasing melts further along shallow syneruptive valley networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hin Lat Pa Chad geosite represents the diversity of dinosaurs. Located in the Khon Kaen National Geopark (Northeastern Thailand) and part of the Khorat Plateau, this geosite displays the footprints of small theropods Carmelopodus isp. and ornithischians Neoanomoepus isp. in the Phra Wihan Formation, deposited during the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian) epoch. This study aims at assessing the scientific, educational, and touristic value of these footprints as well as the risk of degradation. In addition, researchers have proposed a conservation plan to protect the dinosaur footprints at the Hin Lat Pa Chad geosite. According to the evaluation, the Hin Lat Pa Chad geosite is of high scientific, moderate educational, and touristic value while being at high risk of deterioration. When considering the surrounding environment, the most apparent factors affecting deterioration were found to be climatic conditions (humid subtropical climate), stream patterns, road construction, and anthropic activities. The geoconservation approach is adopted in this study to change the flow direction to bypass the channel out of the geosite and remove the construction sediment from the surrounding area while constantly monitoring and enhancing geoeducation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide a systematic analysis of the literature of methods and resources supporting geoconservation and geotourism worldwide, while identifying current and future trends in the field. This paper offers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis which comprises the period of 2011–2021 after an in-depth systematic literature review of 169 papers, using Web of Science. The volume of research on these topics is growing rapidly, especially in Italy, Poland, Brazil, Russia, and China; these constitute the most productive countries. The main identified geomorphological environments are sedimentary, volcanic, aeolian, coastal, fluvial, and karstic. We discovered that the main methods for evaluating geoconservation and geotourism are geomorphological mapping, the study of economic values for geotourism, field work as a research tool, geoheritage management, documentation, exploration, and inventories of geoheritage at a regional level. The main determined resources are UNESCO Geoparks, educational activities, digital tools, geomanagement, economic values, geoitineraries, and geoeducation programs. To our knowledge, this is the first study dealing with methods and resources publicizing geoconservation and geotourism, worldwide. Knowing about the most successful methods and resources for promoting geoconservation and geotourism can definitely be useful for future endeavors in countries where geoheritage studies are starting to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is an important economic area that is changing to integrate sustainability in its practices. That action allowed the genesis and consolidation of new activities, including geotourism. We have, thus, the necessity of inventory, classification of new geotouristic destinations in Brazil. In this context, the present article aims to quantitatively evaluate the touristic potential of the Ubajara National Park in Brazil. The methodology begins with the use of geosites and biodiversity sites previously inventoried to the Ubajara National Park and the use of two methodologies for the quantitative evaluation. Applying the methodologies, we can assign the tourist and geotouristic value and the index of geotouristic use. Among the eleven sites evaluated, seven showed relevant in the touristic and geotouristic potential. Concerning the index of touristic use, six sites presented are highlighted and should be targets of promotion activities by the territory managers and local touristic trade agents. Applying both methodologies, it was possible to compare the results, which showed important differences, the are the result, specially, of the scenic beauty criterion in the methodology created by the Brazilian geological service. Thus, we could update the Ubajara National Park potential as a space suitable for geotourism practices in harmony with ecotouristic practices already consolidated in the local. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible palaeontological sites conform highly adequate out-of-school environments for meaningful learning experiences regarding formal and non-formal teaching of geosciences. With a perspective of international cooperation, two correlative Cenomanian–Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) outcrops from the Iberian Peninsula have been chosen as the focus of this project—the sections of Figueira da Foz (Portugal) and Tamajón (Spain)—along with the Palaeontological and Archaeological Interpretation Centre of Tamajón (CIPAT). Virtualization of fossil samples and sites has been undertaken by means of phase-shift scanning, photogrammetry, and small object scanning by structured light and laser triangulation, resulting in three-dimensional virtual models of the main fossil tracks and invertebrate fossil samples. These virtual fossils have allowed the development of transdisciplinary didactic activities for different educational levels and the general public, which have been presented as file cards where the age of participants, objectives, multiple intelligences, European Union key competences, needed resources, development, and further observations are specified. This work aims to contribute to improving the design and development of didactic sequences for out-of-school education at these sites, organizing effective transdisciplinary teaching tools, and developing awareness, values, and responsibility towards geoheritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In qualitative–quantitative assessment of geodiversity, geomorphology describes landscape forms suggesting specific locations as geosites. However, all digital elevation models (DEM) contain information only about altitude and coordinate systems, which are not enough data for inclusion assessments. To overcome this, researchers may transform altitude parameters into a range of different models such as slope, aspect, plan, and profile curvature. More complex models such as Geomorphon or Topographic Position Index (TPI) may be used to build visualizations of landscapes. All these models are rarely used together, but rather separately for specific purposes—for example, aspect may be used in soil science and agriculture, while slope is considered useful for geology and topography. Therefore, a qualitative–quantitative assessment of geodiversity has been developed to recognize possible geosite locations and simplify their search through field observation and further description. The Coromandel Peninsula have been chosen as an area of study due to landscape diversity formed by Miocene–Pleistocene volcanism which evolved on a basement of Jurassic Greywacke and has become surrounded and partially covered by Quaternary sediments. Hence, this research provides a comparison of six different models for geomorphological assessment. Models are based on DEM with surface irregularities in locations with distinct elevation differences, which can be considered geosites. These models have been separated according to their parameters of representations: numerical value and types of landscape. Numerical value (starting at 0, applied to the area of study) models are based on slope, ruggedness, roughness, and total curvature. Meanwhile, Geomorphon and TPI are landscape parameters, which define different types of relief ranging from stream valleys and hills to mountain ranges. However, using landscape parameters requires additional evaluation, unlike numerical value models. In conclusion, we describe six models used to calculate a range of values which can be used for geodiversity assessment, and to highlight potential geodiversity hotspots. Subsequently, all models are compared with each other to identify differences between them. Finally, we outline the advantages and shortcomings of the models for performing qualitative–quantitative assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a bedrock of unexplored geological marvels from east to west and north to south. It is endowed with unique geological features of rocks, minerals, fossils, soil, and landscape which has its genesis millions of years ago. Based on the uniqueness of geological formation and aesthetic appeal the Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified several geoheritage sites and national geological monuments. The current study aims to provide an overview of the research carried out in India on geoheritage in the last 12 years (2010-–022). The research on the topic of interest is retrieved from the Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Reviewing of the extracted papers is done after separating the publications that primarily focus on Indian geoheritage sites. The results suggest that over the years, there have been a growing number of studies conducted in the field. Most studies initially concentrated on identifying and characterizing India’s geoheritage sites, but as the area has gained popularity, geoscientists are now looking into its various domains of assessing the geoheritage sites including geopark, geotourism and geoconservation aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the transboundary approach for landscape geointerpretation using a karst landscape (NW Dinaric Karst) as an example. It proposes geointerpretation that focuses on attractive geoheritage themes that are unique to a karst landscape, such as “duality” of the landscape (surface and underground landscape), geodiversity and geohistory of explorations. Four representative karst landscape types are presented in two neighbouring countries, Slovenia (SI) and Croatia (HR): low karst (Karst Plateau/SI), contact karst (UNESCO site Škocjan Caves/ SI), high alpine glacial karst (Gorski Kotar/HR) and coastal karst (Island of Krk/HR). The transboundary geointerpretation approach is based on an interpretive planning process, which was conducted through participatory workshops with local people and stakeholders and resulted in one interpretive master plan and four permanent exhibition plans. The key phenomena and themes for permanent exhibition plans were identified and used as the basis for the establishment of off-site karst interpretive centres and on-site polygons. The karst heritage was interpreted by using Freeman Tilden’s basic principles of interpretation. The presented approach and the interpretive infrastructure provide a good basis for further geoconservation projects, as well as for geopark designation. Its transferability and further geotourism applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity is the variety of earth materials, forms and processes that constitute and shape the Earth planet. Therefore, geodiversity includes essential for developing nature-based solutions and must be adequately characterised. This research aims to evaluate the geodiversity of Mainland Ecuador by estimating a Geodiversity Index, which is the sum of five partial indexes (Lithological, Geomorphological, Paleontological, Pedological, and Mineral occurrences), in a 25 × 25 km grid. In addition, the study shows and analyses the geodiversity index map obtained as a basis for the development of policies for the use and conservation of geodiversity. The cartography developed generally illustrates the distribution of the geological diversity existing in Ecuador. Specifically, the ranges of the indices reached in the geodiversity map, including the medium, high, and very high categories, corresponding to 47.52 % of the extension of Ecuador using the Pereira method and to 52.91 % using the procedure proposed in this study. These special categories are located mainly along the Andes Mountain range and in the newly formed mountain ranges in the coastal zone. In addition, these categories defined in the geodiversity map coincide, spatially, with the main initiatives of geoparks and geo-routes catalogued in the country. The maps generated and the estimated indices represent relevant tools in territorial planning and calculated future geoconservation strategies. Furthermore, a series of initiatives are proposed to develop a policy favouring the characterisation, use and protection of geodiversity. • Procedure to geodiversity mapping. • Geodiversity (index) map in environmental policies and territorial planning. • Relationship between geodiversity and initiatives to use and protect geological heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]