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1. Evidence of the use of soft footwear in the Gravettian cave of Cussac (Dordogne, France)

Author

Nathalie Fourment, Jacques Jaubert, Lysianna Ledoux, Gilles Berillon, and Xavier Muth

Subjects
geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Pleistocene, Science, Archaeological record, Archaeology, Article, Indirect evidence, Cave, Anthropology, Medicine, Foot (unit)
Abstract

Humans appear to have regularly worn footwear since at least the Early Upper Palaeolithic. However, due to the perishable nature of footwear, the archaeological record of its presence during the Pleistocene is poor. While footwear would have played an essential role in protecting the foot, it could also have been used as ornamentation and/or as a social marker. Footprints may provide the most relevant insight regarding the origin and function of footwear. Here we report the discovery of footprints in Cussac Cave (southwest France) at 28–31 ka cal BP and the results of a multi-focal approach, including experimentation, that demonstrate that Gravettian people most likely wore footwear while moving through the cave. These singular footprints would constitute one of the oldest cases of indirect evidence for this unusual practice in decorated Palaeolithic caves and reinforce the exceptional nature of Cussac already attested by the presence of monumental engravings and funerary deposits.

Published
2021

2. Development of differently determined and differently targeted Cave Environment Protection Perimeters using hydrogeological basis

Author

S. Mateo, N. Houillon, Nathalie Fourment, Philippe Malaurent, J. D. Villanueva, Alain Denis, Roland Lastennet, Nicolas Peyraube, F. Naessens, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service National d'Observation sur le KARST (SNO Karst), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Génie des procédés frigorifiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et l'environnement (UR FRISE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (EA647) (CRIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon

Subjects
Watershed, Resource (biology), Water flow, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Soil Science, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Cave, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hydrogeology, CEPP, Geology, 15. Life on land, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Infiltration (hydrology), Environmental science, Water resource management, Groundwater
Abstract

International audience; Conserving a cave with important historical and archeological artifacts needs protection measures. Cave Environment Protection Perimeters (CEPP) operational framework is proposed as a conservation measure tool for the cave and its environment. In this study, Cussac Cave was examined. Water infiltration is the main identified threat as it can bring pollutants into the cave. Three nested CEPP zones were then identified covering three important resource safeguarding intentions. First is on determining the possible water path infiltration through fractures from surface to cave (CEPP 1). Second is on delineating watershed of water that can infiltrate above the cave after run-off (CEPP 2). And third is on determining the limits that can constrain groundwater circulation (CEPP 3). According to the objective, the CEPP were obtained using a combination of classical tools such as geomorphology, topography, hydrological parameters (water flow and chemistry), and artificial tracing. The immediate CEPP 1 is close and is small in size (0.5 km2) which can be prone to both chronic and acute pollution through direct infiltration above the cave. The hydrologic CEPP 2 is medium size (1.1 km2) which can entail risks concerning chronic and acute pollution that can be brought by surface run-off before infiltration. The hydrogeologic CEPP 3 is the largest of the three (3.9 km2). Recommendations in each zone on how to manage the cave environment are presented.

Published
2021
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3. Reproduce to Understand: Experimental Approach Based on Footprints in Cussac Cave (Southwestern France)

Author

Jacques Jaubert, Gilles Berillon, Nathalie Fourment, Lysianna Ledoux, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Andreas Pastoors Tilman Lenssen-Erz Editors

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Taphonomy, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Footprint, Cave, 01 natural sciences, Natural (archaeology), Paleontology, Lead (geology), [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, [INFO.INFO-RB]Computer Science [cs]/Robotics [cs.RO], 0601 history and archaeology, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [PHYS.MECA.BIOM]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], Experimentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Palaeolithic, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Flooding (psychology), 06 humanities and the arts, Karst, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, Track formation, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Geology
Abstract

The morphology of a track depends on many factors that must be considered when interpreting it. An experimental approach is often required to understand the influence of each of these factors, both at the time of the track formation and after its formation. These aspects, which are fairly well documented for tracks found in open-air settings, are much more limited for those found in karst settings. Although caves are stable environments enabling the preservation of archaeological remains, many taphonomical processes can alter the grounds and the walls. Based on the observations made on footprints found in Cussac Cave (Dordogne region of southwestern France), this study focuses on one of these natural phenomena and tests the impact of flooding episodes and the resulting clay deposits on the track’s morphology and topography. Our experiments show that although the general morphology of footprints and some details such as digits are preserved, their topography is altered by successive flooding episodes and clay deposits. The loss of definition of the footprints due to flooding episodes can also lead to misinterpretation. This work sheds new light on the Cussac footprints, while the further development of such experiments will allow us to improve our results and apply them to other settings and sites.

Published
2021
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4. Traces of human and animal activity (TrAcs) in Cussac Cave (Le Buisson-de-Cadouin, Dordogne, France): Preliminary results and perspectives

Author

Véronique Laroulandie, Marc Delluc, Sandrine Costamagno, Frédéric Maksud, Lysianna Ledoux, Hélène Salomon, Laurent Klaric, Nejma Goutas, Nathalie Fourment, Jacques Jaubert, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRA, Midi-Pyrénées, Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Préhistoire et Technologie (PréTech), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Liège, Service de Préhistoire, F.R.S.-FNRS, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 060102 archaeology, Context (language use), 06 humanities and the arts, 15. Life on land, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Cave, Cave art, Ichnology, Upper Paleolithic, Animal activity, 0601 history and archaeology, Identification (biology), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Cussac Cave is well-known for its spectacular engraved art and well-preserved human remains attributed to the Gravettian period of the Upper Paleolithic, but it also contains many lesser-known remains and traces of human and animal presence throughout the site. Since 2009, a team incorporated in the Projet Collectif de Recherche “Grotte de Cussac”, directed by J. Jaubert, has been engaged in the identification, inventory and study of these “Activity Traces” (TrAcs). The objective is to study the interactions of humans and animals with this subterranean environment and to understand how humans perceived this complex space. Our aim is to confront the data associated with these TrAcs with the information provided by other disciplines. This approach is made possible by the conditions of the discovery of the cave, which was left almost untouched since the Paleolithic, and the strict policy of conservation that has been implemented. The team explores the cave in a non-invasive manner, respecting the limits of a designated pathway while recording, describing, and photographing the accessible TrAcs. The areas that are currently inventoried show that human TrAcs are more frequent and diverse than those of animals, and consist mostly of prints, tracked surfaces and black and red marks. Most of the animal TrAcs were produced by bears, and consist mainly of claw marks covering large areas. These bear marks always predate the human activities. The presence of TrAcs, art and human remains shows that this entire subterranean environment was intensively frequented by both humans and bears. Our approach constitutes a fundamental step towards an understanding of the cave, and more generally, of the identity and culture of Gravettian groups, reflected here in their behavior, activities and occupations in the context of this complex site with monumental engravings and human remains.

Published
2017
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5. Our reference: JQI 6008

Author

Jean-Baptiste Mallye, Edwige Pons-Branchu, Mathieu Langlais, Sandrine Costamagno, Catherine Ferrier, Lysianna Ledoux, Sébastien Villotte, Édouard Régnier, Magen O'Farrell, Jacques Jaubert, Frédéric Maksud, Isabelle Théry-Parisot, Marc Delluc, Camille Bourdier, Hubert Camus, Valérie Feruglio, Nathalie Fourment, Nejma Goutas, Stéphane Konik, Laurent Klaric, Monique Pierre, Patrice Courtaud, Hélène Valladas, Dominique Genty, Évelyne Katnecker, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de Préhistoire, CNP, Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DRAC Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Ministère de la Culture (MC), Ethnologie préhistorique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Préhistoire et Technologie (PréTech), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRA, Midi-Pyrénées, Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cenote, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Department of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Centre d'Études Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Burial, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 14C dating, 01 natural sciences, Cussac, Parietal art, Paleontology, Cave painting, Cave, U–Th dating, 0601 history and archaeology, Magdalenian, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Anthracology, Chronology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Geoarchaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, 15. Life on land, Archaeology, Gravettian, pas de mot-clé, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, France, Relative dating, Geology
Abstract

International audience; In this article, we present a first synthesis of the chronology of Cussac Cave (Dordogne, SW France). This deep cavern (1.6 km), discovered in 2000, is very well preserved (e.g. intact floors) and thus favorable to research, especially given its rare association of parietal art and human remains, deposited in at least three locations. The scientific team working since 2009 presents here a first diachronic reconstruction of the natural (geological, biological) and anthropogenic (cultural, spiritual) elements relevant to the sectors of the cave accessible for study.In addition to the nuclear dating methods commonly used in karst contexts and decorated sites (U–Th and 14C for speleothems, 14C-AMS for organic materials, bone and charcoal), we drew upon other disciplines to determine the relative chronology of the events that occurred in the cave: geosciences (karstology, sedimentary geology, geoarchaeology), biological anthropology, paleontology, zooarchaeology, anthracology, ichnology, lithic and osseous technology, and of course, the study of parietal art. Their integrated study enabled us to define a coherent and global chronological framework.The results confirm that bears frequented the cavity several times before any human incursions. Humans later ventured into the cave after it had already undergone several phases of karstogenesis, collapse, sedimentation, erosion and concretion formation. The nuclear methods and relative dating methods employed concur in favor of the hypothesis of human incursions only during the Middle Gravettian period, approximately 28–29,000 cal BP, to carry out spiritual, graphic and sepulchral activities. After the cave was abandoned by Gravettian people, some final sedimentary and biological events occurred (partial flooding, concretion formation, presence of mesofauna and microfauna, etc.), but were insufficient to significantly modify the decorated and sepulchral sanctuary. Later human frequentations (Late Glacial, Late Magdalenian, Late Neolithic) are quantitatively anecdotal and, most importantly, were limited to the cave porch and vestibular areas, which were sealed-off from the internal zone by rockfall debris and Late Glacial or Holocene concretion formations.

Published
2017
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