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4. Volcanism

Author

OPPENHEIMER, CLIVE

Published
1996

5. Sulphurous discoveries

Author

Oppenheimer, Clive

Subjects
Costa Rica -- Natural history, Volcanological research -- Costa Rica, Io (Satellite) -- Natural history, Hot springs -- Costa Rica, Geography, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Published
1990

6. Monitoring hot spots from space

Author

Oppenheimer, Clive

Subjects
Multispectral photography -- Analysis, Natural disasters -- Prevention, Volcanic activity prediction -- Research, Artificial satellites in remote sensing -- Usage, Geography, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Published
1990

8. The influence of decision-making in tree ring-based climate reconstructions

Author

Guobao Xu, Christophe Corona, Rob Wilson, Ulf Büntgen, Josef Ludescher, Kathy Allen, Dominique Arseneault, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Wolfgang Jens-Henrik Meier, Joel Guiot, Paolo Cherubini, Markus Stoffel, Clive Oppenheimer, Björn E. Gunnarson, Sebastian Guillet, Kristina Seftigen, A. Stine, Bao Yang, A. M. Trevino, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Matthew W. Salzer, Malcolm K. Hughes, Jianglin Wang, Scott St. George, Kurt Nicolussi, Fabio Gennaretti, Achim Bräuning, Peter Huybers, Samuli Helama, Paul J. Krusic, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Jan Esper, Vladimir S. Myglan, Valerie Trouet, Ernesto Tejedor, Philipp Hochreuther, Snigdhansu Chatterjee, Jussi Grießinger, Frederick Reinig, Étienne Boucher, Büntgen, Ulf [0000-0002-3821-0818], Anchukaitis, Kevin J [0000-0002-8509-8080], Arseneault, Dominique [0000-0002-3419-2480], Bräuning, Achim [0000-0003-3106-4229], Churakova Sidorova, Olga V [0000-0002-1687-1201], Grießinger, Jussi [0000-0001-6103-2071], Helama, Samuli [0000-0002-9777-3354], Hughes, Malcolm K [0000-0003-1062-3167], Kirdyanov, Alexander V [0000-0002-6797-4964], Nicolussi, Kurt [0000-0002-1737-4119], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Reinig, Frederick [0000-0001-6839-8340], Seftigen, Kristina [0000-0001-5555-5757], Stine, Alexander R [0000-0002-1676-5572], Stoffel, Markus [0000-0003-0816-1303], St George, Scott [0000-0002-0945-4944], Tejedor, Ernesto [0000-0001-6825-3870], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, Anchukaitis, Kevin J. [0000-0002-8509-8080], Churakova (Sidorova), Olga V. [0000-0002-1687-1201], Hughes, Malcolm K. [0000-0003-1062-3167], Kirdyanov, Alexander V. [0000-0002-6797-4964], Stine, Alexander R. [0000-0002-1676-5572], and St. George, Scott [0000-0002-0945-4944]

Subjects
141, 704/106/694, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, Palaeoclimate, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Paleoclimatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Dendrochronology, ddc:550, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Research data, ddc:333.7-333.9, 13 Climate Action, GE, Multidisciplinary, Northern Hemisphere, DAS, General Chemistry, 706/648/697, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, 704/106/413, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Tree-ring chronologies underpin the majority of annually-resolved reconstructions of Common Era climate. However, they are derived using different datasets and techniques, the ramifications of which have hitherto been little explored. Here, we report the results of a double-blind experiment that yielded 15 Northern Hemisphere summer temperature reconstructions from a common network of regional tree-ring width datasets. Taken together as an ensemble, the Common Era reconstruction mean correlates with instrumental temperatures from 1794–2016 CE at 0.79 (p, Tree rings are a crucial archive for Common Era climate reconstructions, but the degree to which methodological decisions influence outcomes is not well known. Here, the authors show how different approaches taken by 15 different groups influence the ensemble temperature reconstruction from the same data.

Published
2021

9. Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i

Author

Christoph Kern, Tamsin A. Mather, Lacey Holland, Marie Edmonds, David J. Schneider, Sarah E. Allen, Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Clive Oppenheimer, Rachel C. W. Whitty, James B. McQuaid, Tamar Elias, Emily Mason, David E. Damby, Emma J. Liu, Penny E. Wieser, Patricia A. Nadeau, Jason Harvey, Ilyinskaya, Evgenia [0000-0002-3663-9506], Mason, Emily [0000-0002-7050-6475], Wieser, Penny E. [0000-0002-1070-8323], Liu, Emma J. [0000-0003-1749-9285], Mather, Tamsin A. [0000-0003-4259-7303], Edmonds, Marie [0000-0003-1243-137X], Elias, Tamar [0000-0002-9592-4518], Nadeau, Patricia A. [0000-0002-6732-3686], McQuaid, James B. [0000-0001-8702-0415], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Kern, Christoph [0000-0002-8920-5701], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Ilyinskaya, E [0000-0002-3663-9506], Mason, E [0000-0002-7050-6475], Wieser, PE [0000-0002-1070-8323], Liu, EJ [0000-0003-1749-9285], Mather, TA [0000-0003-4259-7303], Edmonds, M [0000-0003-1243-137X], Elias, T [0000-0002-9592-4518], Nadeau, PA [0000-0002-6732-3686], McQuaid, JB [0000-0001-8702-0415], Oppenheimer, C [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Kern, C [0000-0002-8920-5701]

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 3705 Geology, 41 Environmental Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 704/4111, 4105 Pollution and Contamination, Metal, 704/172/4081, Refractory (planetary science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Pollutant, Basalt, Cadmium, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 704/2151/598, article, 37 Earth Sciences, humanities, 3703 Geochemistry, Plume, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, Volcano, visual_art, Environmental chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 704/2151/209, 3706 Geophysics
Abstract

Long-lived basaltic volcanic eruptions are a globally important source of environmentally reactive, volatile metal pollutant elements such as selenium, cadmium and lead. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i produced exceptionally high discharge of metal pollutants, and was an unprecedented opportunity to track them from vent to deposition. Here we show, through geochemical sampling of the plume that volatile metal pollutants were depleted in the plume up to 100 times faster than refractory species, such as magnesium and iron. We propose that this rapid wet deposition of complexes containing reactive and potentially toxic volatile metal pollutants may disproportionately impact localised areas close to the vent. We infer that the relationship between volatility and solubility is an important control on the atmospheric behaviour of elements. We suggest that assessment of hazards from volcanic emissions should account for heterogeneous plume depletion of metal pollutants. Volatile metal pollutants in basaltic volcanic plumes can be deposited up to 100 times faster than refractory species, and may produce disproportionate impacts at proximal locations, according to extensive sampling of Kīlauea’s 2018 eruption plume.

Published
2021

10. Volatile metal emissions from volcanic degassing and lava–seawater interactions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i

Author

Christoph Kern, Tom D. Pering, Andrew J. S. McGonigle, Patricia A. Nadeau, Clive Oppenheimer, Tamsin A. Mather, Tamar Elias, Penny E. Wieser, Emma J. Liu, Evgenia Ilyinskaya, David J. Schneider, Emily Mason, Forrest M. Mims, Marie Edmonds, Rachel C. W. Whitty, Thomas C. Wilkes, Mason, E [0000-0002-7050-6475], Wieser, PE [0000-0002-1070-8323], Liu, EJ [0000-0003-1749-9285], Edmonds, M [0000-0003-1243-137X], Ilyinskaya, E [0000-0002-3663-9506], Mather, TA [0000-0003-4259-7303], Elias, T [0000-0002-9592-4518], Nadeau, PA [0000-0002-6732-3686], Wilkes, TC [0000-0002-3448-6067], Mims, FM [0000-0002-8680-7758], Kern, C [0000-0002-8920-5701], Oppenheimer, C [0000-0003-4506-7260], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Mason, Emily [0000-0002-7050-6475], Wieser, Penny E. [0000-0002-1070-8323], Liu, Emma J. [0000-0003-1749-9285], Edmonds, Marie [0000-0003-1243-137X], Ilyinskaya, Evgenia [0000-0002-3663-9506], Mather, Tamsin A. [0000-0003-4259-7303], Elias, Tamar [0000-0002-9592-4518], Nadeau, Patricia Amanda [0000-0002-6732-3686], Wilkes, Thomas C. [0000-0002-3448-6067], Mims, Forrest M. [0000-0002-8680-7758], Kern, Christoph [0000-0002-8920-5701], and Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260]

Subjects
704/172/169, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lava, 3705 Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Chloride, 704/4111, Metal, medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 704/2151/598, article, 37 Earth Sciences, Particulates, Plume, 3703 Geochemistry, Volcano, Environmental chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 704/2151/209, Seawater, Metalloid, 3706 Geophysics, medicine.drug
Abstract

Funder: EPSRC-CASE studentship, Funder: NERC studentship, Funder: Leverhulme Trust; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000275, Funder: NERC-CASE studentship, Funder: Rolex Institute, Volcanoes represent one of the largest natural sources of metals to the Earth’s surface. Emissions of these metals can have important impacts on the biosphere as pollutants or nutrients. Here we use ground- and drone-based direct measurements to compare the gas and particulate chemistry of the magmatic and lava–seawater interaction (laze) plumes from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i. We find that the magmatic plume contains abundant volatile metals and metalloids whereas the laze plume is further enriched in copper and seawater components, like chlorine, with volatile metals also elevated above seawater concentrations. Speciation modelling of magmatic gas mixtures highlights the importance of the S2− ligand in highly volatile metal/metalloid degassing at the magmatic vent. In contrast, volatile metal enrichments in the laze plume can be explained by affinity for chloride complexation during late-stage degassing of distal lavas, which is potentially facilitated by the HCl gas formed as seawater boils.

Published
2021

11. Risk and reward: explosive eruptions and obsidian lithic resource at Nabro volcano (Eritrea)

Author

Ulf Büntgen, Bernard Gratuze, Clive Oppenheimer, Nick Blegen, Yonatan Sahle, Christine Lane, Amy Donovan, Bill Mcintosh, Lamya Khalidi, Céline Vidal, Edward J. Keall, James Hammond, Ghebrebrhan Ogubazghi, Nels Iverson, Berhe Goitom, Ermias Yohannes, Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), IRAMAT - Centre Ernest Babelon (IRAMAT-CEB), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, DFG Center for Advanced Studies: ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools’, University of Tübingen, Department of Mines, Eritrea Geological Surveys, University of Bristol [Bristol], University of London [London], Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Lane, Christine [0000-0001-9206-3903], Vidal, Celine [0000-0002-9606-4513], Donovan, Amy [0000-0003-3596-5294], Buentgen, Ulf [0000-0002-3821-0818], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pleistocene, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Earth science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Volcanism, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, East African Rift, Caldera, cps, Ar-Ar geochronology, Tephra, Geoarchaeology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, geography, Explosive eruption, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geology, 15. Life on land, East Africa, es, Obsidian geochemistry, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Paleoecology, Late quaternary
Abstract

Compared with other manifestations of climate variability that may not be perceived within a human lifetime, abrupt environmental disturbances arising from volcanism can be directly experienced. Despite abundant Pleistocene calderas in the East African Rift and Afar, and the significance of regional tephra horizons for archaeological and paleoenvironmental dating, the entanglements of volcanoes and their eruptions with human behaviour and paleoecology have received little attention. Here, we focus on the intertwined human and eruptive history at Nabro, a caldera-topped volcanic massif close to the Red Sea littoral of Eritrea. Nabro exemplifies the antagonism of opportunities and threats posed by a large silicic volcano, active at least since the Middle Pleistocene and as recently as 2011. Using argon isotopic measurements, we establish the first chronology of key eruptive stages of Nabro and neighbouring Mallahle revealing a history of explosive and effusive volcanism in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Past eruptions were an important source of obsidian that was exchanged over long distances across land and sea during the Neolithic. We infer that the availability of high-quality obsidian, combined with Nabro’s favourable microclimate and proximity to the Red Sea coast, likely attracted humans to this volcanic landmark since the later Middle Pleistocene. Drawing on observations of the immediate impact of the 2011 eruption on landscape and local pastoralist communities, we consider the impacts of past volcanic cataclysms on human populations. In addition to the threat to life, explosive eruptions of Nabro circa 130 ka and 62 ka ago would have abruptly curtailed procurement of its obsidian resource. Our findings suggest further attention be paid to evaluating the significance of East African volcanic landscapes, eruptions and resources for understanding human behaviour in deep antiquity.

Published
2019

12. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland

Author

Markus Stoffel, Andy Orchard, Ulf Büntgen, Sébastien Guillet, Michael Sigl, Clive Oppenheimer, Timothy P. Newfield, Nicola Di Cosmo, Christophe Corona, Laboratory of Dendrogeomorphology, Department of Geosciences, Lab-STICC_UBS_CACS_MOCS, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lava, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, ddc:550, Dendrochronology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:333.7-333.9, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Vulcanian eruption, Flood myth, Northern Hemisphere, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Conversion to Christianity, Physical geography, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

The Eldgjá lava flood is considered Iceland’s largest volcanic eruption of the Common Era. While it is well established that it occurred after the Settlement of Iceland (circa 874 CE), the date of this great event has remained uncertain. This has hampered investigation of the eruption’s impacts, if any, on climate and society. Here, we use high-temporal resolution glaciochemical records from Greenland to show that the eruption began in spring 939 CE and continued, at least episodically, until at least autumn 940 CE. Contemporary chronicles identify the spread of a remarkable haze in 939 CE, and tree ring-based reconstructions reveal pronounced northern hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE, consistent with the eruption’s high yield of sulphur to the atmosphere. Consecutive severe winters and privations may also be associated with climatic effects of the volcanic aerosol veil. Iceland’s formal conversion to Christianity dates to 999/1000 CE, within two generations or so of the Eldgjá eruption. The end of the pagan pantheon is foretold in Iceland’s renowned medieval poem, Vǫluspá (‘the prophecy of the seeress’). Several lines of the poem describe dramatic eruptive activity and attendant meteorological effects in an allusion to the fiery terminus of the pagan gods. We suggest that they draw on first-hand experiences of the Eldgjá eruption and that this retrospection of harrowing volcanic events in the poem was intentional, with the purpose of stimulating Iceland’s Christianisation over the latter half of the tenth century. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2018

13. Magmatic gas percolation through the old lava dome of El Misti volcano

Author

Giancarlo Tamburello, David C. Pieri, Gaetano Giudice, C. Ian Schipper, Yves Moussallam, Fredy Apaza, Philipson Bani, Talfan Barnie, Nial Peters, Alessandro Aiuppa, Aaron Curtis, Clive Oppenheimer, Ashley Davies, Pablo Masias, Moussallam, Y., Peters, N., Masias, P., Apaza, F., Barnie, T., Ian Schipper, C., Curtis, A., Tamburello, G., Aiuppa, A., Bani, P., Giudice, G., Pieri, D., Davies, A., Oppenheimer, C., Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Moussallam, Yves [0000-0002-4707-8943], Peters, Nial [0000-0001-6817-6262], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Volcanic hazards, Imágenes ASTER, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Poison control, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, ASTER, Trail by fire, Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Gases volcánicos, 14. Life underwater, Gas composition, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wall rock, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Volcanes, Outgassing, Arequipa, Volcanic hazard, Lava dome, Volcán Misti, Phreatic eruption, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Desgasificación, Geology, Seismology, Multi-GAS, Research Article
Abstract

International audience; The proximity of the major city of Arequipa to El Misti has focused attention on the hazards posed by the active volcano. Since its last major eruption in the fifteenth century, El Misti has experienced a series of modest phreatic eruptions and fluctuating fumarolic activity. Here, we present the first measurements of the compositions of gas emitted from the lava dome in the summit crater. The gas composition is found to be fairly dry with a H2O/SO2 molar ratio of 32 ± 3, a CO2/SO2 molar ratio of 2.7 ± 0.2, a H2S/SO2 molar ratio of 0.23 ± 0.02 and a H2/SO2 molar ratio of 0.012 ± 0.002. This magmatic gas signature with minimal evidence of hydrothermal or wall rock interaction points to a shallow magma source that is efficiently outgassing through a permeable conduit and lava dome. Field and satellite observations show no evolution of the lava dome over the last decade, indicating sustained outgassing through an established fracture network. This stability could be disrupted if dome permeability were to be reduced by annealing or occlusion of outgassing pathways. Continued monitoring of gas composition and flux at El Misti will be essential to determine the evolution of hazard potential at this dangerous volcano.

Published
2017

14. Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records

Author

Christophe Corona, Jean-Louis Edouard, Pascal Dkengne Sielenou, Nicole Davi, Pablo Ortega, Brian H. Luckman, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Valérie Daux, Clive Oppenheimer, Vladimir S. Myglan, Franck Lavigne, Martin Beniston, Sébastien Guillet, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Myriam Khodri, Nicolas Eckert, Markus Stoffel, Joel Guiot, Yong Zhang, Dendrolab.ch [Bern], Institute of Geological Sciences [Bern], University of Bern-University of Bern, Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institute for Environmental Sciences [Geneva] (ISE), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), NCAS-Climate [Reading], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR)-University of Reading (UOR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Centre Camille Jullian - Histoire et archéologie de la Méditerranée et de l'Afrique du Nord de la protohistoire à la fin de l'Antiquité (CCJ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), WUHAN BOTANICAL GARDEN (WBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources, Department of Geography [London, Ontario], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 3705 Geology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], INDONESIE, Eruption column, Volcanic explosivity index, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ice core, ddc:550, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:333.7-333.9, 13 Climate Action, geography, Vulcanian eruption, geography.geographical_feature_category, Northern Hemisphere, 37 Earth Sciences, Volcanology, 3709 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, 3703 Geochemistry, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Climatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Climate model, Geology
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]RIVAGE; International audience; The eruption of Samalas in Indonesia in 1257 ranks among the largest sulfur-rich eruptions of the Common Era with sulfur deposition in ice cores reaching twice the volume of the Tambora eruption in 1815. Sedimentological analyses of deposits confirm the exceptional size of the event, which had both an eruption magnitude and a volcanic explosivity index of 7. During the Samalas eruption, more than 40 km 3 of dense magma was expelled and the eruption column is estimated to have reached altitudes of 43 km. However, the climatic response to the Samalas event is debated since climate model simulations generally predict a stronger and more prolonged surface air cooling of Northern Hemisphere summers than inferred from tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions. Here, we draw on historical archives, ice-core data and tree-ring records to reconstruct the spatial and temporal climate response to the Samalas eruption. We find that 1258 and 1259 experienced some of the coldest Northern Hemisphere summers of the past millennium. However, cooling across the Northern Hemisphere was spatially heterogeneous. Western Europe, Siberia and Japan experienced strong cooling, coinciding with warmer-than-average conditions over Alaska and northern Canada. We suggest that in North America, volcanic radiative forcing was modulated by a positive phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Contemporary records attest to severe famines in England and Japan, but these began prior to the eruption. We conclude that the Samalas eruption aggravated existing crises, but did not trigger the famines.

Published
2017

15. Correlation of cycles in Lava Lake motion and degassing at Erebus Volcano, Antarctica

Author

Nial Peters, Jed Frechette, Drea Rae Killingsworth, Clive Oppenheimer, Philip R. Kyle, Peters, Nial [0000-0001-6817-6262], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Lava, Elevation, Flux, Erebus, biology.organism_classification, Erebus volcano, Geophysics, Volcano, DOAS, Geochemistry and Petrology, Mineral redox buffer, Magma, thermal imaging, lava lake, Gas composition, Petrology, Geomorphology, Geology
Abstract

Several studies at Erebus volcano have recorded pulsatory behaviour in many of the observable properties of its active lava lake. A strong correlation between the variations in surface speed of the lake and the composition of gas emitted has previously been noted. While previous studies have shown that the SO2 flux and the surface elevation exhibit pulsatory behaviour with a similar period to that of the surface speed and gas composition, suggesting they are linked, a lack of overlap between the di erent measurements has prevented direct comparisons from being made. Using high time-resolution measurements of surface elevation, surface speed, gas composition and SO2 flux we demonstrate for the rst time an unambiguous link between the cyclic behaviour in each of these properties. We also show that the variation in gas composition may be explained by a subtle change in oxygen fugacity. The cycles are found to be in-phase with each other, with a small but consistent lag of 1-3 min between the peaks in surface elevation and surface speed. Explosive events are found to have no observable e ffect on the pulsatory behaviour beyond the ~5 min period required for lake refi ll. The close correspondences between the varying lake surface motion, gas flux and composition, and modelled oxygen fugacity suggest strong links between magma degassing, redox change and the fluid dynamics of the shallow magmatic system.

Published
2014

16. Reactive halogens (BrO and OClO) detected in the plume of Soufrière Hills Volcano during an eruption hiatus

Author

Clive Oppenheimer, Amy Donovan, Marie Edmonds, V. I. Tsanev, Donovan, Amy [0000-0003-3596-5294], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Edmonds, Marie [0000-0003-1243-137X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Lava, Earth science, sub-05, halogens in volcanic systems, Hiatus, Atmospheric sciences, Ozone depletion, Gas phase, Plume, Geophysics, Volcano, DOAS, Geochemistry and Petrology, Halogen, volcanic degassing, Geology, West indies
Abstract

Volcanic plumes are sites of dynamic chemistry involving halogen gases. Here we present new data on the relative abundances of SO2, BrO and OClO gases emitted from Soufrière Hills Volcano [SHV). They were collected during an eruptive hiatus but during sustained degassing at this halogen-rich volcano. By comparison with data from a previous study during an eruptive phase and application of the data and modeling of Villemant et al. (2008), we suggest that, after consideration of errors, either the rate of HBr conversion to BrO is variable, ranging from ∼30% to ∼15%, and/or the relative partitioning of Cl and Br into the gas phase from the melt changes according to eruptive activity. We examine the potential implications of this for fluid-melt partitioning, and compare our results with data from the experimental literature. Our work contributes toward understanding the controls on the BrO/SO2 ratio for volcano monitoring purposes; the changes in plume chemistry with regard to bromine at the onset of lava extrusion may be large and rapid. OClO was detected in the plume at SHV for the first time. This species has only previously been detected in emissions from Mount Etna (using ground-based methods) and from Puyehue Cordon Caulle (using satellite-based methods). No HCHO or NOy species were detected in the spectra.

Published
2014

17. Quantifying gas emissions from the 'Millennium Eruption' of Paektu volcano, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea/China

Author

Kim Ju-Song, Song Kun-Ho, James Hammond, Amy Donovan, Kayla Iacovino, Ham Song-Hwan, Ri Kuk-Hun, Jang Jong-Nam, Clive Oppenheimer, Ryu Kum-Ran, Kosima W. Liu, Jacob B. Lowenstern, Thomas W. Sisson, Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Donovan, Amy [0000-0003-3596-5294], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, melt inclusions, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Ice core, Rhyolite, cps, Caldera, Glacial period, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Melt inclusions, Paektu, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, SciAdv r-articles, Volcanic gas emissions, Geology, es, volatiles, Dense-rock equivalent, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Millennium Eruption, Research Article
Abstract

Measurements of S and other volatiles during pre-eruptive crystallization suggest high gas flux during the 946 CE Paektu eruption., Paektu volcano (Changbaishan) is a rhyolitic caldera that straddles the border between the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and China. Its most recent large eruption was the Millennium Eruption (ME; 23 km3 dense rock equivalent) circa 946 CE, which resulted in the release of copious magmatic volatiles (H2O, CO2, sulfur, and halogens). Accurate quantification of volatile yield and composition is critical in assessing volcanogenic climate impacts but is challenging, particularly for events before the satellite era. We use a geochemical technique to quantify volatile composition and upper bounds to yields for the ME by examining trends in incompatible trace and volatile element concentrations in crystal-hosted melt inclusions. We estimate that the ME could have emitted as much as 45 Tg of S to the atmosphere. This is greater than the quantity of S released by the 1815 eruption of Tambora, which contributed to the “year without a summer.” Our maximum gas yield estimates place the ME among the strongest emitters of climate-forcing gases in the Common Era. However, ice cores from Greenland record only a relatively weak sulfate signal attributed to the ME. We suggest that other factors came into play in minimizing the glaciochemical signature. This paradoxical case in which high S emissions do not result in a strong glacial sulfate signal may present a way forward in building more generalized models for interpreting which volcanic eruptions have produced large climate impacts.

Published
2016

18. The impact of degassing on the oxidation state of basaltic magmas: A case study of Kīlauea volcano

Author

Clive Oppenheimer, Yves Moussallam, Bruno Scaillet, Emanuela Gennaro, Nial Peters, Marie Edmonds, I. Sides, Moussallam, Yves, Edmonds, Marie, Scaillet, Bruno, Peters, Nial, Gennaro, Emanuela, Sides, Issy, Oppenheimer, Clive, Moussallam, Y [0000-0002-4707-8943], Edmonds, M [0000-0003-1243-137X], Peters, N [0000-0001-6817-6262], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, sub-05, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, melt inclusions, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Mineral redox buffer, Oxidation state, Geochemistry and Petrology, Hotspot (geology), Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ejecta, Geophysic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Melt inclusions, Basalt, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, melt inclusion, degassing, oxygen fugacity, XANES, Geophysics, Volcano, Space and Planetary Science, sulfur, CO2, Geology
Abstract

Volcanic emissions link the oxidation state of the Earth's mantle to the composition of the atmosphere. Whether the oxidation state of an ascending magma follows a redox buffer – hence preserving mantle conditions – or deviates as a consequence of degassing remains under debate. Thus, further progress is required before erupted basalts can be used to infer the redox state of the upper mantle or the composition of their co-emitted gases to the atmosphere. Here we present the results of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the iron K-edge carried out for a series of melt inclusions and matrix glasses from ejecta associated with three eruptions of Kīlauea volcano (Hawai‘i). We show that the oxidation state of these melts is strongly correlated with their volatile content, particularly in respect of water and sulfur contents. We argue that sulfur degassing has played a major role in the observed reduction of iron in the melt, while the degassing of H$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ appears to have had a negligible effect on the melt oxidation state under the conditions investigated. Using gas–melt equilibrium degassing models, we relate the oxidation state of the melt to the composition of the gases emitted at Kīlauea. Our measurements and modelling yield a lower constraint on the oxygen fugacity of the mantle source beneath Kīlauea volcano, which we infer to be near the nickel nickel-oxide (NNO) buffer. Our findings should be widely applicable to other basaltic systems and we predict that the oxidation state of the mantle underneath most hotspot volcanoes is more oxidised than that of the associated lavas. We also suggest that whether the oxidation states of a basalt (in particular MORB) reflects that of its source, is primarily determined by the extent of sulfur degassing.

Published
2016

19. Evidence for partial melt in the crust beneath Mt. Paektu (Changbaishan), Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China

Author

Ri Chong-Song, James Hammond, Ryu Kum-Ran, Clive Oppenheimer, Kim Hyok, Pak Gil-Jong, Kosima W. Liu, Ko Chol-Nam, Kayla Iacovino, Yun Yong-Gun, Ri Kyong-Song, Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Partial melt, Geochemistry, crust, Volcanism, Volcanic Eruptions, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Disasters, Receiver function, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Humans, China, Volcano, History, Ancient, Research Articles, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, receiver function, SciAdv r-articles, Crust, Craton, es, 13. Climate action, Magmatism, Geochronology, Geology, Research Article
Abstract

Magma beneath Mt. Paektu may be associated with an episode of volcanic unrest that occurred between 2002 and 2005., Mt. Paektu (also known as Changbaishan) is an enigmatic volcano on the border between the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and China. Despite being responsible for one of the largest eruptions in history, comparatively little is known about its magmatic evolution, geochronology, or underlying structure. We present receiver function results from an unprecedented seismic deployment in the DPRK. These are the first estimates of the crustal structure on the DPRK side of the volcano and, indeed, for anywhere beneath the DPRK. The crust 60 km from the volcano has a thickness of 35 km and a bulk VP/VS of 1.76, similar to that of the Sino-Korean craton. The VP/VS ratio increases ~20 km from the volcano, rising to >1.87 directly beneath the volcano. This shows that a large region of the crust has been modified by magmatism associated with the volcanism. Such high values of VP/VS suggest that partial melt is present in the crust beneath Mt. Paektu. This region of melt represents a potential source for magmas erupted in the last few thousand years and may be associated with an episode of volcanic unrest observed between 2002 and 2005.

Published
2015

20. Rheology of phonolitic magmas - the case of the Erebus lava lake

Author

Clive Oppenheimer, Charles Le Losq, Daniel R. Neuville, Roberto Moretti, Philip R. Kyle, Le Losq, Charle, Neuville, Daniel R., Moretti, Roberto, Kyle, Philip R., and Oppenheimer, Clive

Subjects
Phonolite, Basalt, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Lava, Viscosity, Earth science, Erebus, biology.organism_classification, Erebus volcano, Geophysics, Volcano, Rheology, Magma convection, Geochemistry and Petrology, Space and Planetary Science, Magma, Lava lake, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Petrology, Geophysic, Geology
Abstract

Long-lived active lava lakes are comparatively rare and are typically associated with low-viscosity basaltic magmas. Erebus volcano, Antarctica, is unique today in hosting a phonolitic lava lake. Phonolitic magmas can erupt explosively, as in the 79 CE Plinian eruption of Vesuvius volcano, Italy, and it is therefore important to understand their physical properties. The phonolite at Erebus has slightly higher silica content than that at Vesuvius yet its present activity is predominantly non-explosive. As a contribution to understanding such contrasting eruptive behaviour, we focus on the rheological differences between these comparable magmas. In particular, we evaluate the viscosity of the Erebus phonolite magma by integrating new experimental data within a theoretical and empirical framework. The resulting model enables estimation of the Erebus melt viscosity as a function of temperature, crystal and water concentrations, with an uncertainty of, at most, ± 0.45 log (Pa s). Using reported ranges for these parameters, we predict that the magma viscosity in the upper region of the plumbing system of Erebus ranges between 105 and 10 7 Pa s . This is substantially higher than has been hitherto considered with significant implications for modelling the dynamics of the lava lake, conduit and magma reservoir system. Our analysis highlights the generic challenges encountered in calculation of magma viscosity and presents an approach that can be applied to other cases.

Published
2015

21. Stratospheric Ozone destruction by the Bronze-Age Minoan eruption (Santorini Volcano, Greece)

Author

Slimane Bekki, Bruno Scaillet, Anita Cadoux, Clive Oppenheimer, Timothy H. Druitt, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Multidisciplinary, Ozone, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, Ozone depletion, Article, Tropospheric ozone depletion events, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Ozone layer, 0399 Other Chemical Sciences, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Volcanic winter, Stratosphere
Abstract

International audience; The role of volcanogenic halogen-bearing (i.e. chlorine and bromine) compounds in stratospheric ozone chemistry and climate forcing is poorly constrained. While the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo resulted in stratospheric ozone loss, it was due to heterogeneous chemistry on volcanic sulfate aerosols involving chlorine of anthropogenic rather than volcanogenic origin, since co-erupted chlorine was scavenged within the plume. Therefore, it is not known what effect volcanism had on ozone in pre-industrial times, nor what will be its role on future atmospheres with reduced anthropogenic halogens present. By combining petrologic constraints on eruption volatile yields with a global atmospheric chemistry-transport model, we show here that the Bronze-Age 'Minoan' eruption of Santorini Volcano released far more halogens than sulfur and that, even if only 2% of these halogens reached the stratosphere, it would have resulted in strong global ozone depletion. The model predicts reductions in ozone columns of 20 to >90% at Northern high latitudes and an ozone recovery taking up to a decade. Our findings emphasise the significance of volcanic halogens for stratosphere chemistry and suggest that modelling of past and future volcanic impacts on Earth's ozone, climate and ecosystems should systematically consider volcanic halogen emissions in addition to sulfur emissions. Halogens (especially chlorine and bromine) play important roles in the catalytic destruction of atmospheric ozone 1–3. However, the role of 'volcanogenic' halogens in stratospheric ozone chemistry and climate forcing remains poorly constrained. It is commonly believed that most of the halogens in explosive volcanic plumes do not enter the stratosphere, because they are removed by hydrometeors in the trop-osphere 4,5. In contrast, volcanic sulfur emissions are known to play a key role in stratospheric ozone change and climate forcing on annual to decadal timescales 6. As stratospheric sulfate aerosols backscatter solar radiation, they act to cool the Earth's troposphere and surface 7. In addition, the surface of sulfate aerosols provides sites for heterogeneous chemical reactions that activate halogen species which destroy ozone 8,9. In the case of recent large volcanic eruptions (1982 El Chichón eruption, 1991 Pinatubo eruption), the halogen compounds involved in such reactions were sourced from anthropogenic emissions 1,10 (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons). The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) furnished particularly significant insights into the mechanisms, feedbacks and timescales of such processes 1. However, the Pinatubo magma was relatively poor in halogens compared to other volcanic eruptions. In addition, it occurred while the global atmosphere was still loaded with anthropogenic emissions of organic halogens. This calls into question the general applicability of the conclusions derived from Pinatubo observations and ensuing modelling to past or forthcoming eruptions. In particular, it is not known what would happen with a volcanic event with a different halogen yield occurring under pre-industrial atmospheric conditions. In addition to these uncertainties, recent models have re-evaluated the fraction of explosively-emitted halogens crossing the tropopause, suggesting significantly higher values, up to 25%

Published
2015

22. Transient degassing events at the lava lake of Erebus volcano, Antarctica: Chemistry and mechanisms

Author

Philip R. Kyle, Tehnuka Ilanko, Clive Oppenheimer, Alain Burgisser, Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Explosive material, Lava, Drop (liquid), Bubble, Geophysics, Erebus, biology.organism_classification, Strombolian eruption, Plume, Erebus volcano, FTIR spectroscopy, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Degassing, Strombolian eruptions, Lava lake, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Petrology, Geology
Abstract

We report here on the chemical signature of degassing at Erebus lava lake associated with intermittent explosions and the return to passive conditions. Explosions caused by bubble bursts were frequent during the 2013 field season, providing the first opportunity to observe such activity since 2005–06. Several of the explosions were captured by multiple instruments including an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Explosive bubble bursts and other transient degassing events are associated with gas compositions that are distinct from the usual range of passive degassing compositions. We set out to compare the chemical signature of explosive degassing during the 2005–06 and 2013 episodes, and to characterise the chemistry of gases emitted during the period of lake refilling after explosions. We found little change in the explosive gas chemistry between 2005–06 and 2013, suggesting reactivation of a common mechanism of gas segregation. Bubbles can be distinguished by their size and composition, the ranges of which are likely modified during ascent by gas–melt interaction and adiabatic expansion. The proportions of water, SO 2 , and HCl in the emitted gas plume increase during the refill of the lake after explosions, as the lake is recharged by a combination of magma that has already partially degassed, and that vesiculates rapidly in response to the drop in magmastatic pressure at the lake.

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23. Strombolian eruptions and dynamics of magma degassing at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu)

Author

Andrew W. Woods, Clive Oppenheimer, Marie Edmonds, Tehnuka Ilanko, Julia Woitischek, Esline Garaebiti, Roberto D'Aleo, Tom D. Pering, Alessandro Aiuppa, Woitischek, Julia [0000-0001-7973-803X], Edmonds, Marie [0000-0003-1243-137X], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Woitischek J., Woods A.W., Edmonds M., Oppenheimer C., Aiuppa A., Pering T.D., Ilanko T., D'Aleo R., and Garaebiti E.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Basaltic open vent volcanoes, sub-05, Gas fluxes, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Strombolian activity, Flux (metallurgy), Geochemistry and Petrology, Crystal content in magma, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Basalt, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Basaltic open vent volcanoes, Crystal content in magma, Gas fluxes, Magma fluxes, Strombolian activity, Yasur, Strombolian eruption, Magma fluxes, Outgassing, Geophysics, Volcano, Volcanic plume, Magma, Inclusion (mineral), Yasur, Geology
Abstract

Open vent basaltic volcanoes account for a substantial portion of the global atmospheric outgassing flux, largely through passive degassing and mild explosive activity. We present volcanic gas flux and composition data from Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu collected in July 2018. The average volcanic plume chemistry is characterised by a mean molar CO2/SO2 ratio of 2.14, H2O/SO2 of 148 and SO2/HCl of 1.02. The measured mean SO2 flux in the period of 6th to 9th July is 4.9 kg s−1. Therefore, the mean fluxes of the other species are 7.5 kg∙s−1 CO2, 208 kg∙s−1 H2O and 4.8 kg∙s−1 HCl. The degassing regime at Yasur volcano ranges from ‘passive’ to ‘active’ styles, with the latter including Strombolian activity and spattering. Gases emitted during active degassing are enriched in SO2 over HCl and CO2 over SO2 relative to passive degassing, with CO2/SO2 ratios of 2.85 ± 0.17, SO2/HCl of 1.6 ± 0.22, and H2O/SO2 of 315 ± 78.8. Gases emitted during passive degassing have CO2/SO2 ratios of 1.96 ± 0.12, SO2/HCl of 0.50 ± 0.07 and H2O/SO2 of 174 ± 43.5. We use a model of volatile degassing derived from melt inclusion studies (Metrich et al., 2011), combined with our observations of chemical variations in the outgassing bubbles to propose a mechanism for magma degassing in the conduit at Yasur. We envisage a shallow conduit filled with crystal-rich magma, forming a viscous and mobile plug that develops an effective yield strength from the surface to a depth of at least 2000 m, in which bubbles are trapped, grow, ascend towards the surface and burst in a typical Strombolian eruption. Deeper bubbles released during active degassing are enriched in CO2 and SO2 compared to bubbles released during ‘passive degassing’, which are sourced from close to the surface, and are, consequently, HCl-rich.

24. Prominent role of volcanism in Common Era climate variability and human history

Author

Dominique Arseneault, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Clive Oppenheimer, Jan Esper, Frederick Reinig, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Michael McCormick, Hans W. Linderholm, Michael Sigl, Alma Piermattei, Kurt Nicolussi, Alan Crivellaro, Étienne Boucher, Fabio Gennaretti, Eugene A. Vaganov, Vladimir S. Myglan, Ulf Büntgen, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Josef Ludescher, Paul J. Krusic, Malcolm K. Hughes, Lara Klippel, Buentgen, Ulf [0000-0002-3821-0818], Crivellaro, Alan [0000-0002-1307-3239], Krusic, Paul [0000-0001-5358-9697], Piermattei, Alma [0000-0002-7704-8382], Oppenheimer, Clive [0000-0003-4506-7260], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Antique, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate reconstruction, Plant Science, Dendroclimatology, Volcanism, 01 natural sciences, Proxy (climate), Human history, East Asia, Volcanic eruptions, Northern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Tree-ring width, Geography, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Prosperity, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

© 2020 Elsevier GmbH Climate reconstructions for the Common Era are compromised by the paucity of annually-resolved and absolutely-dated proxy records prior to medieval times. Where reconstructions are based on combinations of different climate archive types (of varying spatiotemporal resolution, dating uncertainty, record length and predictive skill), it is challenging to estimate past amplitude ranges, disentangle the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic forcing, or probe deeper interrelationships between climate variability and human history. Here, we compile and analyse updated versions of all the existing summer temperature sensitive tree-ring width chronologies from the Northern Hemisphere that span the entire Common Era. We apply a novel ensemble approach to reconstruct extra-tropical summer temperatures from 1 to 2010 CE, and calculate uncertainties at continental to hemispheric scales. Peak warming in the 280s, 990s and 1020s, when volcanic forcing was low, was comparable to modern conditions until 2010 CE. The lowest June–August temperature anomaly in 536 not only marks the beginning of the coldest decade, but also defines the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). While prolonged warmth during Roman and medieval times roughly coincides with the tendency towards societal prosperity across much of the North Atlantic/European sector and East Asia, major episodes of volcanically-forced summer cooling often presaged widespread famines, plague outbreaks and political upheavals. Our study reveals a larger amplitude of spatially synchronized summer temperature variation during the first millennium of the Common Era than previously recognised.

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