Search

Urban structure is a city-forming arrangement that has many meanings depending on the indicators used. Ecological approach as one of the indicators is defined as a study of the spatial and temporal relationships of humans which are influenced by forces, selective, distributive, and accommodative of the environment. Pangururan district located in Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia is one of the areas that is becoming the main focus of tourism development in Indonesia. This has led to the development of the city. The research was conducted using qualitative methods with data collection methods through literature studies and aerial observations. This study aims to determine how the structure of the Pangururan District is analyzed using the ecological theory of urban structure.

Balige is the capital of Toba Samosir Regency. Balige District continues to develop dynamically, marked by the development and changes of the physical city structure Balige. It is about the real implications of a city’s physical growth and development that move dynamically, which can be seen from urban, suburban, and rural land-use patterns. The aim is to determine the ecological aspects of urban structures in the Balige District. The method used in selection is done through secondary data that does not directly provide data to researchers or analyzed documents and concluded. Initially, Balige City was centered on the pier up to Sisingamangaraja’s field, evidenced by water transportation still used today. However, the result of the study showed changes in the pattern of land use due to economic growth and social transformation.

ABSRACT:Over the past forty years, many new cities have emerged in Egypt, including millennial cities. It is noticed that there are many urban changes in these cities since the beginning of their inception until now. Including city area, patterns, characteristics, rates and percentages of land uses within the city as the decrease or increase of some elements ratios, disappearing of some uses, in addition to transfer of some uses from its usual place to another inside the city. UN- Habitat conclude that many reasons have led to these changes as the change of housing policies and the strong participation of private sector who use an innovative model based on customer preferences in development of many cities areas and also the change of housing policies. This new model depends on replacing the domestic basic services in the centers by green areas and recreational.The research aims to monitor the changes and urban transformations occurring within the major millennial cities within Greater Cairo region in Egypt since the beginning of its inception at late 1970s up to now, studying the different reasons that led to these changes, then deriving some indicators and set guide lines and put foundations and standards that help to develop urban planning of major new Millennial cities structure in Egypt.

Polycentric urban structure is the recent trend of new-age sustainable cities in India. Limited research is reported focused on quantitative analysis of polycentric structure at the intracity level. In the present research, a detailed database has been generated using multitemporal satellite imageries. Zone-wise quantitative analysis, supported by the database, exhibits clear evidence of transit-oriented polycentric urban growth around Old Faridabad, NIT and Ballabhgarh. Linear urban expansion close to highways, railways, metro ways and urban extension as Greater Faridabad has led to the vertical expansion of the city. Highly variable urban density has been observed in the southern and south-western zones. Shannon’s entropy has identified even distribution of built-up around Old Faridabad, whereas clustering of high urban density around NIT and Ballabhgarh. Getis-Ord Gi* statistics have identified a consistent increase of urban hot spot areas from 21.92% (2007), 26% (2012) to 27.48% (2017). The present study suggests planners and policymakers to improve the connectivity between the upcoming urban centre Greater Faridabad, three existing urban centres and other under-developed districts of Haryana to achieve balanced development. Such a step would contribute to the sustainable solutions for various issues over the hot spot around the current urban centres and achieve inclusive urban growth in Faridabad. Moreover, current findings contribute to building a model framework for analysing urban growth patterns even for other satellite cities of India.

A city is a residential area that is physically indicated by a group of houses that dominate the layout and have facilities to support the lives of its citizens independently. In order to optimize urban development, the use of urban space needs to be directed into a city spatial plan consisting of spatial structure and spatial patterns. Data collection methods in this study using observation techniques and data analysis methods in this study using qualitative descriptive. The final result of this research is the condition of the existing spatial structure in Medan Baru District, which has met the service needs in Medan Baru District. However, there must be added facilities that are still lacking in certain areas. The structure of Medan Baru District is close to the concentric concept, the pattern of urban development is in the middle of Medan Baru District as the central area city ​​and spatial structure model of Medan Baru Subdistrict when viewed based on centers service that is approaching the multi-nodal space structure model which consists of one center and several sub-centers and sub-centers which are connected.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the process and result of urban public space regeneration (UPSR) plans in Tokyo's urban center under the guidance of Urban Renaissance. It aims to clarify why public space has a close relationship with urbanization and urban regeneration, and why compact and diverse urban public spaces can promote public life.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, this paper investigated urbanization and urban renaissance in Tokyo, and analyzed the motivation for implementing UPSR from the perspective of urban policy. By on-the-spot investigations and literature materials, this paper introduced urban regeneration measures of Roppongi Hills to Toranomon Hills, and then summarized the similarities and differences between Roppongi Hills and Toranomon Hills by studying them on the basis of contrast.FindingsUPSR had been an important component of the re-urbanization process and an essential method of strengthening urban vitality. Moreover, it promotes the development of polycentric urban structure and the return of population to urban center. First, the UPSR pattern integrating vertical space and street space can form a net-shaped urban life circle. Second, more diversified public activities can serve more varied groups of people.Originality/valueThis paper systematically analyzes the development reasons and process of UPSR project in Tokyo from both internal and external factors, and summarizes the future development direction of public space through the comparison of the two projects, and provides a reference for urban public space renewal in the future.

Human has been evolving in a natural environment over a long time; thus, he is habitual to adapt it. Green spaces are obligatory landscapes in an urban structure that provide a natural environment and accelerate other life events. In contrast, unplanned urbanization, and conversion from green to grey structures have damaged natural environmental resources. Studies through different angles have highlighted the importance of urban green spaces for human well-being but now need to identify their role according to the potential. The demands of urban green spaces may differ with the change of population size, types of grey structure, urban expansion, the altitude of the place, and geographical location. Therefore, this systematic review aims to analyse the significance of urban green spaces for human well-being. The study opted for a systematic process during the selection and organization of studies for this review. After analysing, 46 studies were finalized with the consensus of three review authors. Accordingly, literature was analysed under the central theme of “Urban Green Spaces for Human Well-being.” Human Well-being was assessed under six sub-themes; physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective, and environmental well-being. The review concluded that urban green spaces are the primary pillar for a sustainable urban place and human well-being due to highly positive and positive correlations. Moreover, the study did not find any demarcation line between green spaces and grey structures according to any specific need. Therefore, the study suggested that the role of urban green spaces for human well-being should be analysed according to their potential and required optimal ratio under different communities’ urban specific environments and social behaviour.

This paper examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. We assess the effect of the pandemic on urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. At the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. At the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. The durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.

In Japan, population decline is one of the important issues that need to be tackled in socioeconomic fields. We apply an analysis method composed of a spatial autocorrelation analysis to the local population data generated through the 1995 and 2015 national census, and try to detect their spatial dynamics in this study. Through making experimental verification of the distance parameter of the spatial autocorrelation analysis, we newly define 2 indices with respect to the size and area where lower local populations are distributed in urbanized areas. It is shown that the local population dynamics are described by the difference of the 2 indices among 1995 and 2015. The expansion of areas where local population decline occurred seems to be detected by our proposed approach.

Under the pressure from investors, Slovakia has experienced significant urban sprawl into the countryside in the last three decades. This development resulted in the loss of agricultural land, despite the fact that towns and cities in the built-up area have great potential in the vacant land lots. It is crucial to identify the lost spaces and incorporate them in the regeneration of urban structure and green infrastructure of Slovak towns and cities. The paper presents the results of the case study of lost spaces in Slovak towns that aimed to confirm the hypotheses: “Can the intensification on lost spaces within the build-up area be a better alternative than the current urban sprawl into the countryside?” and “Is it true that most lost spaces are located in the centre of towns?” The research focuses on examining the lost spaces suitable for new development and the spatial potential of the built-up urban area in three towns – Humenné, Levice, and Topoľčany. The lost spaces examined in this study are: urban fallows, vacant lots, residential green space, green space connected to public amenities and green space connected to industrial zones. The study aims to determine the area of lost spaces compared to development sites in the suburbs and to confirm the hypothesis that the intensification of urban structure is a viable alternative to the urban sprawl into the countryside. The conclusion inferred from the research has brought interesting findings and useful information for further investigation. It is crucial to find the optimum ratio between the intensification of urban structure on the land of lost spaces and leaving some space free to become a part of the blue-green infrastructure of a town, which is specific to each city. The objective of the paper is to draw attention to the potential of lost spaces as prospective areas for intensification of the urban structure of Slovak towns.

Traffic flow can be used as a reference for knowledge generation, which is highly important in urban planning. One of the significant applications of traffic data is decision making about the structure of roads connecting zones of a city. It leads us to an optimal connection between important areas like business centers, shopping malls, construction sites, residential complexes, and other parts of a city which is the motivation of this research. The main question is how to infer the optimal connectivity network considering the current structure of an urban area and time-varying traffic dynamics. Therefore a novel formulation is created in this paper to solve the optimization problem using available data. A proposed algorithm is presented to infer the optimal structure that is a distributed learning automata-based approach. A matrix called estimated optimal connectivity represents the favorite structure and it is optimized utilizing signals about the current system and traffic dynamics from the environment. Two types of data, including synthetic and real-world, are used to show the algorithm’s ability. After many experiments, the algorithm showed capability of optimizing the structure by finding new paths connecting the most correlated areas.

Studies on the quarters of traditional Arab Islamic cities have stressed the idea of an urban structure that corresponds to social groupings and to a collection of local regions or even of “inchoate” neighborhood units. This spatial model has often provided the rationale for the intervention in these cities and in the design of new housing layouts. This study aims to examine this issue through syntactic measures and observations to describe and analyze the structure and morphology of quarters through connectivity and visibility analysis of pedestrian movement through space syntax. Whether the structure of these cities presents a global whole in contrast to the assumptions of physical subareas of social groupings is discussed. The city of Damascus is used as a model of analysis in which the urban morphology of quarters is described and characterized. This study reports several findings that are potentially relevant to the understanding of traditional laws that relate the physical layout of quarters to the social structure and their local subareas to the global whole that dominate and unify the parts. On this basis, the design approach in these cities may be better understood.

This study attempts to analyze and simulate urban growth pattern of Colombo city in Sri Lanka which is a dynamic and rapid urbanizing region. The spatiotemporal urban growth patterns during 1997–2019 were first analyzed by comparing Land Cover (LC) maps for time intervals between 1997–2008 and 2008–2019 using intensity and growth pattern analysis. Urban lands in Colombo have grown in a faster rate during 1997–2008 as compared to 2008–2019 period. The prominent spatial expansion pattern during 1997–2008 is outlying, as opposed to edge expansion which is predominant during 2008–2019. These major urban expansion patterns were modeled to predict the future urban structure of Colombo in 2030 using FUTURES (FUTure Urban-Regional Environment Simulation) model. FUTURES is a patch-based, multilevel modeling framework for simulating the emergence of landscape spatial structure in urbanizing regions. Simulated result generated from the model reveals substantial agreement with real ground urban changes showing a kappa value of 0.78. The model allows to predict three different scenarios, namely Business as Usual, Infill Growth and Sprawl showing over 100 km2 increase in urban lands by 2030. Predicted urban structure was then compared with proposed development plan. With certain limitations arising from available data, the model is effective in predicting possible urban scenarios and providing valuable inputs to support better decision making for sustainable development of Colombo city. The results demonstrated in this study would be useful in modelling urban growth in other cities and further validate the efficacy of the proposed workflow.

Although many studies have considered urban structure when investigating urban ecological networks, few have considered the three-dimensional (3D) structure of buildings as well as urban green spaces. Airborne LiDAR datasets provide an opportunity to quantify 3D structure and evaluate 3D metrics in connectivity mapping. We examined an urban ecological network using the 3D structure of both green spaces and buildings. Using breeding-season bird species observations and airborne LiDAR data collected, we assessed the influence of 3D structural variables on species diversity. We used correlation analyses to determine if vertical distribution, volume, area, and height of both buildings and vegetation were related to bird species diversity. Then we conducted circuit theory-based current flow betweenness centrality (CFBC) analysis using the LiDAR-derived structural variables. We found that the volumes of buildings and 8–10 m vegetation heights were both highly correlated with species richness per unit area. There were significant differences between 2D and 3D connectivity analysis using LiDAR-derived variables among urban forest patches, boulevards, and apartment complexes. Within urban forest patches and parks, 3D CFBC represented canopy structural characteristics well, by showing high variance in spatial distributions. The 3D CFBC results indicated that adjacent high-rise buildings, dense apartment complexes, and densely urbanized areas were isolated, as characterized by low centrality values, but that vegetation planted in open spaces between buildings could improve connectivity by linking isolated areas to core areas. Our research highlights the importance of considering 3D structure in planning and managing urban ecological connectivity.

The Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) is an invader species, and its distribution is continuously on the increase. Today its expansion has spread to the American continent. In this study we describe the effects of the urban environment on the Eurasian collared dove in eastern Spain. The abundance and presence of this dove were analyzed in 46 localities using counting points. Overall, 220-point counts were surveyed between autumn 2015 and late-winter 2016. A hierarchical partitioning analysis was used to identify explanatory variables of different types such as resources, climate and urban structure, and human presence, which may influence the presence and abundance of this species. In the case of presence, the number of town inhabitants, parks, mean minimum temperature, exotic vegetation and schools had a positive association, while pedestrian number and restaurants had a negative association. Abundance was positively related to native vegetation, exotic vegetation, and water, while urban area was negatively associated with it. Exotic vegetation was the only variable that has a positive relation to presence and abundance. These results can help to predict the use of urban habitats in potential localities for its invasion.

Ancient settlements were dependent on the availability of water for sustainable living, ritual values, and economic purposes. Today, many Tropical Asian cities provide examples of urban settlements within water landscapes, yet these cities struggle with water issues, and face challenges in creating a contextual morphological identity. This paper explores urban waterfront heritage through a case study of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The city is experiencing rapid unplanned urbanisation, insensitive land use and the demolition of historical buildings along waterways, which in turn has created a contextual crisis in the built environment and social living. To explore the relationship of built heritage with the water-edge, this paper examines historical architectural styles using urban morphological codes. Results show that the historical orientations, accessibility, and functions of heritage buildings are explicitly and sensitively connected with the water-edge. The paper argues that physical and spatial components of urban structure and water landscape, incorporating the lessons of urban history, could become a tool to preserve urban heritage. However, to enhance the image of the city in a sustainable manner along water-edges, it is crucial to use the potentiality of water landscape with the heritage-based morphologies in current urban design and development practices.

Как пустые пространства города влияют на формирование городских идентичностей? Лакуны и пустоты в городском ландшафте — не только набор географических измерений. Они вторгаются в контуры городского рисунка или существуют как его основа, некая данность, позволяющая упорядочить место вокруг. Ментальное картографирование позволяет провести невидимые границы городских территорий, приобретающих в результате этих разрывов самостоятельное значение. Эстетика городских пустот имеет свою подоплеку, особенно тогда, когда можно говорить о культурной памяти, присущей данному ландшафту. Но всегда ли есть место осмысленному мнемоническому переживанию внутри этих ментальных границ? Может ли идти речь о региональной идентичности жителя Петербурга в связи с новыми, необжитыми, намывными территориями? В статье анализируется локус с нулевым уровнем культурной памяти — современное место впадения реки Смоленки в воды Финского залива в северо-западной части Васильевского острова. Устье реки Смоленки и территория вокруг него рассматриваются как одно из петербургских «не-мест» (в терминологии, предложенной М. Оже), то есть мест, лишенных персональной истории, не определенных через идентичность и культурные связи. Черновик несуществующего парка, протоки, окруженные пустырями, являют собой не только физический разрыв в городской застройке вдали от туристических достопримечательностей, но и воплощение пустоты как чистого листа культурной памяти. Положение «не-места» обеспечивает и особенную привлекательность для посетителей этих краев, преодолевающих транзитные состояния запланированными неспешными променадами по необустроенным берегам реки и залива, принятием солнечных ванн и другими способами проведения досуга. В то же время, устье Смоленки относится к одной из тех территорий, которые быстро наполняются соотносимыми с ними культурными смыслами, стилистическими аллюзиями, что ведет к возникновению нового символического ландшафта.

This study of Shanghai analyzes the city's emerging patterns of residential settlement in 2010. Most previous research on China focused on central city patterns, but by 2010 urban development in major metropolitan areas was taking place predominantly in the suburbs. The analysis re-examines and extends previous studies of the level of segregation by various key population characteristics, showing that the highest segregation is found in the suburban ring, where original villager residents are now joined by an influx of migrants from other regions and by intracity movers. We probe the sources of the segregation pattern in multivariate analyses at two scales?an innovative analysis at the level of individuals that shows how people's citizenship status, occupation and education affect the type of housing that they are able to live in, and jointly contribute to their location in the metropolitan area. We show that the patterns attributable to the market reform period mostly did not supplant the socialist urban structure, but rather used it as its foundation. Segregation today can be attributed less to current class inequality than to state policies in the distant and recent past that have determined when, where and for whom housing is built.

As the most important construction features of ancient Chinese cities, the city walls nowadays have lost their function of enemy defense and turned to affect the urban structure and development. To clarify the impact of ancient city walls on modern urban development, this work was conducted to measure the differences of landscape types and levels between the inner and outer walls of three typical ancient Chinese cities with the help of geoinformatics materials and landscape ecology indices. The results of this research proved that city walls have great impact on landscape pattern. Specifically, the aggregation, fragmentation, diversity and evenness of landscape were strongly affected by well-preserved ancient city walls. By sorting out and consulting historical documents and China's “City Walls Protection Regulations”, we also found that city walls help the old city to retain its original style and design characteristics. The findings of this quantitative-analysis-based historical study can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of historical heritage and landscape design.

Purpose Taking as a case study the city of San Carlos de Bariloche – in northern Patagonia, Argentina – this paper aims to compare its urban structure with previous urbanization models and identify some characteristics of this tourist city that could inspire the construction of an adapted urban model for Latin American tourist cities, particularly those based on natural attractions. Design/methodology/approach Based on multivariate analysis of population census data and local economic statistics, this paper compares the residential location of different social groups and the location of main economic activities in Bariloche. First, principal component analysis (PCA) is combined with cluster analysis to classify Bariloche’s neighborhoods. Second, different maps are analyzed to study the location of economic activities, in comparison with previous clusters. Findings The results of this paper show that Bariloche partially adjusts to previous urbanization models, as the landscape and physical environment determine the characteristics of its urban growth, as well as the development of tourist activities. Therefore, this paper then proposes an adapted urban model for the case of Bariloche, which could be also contrasted with other Latin American tourist cities in the future. Originality/value Bearing in mind that there is no model of Latin American tourist cities so far, this paper tries to analyze to what extent the assumptions and patterns of previous urban models could be adapted to Latin American tourist cities, such as Bariloche, which base their attractiveness and economic dynamism on its natural physical environment.

The research work is based on an analysis of the relationship between the planned city and the historic structure from the Ottoman period – Case Study Podgorica, the city in Montenegro. Podgorica is a city that consists three urban structures created in different periods: The Old town – Stara Varoš (from 15th century - period Ottoman rule), The New town – Nova Varoš (from late 19th and early 20th century) and New planned town (from the second half of the 20th century). The focus of the study is old town transformation in the urban expansion of Podgorica in the 20th and 21st centuries. In the work is given the recognition of influence factors and dominant functions, that led to the discontinuous development of the planned new areas of city Podgorica in relation to the historic structure – Stara Varoš.

Cities in developing countries are undergoing a vigorous urbanization process marked by deep social and economic inequalities, which are reflected in transportation. This study analyzes one-way Average Commute Time (ACT) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, specifically regarding its spatial pattern in relation to the urban center and the differences between cars and public transportation. It also explores the urban structure drivers as well as the social dimension. Results show that ACT is lower for car drivers than for transit users. The curve depicting the relationship between ACT and distance to the center differs between private car and public transit, being semi-flat for the former and an inverted U-shaped curve for the latter. There is a higher spatial correlation for transit ACT than for car ACT. Based on the results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and spatial regression models, travel times from TRANUS transport model show that job accessibility plays a significantly inverse role in determining ACT for transit users and car users alike. However, this response is not consistent according to observed travel times from the 2017 Household Origin Destination Survey (HODS17). In regard to population groups, migrants and indigenous populations display significantly longer commute times, especially when using public transit, providing evidence that these groups are disadvantaged.

The paper focuses on monitoring the urban transformations in Sheikh Zayed City as a result of the expansion of gated communities. Sheikh Zayed City is considered as one of the most important examples that can be studied as a residential new city. The master plan has been modified many times to meet the demand of the high social classes housing. Most of the city land plots have been allocated for gated communities, which impacted on the city’s urban The paper concluded, through the field study of Sheikh Zayed City, how to deal with the urban structure of the city, with the presence of gated communities that became a reality in the new cities, so that it becomes a homogenous component in the urban tissue of the city, to reduce the negative impacts on new cities’ urban structure

Moscow as a world city combines territories with various functional content. At the same time, the complexity of the morphological structure of the capital is supplemented by the high dynamism of the socio-economic processes taking place in it. In this context, an important task is to assess the role of large infrastructure projects, intensifying the processes of transformation of the urban structure and in a short time changing the historically established functional roles of vast urban spaces. The article uses the data of mobile operators to analyze functional changes in the zone of influence of the largest urban megaproject – the Moscow Central Ring (MCC) from 2015 to 2018. The available information on mobile telephony about the distribution of the population at night and daytime allows us to characterize the degree of “dormancy” and “attractiveness” of urban areas near the MCC, and accordingly their functional roles. The analysis showed that during the period under review, the day and night population of 43 municipalities surrounding the MCC showed an equal increase of 0.35 million people with a significant differentiation of its pace in certain areas. The ratio between the day and night population of the areas, as well as its change from 2015 to 2018 allowed to distinguish the characteristic functional types of districts. The typology demonstrated that the role of the MCC in spatial development for the attractive territories of the center and subcenter of Moscow turned out to be significantly less noticeable than for areas located on the side of the MCC external to the city center. This influence was more replaceable in municipalities, where the railway ring became the first type of high-speed off-street transport, as well as in areas that have significant areas of industrial zones, the majority of the observed structural and functional movements in urban morphology are associated with the synergy of renovation.

Although the issue of urban greenery is a frequently discussed topic and numerous case studies have already documented the beneficial functions of green spaces in the cities, studies on the balance of urban greenery during the past 20th century are few. This research follows up the issue of Prague urban green spaces during the years 1901–2010 and documents the changes in Prague public greenery in that period. The analysis specifies the development of public greenery and characterizes its categories in the individual decades of the 20th century. The percentage of public greenery and its area in hectares are given for each decade. Furthermore, the total green area is confronted with the number of inhabitants then living in Prague. The results have shown a continuous development and expansion of urban greenery. Their application will be beneficial to the city planning for sustainable development and further management of current and future public green areas as a part of the capital’s urban structure.

The debate on urban spatial structure and economic efficiency has largely ignored intrametropolitan variation of urban structure. Chongqing, a mountainous metropolis in Southwestern China, is a good case for studying the economic effects of intrametropolitan difference in urban structure. Population density and center density of each urban district are calculated to capture the two dimensions of urban structure: centralization–dispersion and monocentric–polycentric. Based on average housing price data for micro-districts sampled through multistage stratified sampling, hedonic analysis is conducted that includes the two urban structure variables. Empirical results show that population density is negatively associated with housing price while center density is positively associated with housing price. This finding provides indirect support to the view that dispersion and polycentricity are efficiency enhancing.

Lublin is an example of a medium-sized city, whose urban layout was shaped to a large extent by the conditions resulting from changes in the transport system. The very emergence of the city – initially as a settlement complex located on the neighbouring hills – was associated with the travel and trade routes of supra-regional importance crossing the Lublin region. The historical communication system is still visible in the urban structure of the city. The paper presents the most important transformations of the communication structure of the city of Lublin from the beginning of its existence to the 1920s. The next part will deal with issues from the years 1931-2016.

In modern world there is a significant increase in scientific research on improving approaches to the preservation, reconstruction and restoration of historical centers in the structure of the urban environment. The historic part of the city is a real estate that contains very valuable cultural potential and requires specific forms of protection. Exploring the historical data of the urban areas and preserving the sites is a key aspect in improving the city's landscape and spatial potential. The analysis of historical territories should be based on preliminary scientific studies of planning features and typology of historical cities. The historical landscape should be considered as a universal heritage in the structure of the city. The government of the state in whose territory this territory is situated should consider it its duty to protect the heritage and integrate it into modern social life. The historical and archaeological immovable heritage of Kyiv has a variety of sites, which today require additional research and measures regarding the proper and lawful use of the territories within which such sites are located. It is crucial to study the protection status of historical and archeological sites of real estate and the possibility of further use of these territories in the modern urban structure. The research focuses not only on individual architectural landmarks, but also on compositional ensembles, namely old neighborhoods, and large urban complexes in an urban environment. The methods of systematic and comparative analysis are applied in the article. The information base is: legislative documents, historiographical, iconographic and written sources, also the completed materials of field surveys of objects. Studying current approaches to the preservation of historic sites, the embodiment of which will in the future lead to the rational use of territories, and the improvement of economic potential are important issues for the development of the city. In order to solve the problems of preserving and managing the historic territories in the city structure, it is necessary to provide legislative and regulatory measures that will be crucial to ensure the comprehensive universal value of the territories.

This project studies the relationship between the urban structure of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and two aspects of commuter travel patterns: (1) number of stops in a tour and (2) complexity of trip chaining. Two regression models were explored, one for each dependent variable of interest. The analysis was applied for car drivers, transit users and travelers with mixed transportation separately. Covariates include individual, household, travel and urban form variables, which showed differential effects according to the transportation mode. According to the number of significant covariates, it can be said that there is less impact of urban form on trip generation and complexity of travel for car drivers (only mixed land use at destination being significant for complexity of travel) and mixed transportation (being only significant job access for complexity of travel) than for transit users (being significant job access, population density, mixed land use at origin for extra trip, number of trips and complexity of travel). The directions of these effects vary according to the transportation mode and are discussed in terms of reported literature.

Content: Urban residential greenspace is considerably contributing to sustainable cities and residents’ well-being. An increasing number of studies have examined the greenspace inequalities and species biodiversity in relation to social theories in private gardens of US and European cities; however, much less studied is landscape configurations, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities like Beijing, China.Objectives: To demonstrate the fine-scale landscape variations of residential greenspace in Beijing urban area, and also to examine the main predictors of neighborhood characteristics on greenspace landscapes.Methods: A greenmap of Beijing urban area was first derived from Pleiades-1A images, then residential greenspace landscapes were examined using six landscape metrics, finally correlation and multiple regression analysis were performed to explore the relationships of greenspace landscape metrics and neighborhood characteristics.Results: The neighborhood characteristics are affecting residential greenspace of Beijing city. The neighborhoods with more and fragmented green coverage, complex patch shape and higher patch size variations are generally more aged, more distant to the city center and have lower plot-ratios. A distance of one additional kilometer to city center increases the vegetation coverage by 0.16% and the mean patch size by 10.17 m2. A neighborhood of one year older increases the patch density by 8.69. Moreover, one unit higher plot-ratio reduces the edge density by 5.66, and the patch size coefficient of variation by 7.03.Conclusions: Urban structure affects residential landscapes, and greenspace management approaches applied to optimize urban human well-being should integrate urban/landscape ecology with residential architecture.

Resumen Existen reflexiones importantes que abordan el derecho a la ciudad en términos conceptuales, con pocas lecturas espaciales y generalmente centradas en espacios formalmente reconocidos como urbanos. El presente trabajo expone la construcción de una metodología que interpreta espacialmente el derecho a la ciudad comparando la situación del área urbana de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, con su conurbación. Se concluye que el análisis espacial permite determinar aquellos componentes de la estructura urbana que requieren atención particular en un proceso de intervención en la ciudad, con miras al cumplimiento de los derechos de la población. Abstract There are important reflections addressing the right to the city is mostly conceptual terms, with few spatial readings and generally focused on spaces formally recognized as urban. This work shows the construction of a methodology for the spatial interpretation of the right to the city by comparing in Cuenca, Ecuador the situation between the urban area and its nearby conurbation. It is concluded that the spatial analysis allows determining those components of the urban structure that require particular attention in a process of intervention in the city to fulfill the rights of the population. Resumo Existem reflexões importantes que abordam o direito à cidade em termos principalmente conceituais, com poucas leituras especiais e geralmente focadas em espaços formalmente reconhecidos como urbanos. O presente trabalho expõe a construção de uma metodologia que interpreta espacialmente o direito à cidade, comparando em Cuenca, Equador a situação entre a área urbana e sua vizinhança. Conclui-se que a análise espacial permite determinar os componentes da estrutura urbana que requerem atenção particular em um processo de intervenção na cidade, a fim de cumprir os direitos da população. Résumé Ils existent des importantes réflexions qui parlent du droit à la ville en termes surtout conceptuelles, avec quelques lectures spatiales et généralement centrés en espaces formellement reconnue comme urbains. Cette thèse expose la construction d'une méthodologie qu'interprété spatialement le droit à la ville en comparant dans Cuenca, Equateur situation entre l'area urbain et sa conurbation à proximité. Il est conclu que cette analyse spatiale permet de déterminer ceux components de la structure urbain qu'exigent attention particulière dans un processus d'intervention en la ville en vue de l'accomplissement des droits du peuple.

Many railway lines development in Japan is occasionally compared to TOD advocated in the US in the 1980s, yet no clear difference has been specified. The purpose of this research is to grasp the history of the plan of Tama Garden City and its long-term land use changes, compare to TOD, and clarify the characteristics of Japanese TOD. Firstly, the development plan of Tama Garden City was confirmed which was to develop urban functions in stages, not to keep everything under the plan, but to coexist with natural change. Analysis of the change of land use actually revealed the gradual development from natural land use to housing, commercial and business land use gradually advanced from the beginning of development. Next, the comparison of the land use at 600 m around the station with mixed land use complexity rate recommended by TOD was conducted which confirmed a similar value to that of TOD. From the above, we found that Tama Garden City was developed by the development method coexisting both spontaneously and planned with the lapse of time. In this research, we define this urban structure which develops gradually and takes time to satisfy the application designation as "Induced type TOD". And we confirmed that there are many induced type TODs around the railway station in Tama Garden city. In the future, to realize or sustain this induced type TOD, it is important to introduce a highly regulated land use system by limiting tax measures and development permits to specific areas.

Transport researchers conceptualise residential mobility as a BE intervention because there is the potential for residents to be exposed to a different urban form following relocation. Residential mobility studies therefore overcome the weaknesses of cross-sectional studies in establishing causal links between urban form and travel behaviour. However, what if residential mobility is spatially biased (e.g. a move characterised by a shorter distance, along the direction of home-CBD line, or within a wedge-shaped home sector), and as a result, residents are unable to perceive changes in urban form because their accustomed structural settings (major roads, public transport routes) remain unchanged? This study hypothesises that the true effects of urban form differences on travel behaviour can only be observed if residents overcome the spatial biases in their residential mobility. The research examines the spatial biases of 274 individuals in Brisbane who experienced significant changes in urban form following relocation and estimates the effects of urban form and spatial biases on mode switch behaviour. Results show that 70%, 68%, and 62% of the sample experienced distance, direction and sector biases respectively. Respondents who overcame the sector bias (i.e. experienced a structural change following relocation) were likely to switch to more sustainable mode of transport. The effects of urban form on mode switch behaviour was only evident when movers overcame the sector bias. The findings suggest that, in the presence of strong spatial biases, the true effect of urban form on travel behaviour might be obscured in studies using residential mobility as BE interventions.

Cada fase de desarrollo del sistema capitalista dejó huellas en la configuración territorial de la Región Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Este artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones en la estructura urbana de dicha región entre los años del modelo neoliberal (1976-2001) y del neodesarrollismo extractivista (desde 2001), identificando rupturas y continuidades entre ambos modelos de acumulación capitalista y sus impactos a escala territorial. Para ello, se recurrió a una metodología cualitativa, a partir de la reconstrucción de datos provenientes de fuentes secundarias y entrevistas informales con referentes estudiosos de la temática.

Funding: European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects) and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant n. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood choice, neighbourhood sorting, and neighbourhood effects). There is no theoretical reason to assume that neighborhood effects operate at a constant single spatial scale across multiple urban settings or over different periods of time. Despite this, many studies use large, single-scale, predefined spatial units as proxies for neighborhoods. Recently, the use of bespoke neighborhoods has challenged the predominant approach to neighborhood as a single static unit. This article argues that we need to move away from neighborhood effects and study multiscale context effects. The article systematically examines how estimates of spatial contextual effects vary when altering the spatial scale of context, how this translates across urban space, and what the consequences are when using an inappropriate scale, in the absence of theory. Using individual-level geocoded data from The Netherlands, we created 101 bespoke areas around each individual. We ran 101 models of personal income to examine the effect of living in a low-income spatial context, focusing on four distinct regions. We found that contextual effects vary over both scales and urban settings, with the largest effects not necessarily present at the smallest spatial scale. Ultimately, the magnitude of contextual effects is determined by various spatial processes, along with the variability in urban structure. Therefore, using an inappropriate spatial scale can considerably bias (upward or downward) spatial context effects. Publisher PDF

The study of urban area is one of the hottest research topics in the field of remote sensing. With the accumulation of high-resolution (HR) remote sensing data and emerging of new satellite sensors, HR observation of urban areas has become increasingly possible, which provides us with more elaborate urban information. However, the strong heterogeneity in the spectral and spatial domain of HR imagery brings great challenges to urban remote sensing. In recent years, numerous approaches were proposed to deal with HR image interpretation over complex urban scenes, including a series of features from low level to high level, as well as state-of-the-art methods depicting not only the urban extent, but also the intra-urban variations. In this paper, we aim to summarize the major advances in HR urban remote sensing from the aspects of feature representation and information extraction. Moreover, the future trends are discussed from the perspectives of methodology, urban structure and pattern characterization, big data challenge, and global mapping.

The article provides an analysis of the urban structure in the planning and compositional aspects in a consistent comparison of the evolutionary stages of the development of the spatial system and territory, changes in borders and the emergence of new parts. An analysis of the locations of churches against the background of planning formations that are developing over time reveals peculiar principles of the arrangement of temple ensembles in the structure and inextricable interconnection with gardens, settlements, bargains, monasteries; the method is implemented by comparing plans of different times, as well as by graphically reproducing archival information and descriptions of scribal books and other sources. On this basis, a study of urban evolution and genesis is carried out, which allows us to describe a model of the structure of the settlement, consisting of different parts that have arisen from ancient times to the present. The study found a variety of "genetic" models, which is associated with geographical factors, the administrative, cultural, religious role of the city; the study of the evolution process gives knowledge about the laws governing the formation of a city-planning structure, on the basis of which the initial qualities and parameters of ensembles, as well as the boundaries of the "genetic" parts, even lost, that constitute a true holistic historical and "genetic" model of the settlement, should be restored. The method of historical reconstruction should become the basis of zoning on a "genetic" basis in the development of planning and development rules and forecasting future forms of development.

The article analyzes the main features of the interaction of functional filling and planning urban planning techniques in the central parts of major historical cities in the course of their development. Such an analysis is essential to the choice of optimal reconstructive solutions, with the necessary preservation of the historical and aesthetic value of the urban heritage. Similarly to the influence of the functional purpose of the building on the whole complex of planning and composite solutions, the primary definition of the semantic meaning of urban formation is directly influenced by the drawing and its plan, the logic of the interaction of the main urban planning categories from antiquity to our time. Thus, the main functional designation of medieval European cities as trading, defense and military ports has developed characteristic forms of their plans, optimal for the proper functioning of urban entities. Subsequently, after the destruction of irrelevant fortifications and in the process of territorial growth of cities significantly increases the range and volume of city functions and takes advantage of an open flexible scheme of microstructures in the developed system of the center outside the central core, which should maintain a high rank of historical and cultural emphasis of the city. In order to avoid the phenomena of functional degradation of separate spaces of the center or excessive dynamism of functions capable of distorting the value of historical and architectural substance, it is necessary to estimate the optimal capacity of the city center, that is, the quantitative and qualitative optimum of functions, which can perceive the historical environment without reducing its cultural and aesthetic values due to the harmonious interaction of functional and planning categories. This harmony can be achieved not only by adapting the contents and form of the city center to new needs, but also by adjusting these needs to the optimal possibilities of the historical environment, which may partially offset the comfort of the home by its special advantages.

Through the analysis of the New Pinheiros River Program, São Paulo, Brazil, the differences in the solutions presented are considered to implement environmental projects in different territories over the same sub-basin. Vulnerable neighborhoods upstream will receive only basic infrastructure; while Marginal Pinheiros, a rich place, will be contemplated with aditional leisure, sports and cultural equipments. The general aim is to analyze the process of capitalist production of the Pinheiros River depolluting program area, proposed by the São Paulo State government in 2019, as well as green gentrification and creation of environmental injustice. Methodology consists of bibliographic research and analysis of the program's documents and speeches of people in charge. Global South cities have been experimenting environmental injustice as a result of financial capital investments.

Natural habitats are being altered and destroyed worldwide due to urbanization, leading to a decrease in species abundance and richness. Nevertheless, some species, including tawny owls, have successfully colonized this novel habitat. Consequences at the population level have not been described, thus, our main objective was to describe the effects that urban structure have on the tawny owl population at local and landscape levels. Data were obtained from 527 survey points over 7 months in a large-scale owl survey in the Basque Country (northern Spain) in 2018. At the local scale, the interaction between forest and urban cover affected tawny owl abundance, the optimum being in medium forested areas. The interaction between urban cover and clumpiness index (urban patch distribution) showed a generally negative effect. At the landscape scale, its abundance decreased in complex-shaped urban patches and when distance between them was greater. In conclusion, at the local scale, when a minimal forest structure is present in urbanized areas, the species can exploit it. At the landscape scale, it prefers smaller urban towns to cities. Thinking ahead, the current tendency toward “green capitals” should benefit tawny owl populations.

Islands are well-known as particular and vulnerable ecosystems with evolutionary histories, environmental characteristics, and original communities different from those of continents. On the contrary, urban environments are recent, artificial, and structurally similar among distant regions. To assess the relative importance of regional and local processes on urban biota, we chose two urban environments, i.e., one on the mainland and another on an island in the same ecoregion. We asked whether the urbanization process affects the avian biodiversity of the ISLAND in the same way as in the continent. We defined an urban gradient with three levels of building density, namely, patches of native vegetation (remnant woodlands in the urban matrix), medium density urbanized areas that maintain vegetation along the streets and gardens, and residential areas with less vegetation cover and higher building density. In each geographical locality, we selected three sites (replicates) for each level of the urban gradient and did bird surveys. We found two times as many species in the urban landscape of the continent (69) as on the island (35), with the analogous richness decrease along the gradient in both regions. Species similarity was higher between urbanized sites of both regions compared with the similarity between woodlands and urbanized sites, showing that urban matrix filters similar species of each pool regionally. Individual species responded to urban structure in different ways. We found 32% of bird species were urban exploiters, 48% urban tolerant, and 20% urban avoiders in both regions. However, some species showed different frequencies of occurrence on the island and the continent. Species turnover contributed more than richness differences to species dissimilarity along the urban gradient on the continent. Contrarily, the nestedness component (i.e., species being a strict subset of the species at a richer site) was higher on the island. We concluded that the negative impact of highly urbanized areas on birds was stronger on the island than on the continent. Our results may help to assess the implications of beta-diversity loss, especially on islands.

Modernist planners were given the opportunity to apply the idea of the Modern Movement in the implementation of cities transforming after the World War II blitz, which was not possible before in long-term evolving structures. However, they could not alter everything: some urban and even architectural elements were necessary to be preserved. As a result, the elements of the ancient landscapes of these cities—historical objects and spaces—necessary for the continuity of evidence of history and identity were preserved, often being completely reconstructed. Finally, in some of these cities, both old and new elements contribute to the contemporary urban landscape. The aim of the research is to examine two key categories of urban structure in this perspective: (1) architectural dominants (landmarks) and (2) urban network nodes. For this purpose, (1) the changes in the number and rank of the spaces through which the landmarks expositions were carried out are compared, and (2) the changes in the rank of nodes in the urban structure, both these in the pre-war and in the present structures, as well as changes in their distribution and concentration areas are analyzed. The number of individual elements is compared and the changes in the structure of their arrangement are analyzed with the use of a polygon grid. A medium-scale European city (Bialystok) is used as the case study. Results of our analysis indicate that the post-war reconstruction led to a decrease in the number of elements of the urban grid (streets, nodal points), especially those of low rank. The rank of many others also decreased: 57% of all nodal points within the historical grid of the selected area does not exist in the post-war structure. The number of main rank directions of exposition decreased by 18% and in the subordinate group by 38%. The research is an attempt to construct a new criteria of evaluating changes in the quality of the cityscape, which is described in the article.

El presente artículo, parte de la tesis doctoral de la autora, donde se logró identificar los factores geográficos que influyeron en la evolución urbana de la zona central histórica de la ciudad de Tipitapa en los años 1946, 1969, 1996, 2000, 2018 y 2020. Desde el enfoque del análisis geográfico, auxiliado de los Sistema de Información Geográfica se profundiza en la descripción de los usos de suelo, la morfología urbana, así como los elementos naturales y culturales más representativos de la estructura urbana, componentes del paisaje urbano. Tipo de investigación cualitativa. Los principales resultados muestran que los factores geográficos que influyeron en el desarrollo de la zona central histórica de la ciudad de Tipitapa, se destaca la ubicación geográfica estratégica con relación a las regiones del norte y pacífico de Nicaragua, el relieve, la localización de complejos industriales, la viabilidad, actividades comerciales, agrícolas y ganaderas. Así como la migración, por ejemplo, del campo a la ciudad.

Ponds and lakes may be common in urban landscapes and frequently have high biodiversity and conservation value. The importance of landscape-scale conservation of lentic habitat networks has recently been recognised, yet little research has been conducted at this scale. Approaches to inventorying lentic habitats at the landscape-scale are needed to support science and conservation. This paper uses remote sensing to inventory lentic habitats across Greater Kuala Lumpur (GKL), Malaysia, characterising their distribution, abundance and type. Remote sensing images were employed to automatically identify and map the distribution of lentic habitats, capturing 1,013 individual ponds and lakes, which represent 74.3 % of the likely total. Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM), a multivariate hierarchical clustering method, was used to develop a typology using physical characteristics extracted from the imagery, yielding six distinct types. The diversity of habitat types was greater in peri-urban and suburban areas (Shannon’s H = 1.68) than in the urban core (Shannon’s H = 1.48), suggesting that urban structure influences the spatial pattern of lentic habitat diversity. Physicochemical and vegetation field data were collected from a sample of each type (n = 60). Comparisons of group membership in the typology produced from remote sensing and field data indicated demonstrable heterogeneity in local conditions within each type, and a lack of consistency between local and broader scale characteristics. Our work shows how inventories produced from remote sensing can provide insights into landscape-scale biodiversity drivers, and contribute to larger-scale conservation of lentic habitat networks. This approach can complement local studies to improve understanding of factors operating at different scales.