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In July 2002, lightning strikes ignited over 250 fires in Quebec, Canada, destroying over one million hectares of forest. The smoke plume generated from the fires had a major impact on air quality across the east coast of the U.S. Using data from the Medicare National Claims History File and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National air pollution monitoring network, we evaluated the health impact of smoke exposure on 5.9 million elderly people (ages 65+) in the Medicare population in 81 counties in 11 northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States of the US. We estimated differences in the exposure to ambient PM2.5—airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm—concentrations and hospitalizations for cardiovascular, pulmonary and injury outcomes, before and during the smoke episode. We found that there was an associated 49.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29.8, 72.3) and 64.9% (95% CI, 44.3–88.5) increase rate of hospitalization for respiratory and cardiovascular diagnoses, respectively, when the smoke plume was present compared to before the smoke plume had arrived. Our study suggests that rapid increases in PM2.5 concentrations resulting from wildfire smoke can impact the health of elderly populations thousands of kilometers removed from the fires.

Quantitative assessments and dynamic monitoring of indicators based on fine-scale population data are necessary to support the implementation of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda and to comprehensively achieve its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, most population data are collected by administrative units, and it is difficult to reflect true distribution and uniformity in space. To solve this problem, based on fine building information, a geospatial disaggregation method of population data for supporting SDG assessments is presented in this paper. First, Deqing County in China, which was divided into residential areas and nonresidential areas according to the idea of dasymetric mapping, was selected as the study area. Then, the town administrative areas were taken as control units, building area and number of floors were used as weighting factors to establish the disaggregation model, and population data with a resolution of 30 m in Deqing County in 2016 were obtained. After analyzing the statistical population of 160 villages and the disaggregation results, we found that the global average accuracy was 87.08%. Finally, by using the disaggregation population data, indicators 3.8.1, 4.a.1, and 9.1.1 were selected to conduct an accessibility analysis and a buffer analysis in a quantitative assessment of the SDGs. The results showed that the SDG measurement and assessment results based on the disaggregated population data were more accurate and effective than the results obtained using the traditional method.

The Nagagamisis Central Plateau (located in Northern Ontario, Canada) is an area of distinct natural and cultural significance. The importance of this land was officially recognized in 1957 through the establishment of the Nagagamisis Provincial Park Reserve. The park has experienced significant expansion since its inception and is currently under development as one of Ontario Parks ‘Signature Sites’. Since the 1980s, timber harvest activity has led to widespread forest disturbance just outside of the park boundaries. This research is focused on the detection of stand level forest disturbances associated with timber harvest occurring near Nagagamisis Provincial Park. The image time-series data selected for this project were Landsat TM and ETM+, spanning a twenty-five year period from 1984 to 2009. The Tasselled Cap Transformation and Normalized Difference Moisture Index were derived for use in unsupervised image classification to determine the land cover for each image in the time-series. Image band differencing and raster arithmetic were performed to create maps illustrating the size and spatial distribution of stand level forest disturbances between image dates. A total area of 1649 km2 or 26.1% of the study area experienced stand level disturbance during the analysis period.

The aim of the present article is to draw up an analysis on the migratory dynamics of the population from the Apuseni Mountains in the Post-Socialist era. In order to accomplish this aim, we collected statistical data from two representative years, namely 1992 and 2011, which correspond to two censuses. The analysis was meant to reveal the evolution of the settlements (people who settled in the area) and of emigration, as registered in the two reference years and to identify the causes that determined the evolution of the emigration and immigration.

Illegal parcellings are a unique case within urban sprawl processes. They are characterised by originating against urban planning and by a lack of basic infrastructure. It is a phenomenon that has not been studied in much depth, and its typological aspect has been the least discussed element. This article analyses the illegal parcellings in the municipality of Cordoba, Spain, where their area has reached 4,606.88 hectares—this, compared to the slightly more than 2,800 hectares occupied by the consolidated city, gives an idea of the significance of the process. The main objective is therefore to present its territorial scope and, secondly, to propose a methodology for its typological classification. Research shows that this issue is important for a correct assessment of the phenomenon and that it must be addressed appropriately by the relevant administrations.

Demographic data and data on the availability of capacity in the care facilities for the elderly in Slovenia indicate the need to change the organisation of this segment of care. The paper focused on the analysis and evaluation of the age-friendly design and management of urban green spaces and services of general interest in small towns with regard to the needs of older people who spend their old age in care facilities. At the same time, we have estimated the potential for the actual use of urban green spaces by this population. It is noted that in Slovenia fundamental changes are needed in the area of institutional care for the elderly, including in the management, provision and use of urban green spaces in care institutions. Demografski podatki in podatki o razpoložljivosti kapacitet domov starejših občanov (DSO) v Sloveniji nakazujejo potrebo po spremembi organiziranosti tega segmenta varstva. V prispevku smo se osredotočili na analizo in vrednotenje stanja urejenosti in dostopnosti zelenih površin ter storitev splošnega pomena v majhnih mestih z vidika potreb starejših prebivalcev, ki svojo starost preživljajo v DSO. Hkrati smo ocenili možnosti za dejansko uporabo zelenih površin te skupine prebivalstva. Ugotovili smo, da v Sloveniji potrebujemo temeljite sistemske spremembe na področju institucionalnega varstva starejših občanov, tudi na področju zagotavljanja, urejenosti in uporabe zelenih površin ob DSO.

The study of cross-border interactions of the former Soviet republics is in the centre of research of many experts in border studies. Dynamics and positive effects of convergence processes are observed in the border regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The past five years have clearly demonstrated the hidden geographical potential of cross-border cooperation between these states, which is explained by a qualitatively new phenomenon in the post-Soviet space – the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Therefore, the top-down initiatives have strengthened the processes of economic, social, cultural and political convergence of the regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to consider the overlap and the double effect of “hidden” and “formal” integration of border regions of Russia and Kazakhstan and to assess their impact on the social and economic development of border territories.

The paper presents the development of European and Slovenian geography at the time of the great geographical discoveries between the 15th and the end of the 18th century. During this period geographical horizons were remarkably widened, and a huge amount of information about the world was gathered which prompted the need for new ways of processing and displaying the knowledge of the Earth’s surface. During this time, the number of cartographic, horographic and topographic illustrations of today’s Slovenian territory increased. Some personages who contributed to the progress of European science and to better knowledge of the world lived in Slovenia or originated from this territory.

Kentlerde zaman içerisinde hızlı nüfus artışı ile birlikte görülen kentleşme ve sanayileşme doğal alanların, yok edilerek beton, asfalt vb. güneş enerjisini absorbe eden yüzeylere dönüşmesine neden olmuştur. Kentleşme, kent merkezlerindeki sıcaklığın çevresindeki tarım arazileri, orman vb. doğal alanlarından daha fazla olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum lokal iklim değişikliği, hava kirliliği, enerji tüketimi, sağlık sorunları vb. olayların kaynağı olan kentsel ısı adası etkisini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, son zamanlarda hızlı bir nüfus artışının yaşandığı Mersin ilindeki kentleşmenin Yer Yüzey Sıcaklığı üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu kapsamda, Landsat-5 TM ve Landsat-8 OLI uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak 1990-1999-2007-2011-2018 yıllarına ait sıcaklık haritaları üretilmiştir. Aynı zamanda 1990 ve 2018 yıllarında kentsel alanlarının belirlenmesi için CORINE arazi kullanımı/örtüsü verisinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 28 yıllık periyotta birçok doğal alanların yok edilerek yapay alanlara dönüştüğü ve bunun neticesinde Mersin kent merkezi için ortalama 6 0C civarında sıcaklık artışı yaşandığı gözlenmiştir.

The anthropic and natural elements have become more closely monitored and analysed through the use of remote sensing and GIS applications. In this regard, the study aims to feature a different approach to produce more and more thematic information, focusing on the development of built-up areas. In this paper, multispectral images and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were the basis of a wide range of proximity analyses. These allow the extraction of data about the distribution of built-up space on the areas with potential for economic and social development. Application of interferometric coherence and supervised classifications have been accomplished on various territories, such as metropolitan areas of the most developed region of Romania, more specifically Transylvania. The results indicate accuracy values, which can reach 94 per cent for multispectral datasets and 93 per cent for SAR datasets. The accuracy of resulted data will reveal a variety of city patterns, depending mainly on local features regarding natural and administrative environments. In this way, a comparison will be made between the accuracy of both datasets to provide an analysis of the manner of built-up areas distribution to assess the expansion of the studied metropolitan areas. Therefore, this study aims to apply well-established methods from the remote sensing field to enhance the information and datasets in some areas lacking recent research.

It has been revealed in many studies that there are low seasonal capacity usage and low profit margins stemming from seasonality at the beginning of the problems of tourism destinations. In addition to minimizing seasonal effects, congress tourism has the potential to create a higher profit margin. This study aims to determine the potential role of congress tourism in the region in order to increase the tourism season of Trabzon for a maximum of three months. The research is designed with qualitative research method. Tourism stakeholders in Trabzon constitute the universe of the research. The sample of the study consists of 26 participants selected by purposeful sampling method. The data obtained by the semi-structured interview technique were analyzed through the MaxQda package program. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the province of Trabzon has the potential of congress tourism but has several deficiencies. It is noteworthy that the most important deficiency is the size and number of congress centers that are large enough to host international congresses. The weakness of the city, especially on international flights, and the high price of domestic flights are determined as a negative situation. In addition, it has been concluded that the natural, historical and cultural attractions of the city of Trabzon provide an advantage to the city in terms of congress tourism.

Bu çalışmada, Singapur Teknoloji ve Tasarım Üniversitesi (SUTD) ile işbirliği içerisindeki Yönetim Geliştirme Enstitüsü (IMD) tarafından yayınlanan Akıllı Şehir Endeksi (2020) verileri kullanılarak, Ankara ile endeksin ilk on sırasında yer alan şehirlerin (Singapur, Helsinki, Zürih, Auckland, Oslo, Kopenhag, Cenevre, Taipei, Amsterdam, New York) yapı ve teknoloji bakımından karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Şehirlere ilişkin karşılaştırmalar; sağlık ve güvenlik, ulaşılabilirlik, faaliyetler, fırsatlar ve yönetim göstergelerinin ortalama değerleri alınarak yapılmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden birisi olan doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Veriler, QSR NVivo 10 paket programı aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, Ankara ile endeksin ilk on sırasında yer alan şehirlerin ortalama değerleri arasında yapı ve teknoloji bakımından birtakım farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Ankara’nın “sağlık ve güvenlik” göstergesi kapsamında, teknolojilerde ilk onda yer alan şehirlere yakın, yapılarda ise daha düşük bir değere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ankara’nın “ulaşılabilirlik” göstergesi kapsamında, teknolojilerde özellikle online bilet satışlarında ilk onda yer alan şehirlere yakın bir değer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ankara’nın “faaliyetler” göstergesi kapsamında ise özellikle yapılarda (kültürel etkinlikler) ilk onda yer alan şehirlerden daha düşük bir değere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ankara’nın sadece “fırsatlar” göstergesi kapsamında hem teknoloji hem de yapılarda ilk onda yer alan şehirlere kıyasla daha yüksek bir değere sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Ankara’nın “yönetim” göstergesi kapsamında, teknolojiler noktasında, ilk onda yer alan şehirlere kıyasla daha yüksek bir değere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

12 villages within the borders of Ilgaz Mountain National Park were determined as research area. The aim of the study is to evaluate the rural tourism potential of the villages located in Ilgaz Mountain National Park in terms of socio-cultural aspects. In this context, data were collected through focus group interviews with 12 village headmen in Ilgaz Mountain National Park, and the obtained data were analyzed and mapped with the MAXQDA program. As a result of the opinions of the headmen about the village people, it has been determined that the local people have a positive view on rural tourism, but the biggest constraints in the realization of rural tourism are financial support at local and national scale, vocational training and lack of employment.

Günümüzde kültür turistleri turizmin on iki aya yayılmasında çok önemli bir öğe olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kültür turistlerinin seyahat harcamaları ekonomik büyümeye katkı sağlamaktadır. Kültür turistlerinin seyahat harcamalarının incelenmesi bu bakımdan oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Bergama Antik Kenti’ni ziyaret eden yerli ve yabancı kültür turistlerinin sosyoekonomik, sosyo-demografik, seyahat ile ilgili ve psiko-grafik değişkenlere göre toplam seyahat harcamaları arasındaki farkların incelenmesi amacıyla çeşitli hipotezler geliştirilmiştir. Hipotezlerde test edilen bağımsız gruplar; cinsiyete, uyruğa, seyahatte başkalarının masraflarının karşılanmasına ve yapılan masrafları başka yerde harcamış olma isteğine göre belirlenmiştir. T-testi sonuçlarına göre bağımsız gruplar ile toplam seyahat harcama ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca hane halkı gelir düzeylerine göre toplam seyahat harcamalarında farklılığın incelenmesi için ANOVA varyans analizi uygulanmıştır. Hane halkı gelir grupları incelendiğinde üçüncü grubun, birinci ve ikinci gruplara göre daha fazla harcama yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre hane halkı gelirinin seyahat harcamaları üzerinde etkisi bulunmaktadır. * Bu makale, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm İşletmeciliği ABD’da yürütülen, “Kültürel Mirasın Turizm Açısından Ekonomik Değerinin Belirlenmesi: Bergama Çok Katmanlı Peyzaj Alanı Çalışması” adlı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.

Orania, located in northwestern Algeria, is characterized by a diversified and fascinate geology. Ten geosites, namely Nedroma granite, Souk el Khemis Messinian Reef, Tadmaya Plateau Basalt Columns, Sassel Beach Messinian Stromatolites, Tafraoui Canyon, Ouillis Quarry, Cedar Forest Numidian Flysch, Ain Ouarka Diapir, Ain Ouarka mid-Jurassic Reefs and Tiout Sandstones Rock Art, have been selected based to their scientific and additional values. These geosites have a relatively high scientific, geoeducational and pedagogical values, due to their uniqueness, rarity, representativeness of geological elements, exceptionality, scientific knowledge and geodiversity. Regarding geotouristic values, they have high aesthetic and moderate cultural values. This inventory shows the scientific importance of the area, which may be frequented by both native and foreign visitors, including undergraduate and graduate geology students. Some geosites are affected by a degradation risk and they are damaged by human activities. The main threat of this anthropogenic pressure is from vandalism, lack of care by local community and visitors, mineral extraction, urbanization and conflagrations. Finally, Management procedures, establishment of geoparks and organization of conferences and meetings must be planned and implemented in order to increase the sustainable use and geoconservation of the analyzed sites, which have all the potential to be recognized as a geoheritage sites and deserve to be declared as a National Geological Monuments.

Bu çalışmada kültürel ve kırsal turizm açısından önemli bir destinasyon olan Şirince’yi ziyaret eden turistlerin çevrimiçi turizm deneyimleri içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 28.09.2020 tarihine kadar dijital bir seyahat platformu olan Tripadvisor web sayfalarında yayınlanmış 824 adet çevrimiçi Türkçe yorum, araştırmanın analiz aşamasında kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen yorumlar nitel veri analizlerinde sıkça kullanılan MAXQDA yazılımından yararlanılarak çözümlenmiş, kelime frekansları ve bulutu oluşturulmuştur. Çevrimiçi yorumlar incelendiğinde; ziyaretçilerin kültür ve kırsal, etkinlik, yöresel yiyecek ve içecekler, konaklama, ulaşım, yöresel hediyelik eşya ve alış-veriş deneyimleri ile birlikte düşük oranda olumsuz deneyim yaşadığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Şirince’ye yönelik olarak yapılan Türkçe çevrimiçi yorumlarının yaklaşık %80’i olumlu; %20’si ise olumsuz olduğu saptanmıştır. Ziyaretçiler tarafından paylaşılan olumlu deneyimler arasında Şirince evleri, kiliseler, Şirince şarapları, yöresel yiyecek ve içecekler öne çıkarken, olumsuz yöndeki deneyimleri ise kalabalık, trafik yoğunluğu ve fiyatların pahalılığı gibi unsurlar oluşturmaktadır.

The impact of the park's natural landscape, ecological services, and available activities and facilities had a positive effect on participants' physical health, mental well-being, and social relationships. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate how national parks affect visitor health and well-being in China's Wuyishan National Park. Six park features that significantly influenced participants' perceptions of their park visit, namely 1) refreshing aromatic notes of natural and floral scents (smell); 2) transcendent horizons yielding sunrises, sunsets, and starry skies (sight); 3) pleasing light patterns and sun-dappled areas (sight); 4) a comfortable cool and temperate climate (feel); 5) stimulating recreational facilities that promote physical activities (activity); and 6) convenient outdoor amenities that enhance moments of leisure (relaxation). Among the participants' responses, “convenient outdoor amenities that enhance moments of leisure” had the most significant impact on physical and mental health recovery. “Stimulating recreational facilities that promote physical activities” had the greatest impact on the improvement of participants' social relationships. Impact varied according to the age and occupation of the respondents. Groups of urban residents that had spent 2–3 days in the park also had positive responses to the park experience.

The Spanish region of Extremadura represents a paradigmatic case within the European Union because above 30% of its territory (41,634 km2) is protected by international, national or regional figures of protection. In addition, many of these protected areas are connected between them through the so-called Armorican Arch of Caceres which crosses the region from SE to NW as if it were a natural corridor of quartzite ridges. The main goal of this study was to identify tourist resources in this natural corridor aimed at the design of tourist routes that can suppose an opportunity of touristic development in this territory characterized by a low population density. For doing that, we have followed these methodological steps: [1] geographical delimitation of the Armorican Arch of Caceres, [2] socio-economic analysis of the municipalities and [3] identification of the natural protected sites crossed by this corridor, [4] compilation of information on fauna and flora as well as geological and cultural aspects, and [5] design of tourist routes. This corridor passes by 52 municipalities, 7 counties, 3 provinces and 2 countries and connects the La Siberia Biosphere Reserve with the Naturtejo Geopark in Portugal passing by the Villuercas, Ibores, Jara Geopark, the Monfrague National Park (also Biosphere Reserve), the Canchos de Ramiro y Ladronera Special Protection Area for Birds and the International Tagus River Biosphere Reserve. We have identified 81 remarkable tourist resources: 37 natural protected sites, 30 sites of geological interest and 14 medieval castles as well as the presence of fossils and valuable species of flora and fauna (some of them are endangered). By using this information we have designed three thematic tourist routes: birdwatching, medieval castles and geological sites.

Mugla has been known in the world throughout history and is still known today in the field of pine honey production and trade. Beekeeping is the most important sector after tourism in the city and its districts. The aim of this study, beekeeping is discussed as a cultural and touristic value. In this context, how to benefit from beekeeping for apitourism and how to improve is one of the gastronomy museums in Turkey the Private Mugla Beekeeping Museum were discussed. In the present study, the subject was examined in depth in the light of the data obtained by using secondary and primary sources. In the research, interview and observation method, which is the technique of obtaining qualitative data, were used. In this respect, three museums and one bee farm were visited and inspections were made. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews held with the museum directors, municipality officers and beekeepers. The data obtained was transferred onto electronic environment and analyses were conducted. As a result of study, since beekeeping holds an important place in tourism industry, recommendations were made concerning beekeeping and apitourism in Mugla as well as what to keep and do in the beekeeping museum.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin en önemli kitle turizm destinasyonlarından birisi olan Antalya’nın medikal turizm potansiyelini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Antalya yılda ortalama on üç milyon turisti ağırlamaktadır. Bölgenin altyapısı ve ulaşım araçlarına yapılan yatırımlar bölgeyi medikal turizm açısından her geçen gün güçlendirmektedir. Destinasyonun mevcut medikal turizm durumu GZFT/SWOT analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Medikal turizm potansiyeli ise nitel araştırma desenlerinden birisi olan örnek olay çalışması aracılığıyla ortaya koyulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat formları kullanılmıştır. Yüz yüze görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler, “İçerik Analizi Yöntemiyle”, NVivo 11 nitel veri analizi programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcı görüşleri dört kategoride ve 81 kodda düzenlenmiştir. Kodlamalara ilişkin güvenilirlik katsayısı 0,80 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kodlamaların güvenilirlik dereceleri oldukça yüksektir. Antalya; ulaşılabilirlik, klasik turizm merkezi olması ve medikal hizmetlere ilişkin sahip olduğu teknolojik alt yapı konusunda olumlu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Mevzuat yetersizlikleri, etik uygulamalar ve sağlık çalışanlarının lisan bilmeleriyle ilgili konular ise destinasyonun olumsuzlukları olarak ön plana çıkmıştır.

The abundance and diversity of mineralization in Iran form the foundation of Iran's rich history of mining. The mining sites have geo-scientific, industrial, cultural, social, economical, historical and anthropological potentials for development of tourism. Using these potentials is very important for rural sustainable development. In this paper we suggest developing tourism in the mining sites within the framework of geotourism in Iran. The geological, cultural and historical aspects of ancient mines and current mining sites are discussed. Furthermore, their geotouristic potentials (like historic mining industry and buildings, exploration or extraction tunnels, minerals, signatures of mineralization types) are discussed within a broader sustainable development picture of Iran. We propose how Iran's rich mining heritage provides a valuable basis for tourism development and creates potential for more diverse employment opportunities. Developing and planning tourism in mining sites entails strategic implementation of public education on geological processes, cultural and historical evolutions, asserting the value and originality of mining sites and calling for public assistance in the protection of the heritages.

The Kachchh Rift Basin of western India is known for several geological findings and revelations for more than a century. Earth scientists from India and the globe have played a significant role in placing the Kachchh Basin's geology at a global level. A basin is a place for geologists to understand typical geological processes with textbook examples of resultant landforms. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of Kachchh have preserved significant diversity in fossil flora and fauna, ranging from marine to terrestrial environment accompanied by volcanic, structural, and sedimentary processes. Due to lack of attention from the authorities and the absence of any legislation in India, the geologically important sites of the Kachchh Basin have been subjected to unauthorized and undocumented fossil collection and scraping of geological strata for mining and infrastructural development. Due to the noteworthy preservation of the geological features at Kanthkot area in the Wagad highland of the eastern Kachchh Basin, two key geosites, i.e., Trambau River Bed and Kanthkot Fort Hill are proposed, which have immense potential to be recognized as the first ‘Jurassic Geopark’ of the Kachchh Basin. The proposed geosites hold great significance in scientific, educational, and geotourism aspects like palaeontology, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, volcanism, structures, and geomorphology with historical and cultural heritage. SWOT analysis for the geosite suggests good potential for development, conservation, and geotourism. The conservation of the geological heritage along with self-sustainable economic development through awareness and collaborative approach between the locals and experts from the scientific community is the primary motive of this work.

In the United States of America, fossil park sites provide visitors with sustainable fossil collecting opportunities as well as informal educational instruction via signage, brochures, or paleontological mentors. This unique geotourism venue allows visitors to collect personal fossils and learn about fossilization, geologic time, and evolution – and, at most sites, sea level and climate changes. This investigation researched two fossil park sites in Texas, USA and analyzed visitors' experiences at each site. Ladonia Fossil Park and Mineral Wells Fossil Park were also compared on the Fossil Park Model. Texas fossil parks can effectively educate visitors about multiple earth science concepts, with one site (Mineral Wells) providing consistent and higher quality instruction through its permanent signage. Importantly, fossil parks can serve as informal venues to address content of some of the US National Science Foundation's critical research questions for the next decade. Fossil parks promote geotourism and raise visitor awareness and visibility of local geoheritage, thereby promoting public conservation and sustainability. This research has implications for optimizing global geoheritage sites through effective pre-visit websites, onsite educational opportunities, and optimization of educational content to address modern issues.

This article was written to explain the ability of Geography Education students to do horizontal evacuation to a tsunami safe zone in Padang City and a silent simulation as an alternative of horizontal evacuation. In this research, respondents were asked to do horizontal evacuation in 3 ways, that is walking, power walking and running. The measurement result data were analyzed and compared with the estimated arrival time of tsunami wave in three scenarios based on gender. The results of the research are 1) 47.76 % of respondents did not know the nearest tsunami safe zone from their places; 2) if the earthquake and tsunami scenarios 1 and 2 occurred, the recommended horizontal evacuation technique was running. Silent simulation is a horizontal evacuation simulation carried out independently by residents without waiting for the simulation schedule by the government or related institutions. Silent simulation can be done alone, with family, or with the closest neighbours and combined with daily activities such as marathons or jogging. Through this silent simulation practice, residents can find out the most appropriate evacuation method and the fastest evacuation route to the nearest tsunami safe zone from their respective homes. Keywords: silent simulation, geography education, tsunami safe zone, Padang Artikel ini ditulis untuk menjelaskan kemampuan mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi dalam melakukan evakuasi horizontal ke zona aman tsunami di Kota Padang dan silent simulation sebagai alternatif evakuasi horizontal. Dalam penelitian ini, responden diminta melakukan evakuasi horizontal dengan 3 cara, yaitu jalan kaki, jalan cepat dan lari. Data hasil pengukuran dianalisis dan dibandingkan dengan perkiraan waktu tiba gelombang tsunami pada tiga skenario berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Hasil penelitian adalah 1) 47,76% responden tidak mengetahui zona aman tsunami terdekat dari tempatnya; 2) jika terjadi gempa bumi dan tsunami skenario 1 dan 2, maka teknik evakuasi horizontal yang direkomendasikan adalah berjalan. silent simulation merupakan simulasi evakuasi horizontal yang dilakukan secara mandiri oleh warga tanpa menunggu jadwal simulasi oleh pemerintah atau instansi terkait. silent simulation bisa dilakukan sendiri, bersama keluarga, atau dengan tetangga terdekat dan dipadukan dengan aktivitas sehari-hari seperti maraton atau jogging. Melalui latihan silent simulation ini, warga dapat mengetahui metode evakuasi yang paling tepat dan jalur evakuasi tercepat menuju zona aman tsunami terdekat dari rumah masing-masing. Kata Kunci: Silent simulation, Pendidikan geografi, Zona aman tsunami, Padang

Semeru volcano is the most popular mount hiking tourism in Indonesia. The economic community and conservation area are affected by these activities. This research focuses on the development activities of economic agents pattern and explains the impact of high tourism in the Semeru Volcano conservation area. It was a qualitative study, and the participative observatory was a procedure for collecting the data. The location was not limited in the Semeru Volcano, but also social media , Instagram. The result of the research reveals that there are two kinds of economic agents, namely internal and external. They have positive connectedness to support hiking activities. Although there should be potential for competition between open trip services and local guides, this does not happens, due to the wisdom of internal economic actors, especially local guides. Moreover, the consequences of high tourism activities in the Semeru Volcano conservation area are waste and erosion. The article is concluded by proposing several directions for economic agents to be involved more in conservation activities and positive business in the Semeru Volcano. Key words: Semeru Volcano, economic agent, conservation area, mount tourism Gunungapi Semeru merupakan wisata pendakian gunung yang paling populer di Indonesia. Aktivitas ini tentu berdampak terhadap perekonomian penduduk sekitar dan lingkungan di kawasan konservasi. Artikel ini mengkaji pola aktivitas dan pelaku ekonomi yang terlibat dalam perkembangan wisata, dan mengungkap dampak tingginya aktivitas ini terhadap Kawasan Konservasi Gunungapi Semeru itu sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat ekploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara observasi partisipatif dan tidak terbatas di kawasan pendakian, namun juga melakukan observasi di media sosial instagram. Hasil penelitian menujukan pelaku ekonomi terdiri dari internal dan eksternal kawasan, yang memiliki keterkaitan positif antar pelaku ekonomi dari luar dan dalam Kawasan Pendakian . Meskipun semestinya ada potensi persaingan antara jasa open trip dengan pemandu lokal, akan tetapi hal itu tidak terjadi, karena kearifan pelaku ekonomi internal, khususnya para pemandu lokal. Dampak tingginya aktivitas wisata pendakian ini mengakibatkan dua permasalah an yang cukup serius, yaitu sampah dan erosi. Artikel ini diakhir i dengan memberikan beberapa usulan terkait dengan peningkatan keterlibatan pelaku ekonomi dalam melakukan usaha dan aktivitas konservasi di Kawasan Gunung Semeru. Kata kunci: Gunungapi Semeru, pelaku ekonomi, kawasan konservasi, wisata gunung

Aceh Singkil District is an agricultural area whose the economic activities are dominatated by the farm. There are indications that the economic linkages between rural and urban area have not fully supported the oil-palm farm activities. It resulted the regional development process did not run optimally, so that, it has not made a significant contribution to the public’s welfare. This study aims to identify the economical linkage between the rural and urban areas in Aceh Singkil District. This study used a qualitative approach with the data collection methods through interviews that were descriptively analyzed. The economical linkage can be seen from the capital flow, the shopping flow, the raw material flow, the intermediate goods flow, and the income flow. Based on the linkages between urban and rural areas, it is related to the condition of regional development in Aceh Singkil District. The results showed that the economical linkage were well-established is the shopping flow, while the capital flow was less bind up with villages in the urban area. There were also the raw material flow, the intermediate goods flow, and the income flow that were not absolutely interrelated. The intermediate good flow was binding up with the outside region, so that the acquisition of added value entered other areas. The implication from the conditional linkage of rural and urban areas in the regional development context is that the rural and urban areas are less functionally intertwined. It resulted the high poverty rates in Aceh Singkil District. Keywords : Regional Development, Economic al Linkage, Rural - Urban Areas, Oil -Palm Kabupaten Aceh Singkil merupakan daerah pertanian yang kegiatan ekonominya didominasi perkebunan. Terdapat indikasi bahwa keterkaitan ekonomi antara perdesaan dan perkotaan belum sepenuhnya mendukung aktivitas perkebunan kelapa sawit. Hal ini mengakibatkan proses pembangunan daerah tidak berjalan dengan optimal sehingga belum memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keterkaitan ekonomi antara perdesaan dan perkotaan di Kabupaten Aceh Singkil . Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara yang dianalisis secara deskriptif. Keterkaitan ekonomi ditinjau dari aliran modal, aliran belanja, aliran bahan baku, aliran barang setengah jadi, dan aliran pendapatan. Berdasarkan keterkaitan antara perdesaan dan perkotaan tersebut lalu kaitkan dengan kondisi pengembangan wilayah di Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterkaitan ekonomi yang terjalin dengan baik yakni aliran belanja, sedangkan aliran modal kurang terjalin dengan desa-desa yang berada di perkotaan. Adapun aliran bahan baku, aliran barang setengah jadi dan aliran pendapatan sama sekali tidak terjalin. Bahkan, aliran barang setengah jadi terjalin menuju keluar wilayah sehingga perolehan nilai tambah masuk wilayah lain. Implikasi dari kondisi keterkaitan perdesaan dan perkotaan dalam konteks pengembangan wilayah yakni wilayah perdesaan dengan perkotaan kurang terjalin secara fungsional. Hal ini mengakibatkan tingginya angka kemiskinan di Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Kata Kunci : Pengembangan Wilayah, Keterkaitan ekonomi, Perdesaan Perkotaan, Kelapa Sawit

Tsunami occurrence in Indonesia has continued to increase until 2018. The southern coast of Java is one of the tsunami-prone areas because it is located in a subduction zone. Study location is Sadeng coastal area which is located in the south coast of DIY Province. Disaster vulnerability studies at the household level is still limited, so this paper aims to identify physical and social vulnerability to tsunami hazard at the household level. The data of this research was obtained by invterviewing household respondents and observing physical condition of building. Identification of physical vulnerability was performed using modified SCHEMA and PTVA-3 method, while social vulnerability assessment considered demographic and socio-economic parameters. Total vulnerability was retrieved from matrix analysis of physical and social vulnerability classification. The study shows that 64 % households in Sadeng coastal areas are classified to moderate vulnerability, 30% of households are high vulnerability and 6 % of households are low vulnerability. High vulnerability is characterized by households which occupy non-permanent houses, have no economic assets, and have a high dependency ratio. Moderate vulnerability is characterized by households which occupy semi-permanent house, have economic assets, but have high dependency ratio. Low vulnerability is characterized by households which live in government-owned buildings, have economic assets, and have low dependency ratio. Keywords: tsunami, vulnerability, building`s physical vulnerability, social vulnerability Kejadian tsunami di Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan hingga tahun 2018. Pesisir selatan Jawa merupakan salah satu kawasan yang terpapar bahaya tsunami karena terletak pada zona subduksi. Lokasi kajian adalah kawasan pesisir Sadeng yang berlokasi di pesisir selatan Propinsi DIY . Kajian kerentanan bencana di tingkat rumah tangga belum banyak dilakukan, sehingga tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan identifikasi kerentanan fisik bangunan dan sosial terhadap bencana tsunami di tingkat rumah tangga. Perolehan data penelitian dilakukan dengan wawancara responden rumahtangga dan observasi kondisi fisik bangunan. Identifikasi kerentanan fisik bangunan dilakukan dengan metode SCHEMA dan PTVA-3 yang dimodifikasi, sedangkan penilaian kerentanan sosial mempertimbangkan parameter kependudukan dan sosial ekonomi. N ilai total kerentanan diperoleh dari analisis matriks klasifikasi kerentanan sosial dan fisik bangunan. Kajian menunjukkan bahwa s ebesar 64 % rumahtangga di kawasan pesisir Sadeng termasuk dalam kelas kerentanan sedang, 30 % rumahtangga dalam kerentanan tinggi dan 6 % rumahtangga dalam kerentanan rendah. Tingkat kerentanan tinggi dicirikan dengan rumahtangga yang menempati rumah tinggal non-permanen, tidak memiliki asset ekonomi, dan memiliki angka ketergantungan yang tinggi. Tingkat kerentanan sedang dicirikan dengan rumahtangga yang menempati rumah tinggal semi permanen, memiliki asset ekonomi namun memiliki angka ketergantungan yang tinggi. Tingkat kerentanan rendah dicirikan dengan rumahtangga yang tinggal pada bangunan milik pemerintah, memiliki asset ekonomi, dan memiliki angka ketergantungan yang rendah. Kata kunci: tsunami, kerentanan, kerentanan fisik bangunan, kerentanan sosial

Resumen Las actividades mineras dependen de la viabilidad de extracción de recursos no renovables, por lo que las interrupciones del ciclo minero son algo intrínseco a la minería, al depender de factores económicos, sociales o técnicos que puedan llegar a obstaculizar su continuidad. Este artículo aborda la caracterización de diferentes tipos de interrupciones, englobados aquí dentro de lo que llamamos etapa posminera, haciendo énfasis en la percepción de la población que se vincula con los sitios donde se interrumpe la minería. Se toman cinco casos de estudio que reflejan distintos tipos de actividades y procesos posmineros, enmarcados en la situación que se observó en 2018, utilizando métodos cualitativos desde la geografía de la percepción. El aporte de la investigación radica en vislumbrar cómo se traslapan las acciones realizadas desde las empresas y gobiernos, contrastando con la percepción de las poblaciones que se vinculan con la minería. Este trabajo es un acercamiento a la comprensión de lo que sucede con los poblados y las poblaciones vinculadas a la minería una vez que esta cesa, y evidencia cómo se modifica la relación con el sitio y con su cotidianeidad a lo largo de la fase posminera de manera diferenciada en cada caso presentado. Ideas destacadas: artículo de investigación que analiza las diferentes características de la interrupción del ciclo minero, a través de la percepción de las poblaciones vinculadas con el cese de actividades mineras. Se expone cómo las políticas mineras gubernamentales y empresariales son llevadas a la práctica, en un entorno de incertidumbre y ambigüedad. Abstract Mining activities depend on the feasibility of extracting non-renewable resources, so the interruptions of the mining cycle are intrinsic issues to mining, depending on economic, social, or technical factors that can obstruct the continuity of the process. This article addresses the characterization of different types of interruptions, encompassed here within what we call the post-mining stage, emphasizing on the perception of the population that is linked to the sites where mining is interrupted. Five case studies are taken that reflect different types of post-mining activities and processes, framed in the situation observed in 2018, using qualitative methods from the geography of perception. The contribution of the research lies in unveiling how the actions carried out by companies and governments overlap, contrasting with the perception of the populations that are linked to mining. This work is an approach to the understanding of what happens with the towns and the populations linked to mining once it ceases: how the relationship with the site and with its daily life is modified throughout the post-mining phase of differentiated way in each case presented. Highlights: research article that analyzes the different characteristics of the interruption of the mining cycle, through the perception of populations linked to the end of mining activities. It explains how government and company mining policies are implemented, in an environment of uncertainty and ambiguity. Resumo As atividades de mineração dependem da viabilidade de extração de recursos não renováveis, de modo que as interrupções do ciclo da mineração são intrínsecas à produção mineira, ao depender de fatores económicos, sociais ou técnicos que possam dificultar a continuidade do processo. Este artigo aborda a caracterização de diferentes tipos de interrupções, englobados no que chamamos de etapa pós-mineração, enfatizando a percepção da população vinculada aos sítios que interrompem essa produção. Cinco casos de estudo são considerados, que refletem distintos tipos de atividades e processos pós-mineração, envolvidos na situação observada no ano 2018, usando métodos qualitativos desde a geografia da percepção. A contribuição da pesquisa consiste em vislumbrar como as ações realizadas por empresas e governos se sobrepõem, contrastando com a percepção das populações ligadas à mineração. Este trabalho é uma aproximação à compreensão do que acontece com os povoados e as populações ligadas à mineração uma vez que cessa: como a relação com o local e com sua vida cotidiana muda ao longo da fase pós-mineração da forma diferenciada em cada caso apresentado. Ideias destacadas: artigo de pesquisa que analisa as diferentes características da interrupção do ciclo de mineração, através da percepção de populações ligadas à fim das atividades de mineração. Explica como as políticas governamentais e de mineração de negócios são implementadas, em um ambiente de incerteza e ambiguidade.

This research article refers to the coastal region around Santa Marta (Colombia), showing a valuable geodiversity from a coastal geomorphology point of view, with great scientific importance for the study of coastal landscapes and attractive for the development of geotourism. The landscape value of the coastal regions of the Colombian Caribbean, in particular of the coastal region around Santa Marta, should be globally recognized to improve and protect its aesthetic and environmental value through geoeducation and geotourism activities that contribute to its geoconservation, motivating efficient management that outlines guidelines that promote the development of appropriate tourist infrastructure, centers of scientific interpretation, dissemination and educational materials, active exchange with geoparks, continuous improvement, and participation of local communities. Hightlights: research article that seeks to recognize the coastal region around Santa Marta from its aesthetic and environmental value through geoeducation and geotourism activities that contribute to its geoconservation. Resumen El presente artículo de investigación hace referencia a la región costera alrededor de Santa Marta (Colombia), la cual muestra una geodiversidad valiosa desde el punto de vista de la geomorfología costera, de gran importancia científica para el estudio de los paisajes costeros y atractiva para el desarrollo del geoturismo. El valor paisajístico de las regiones costeras del Caribe colombiano, en particular de la región costera alrededor de Santa Marta, debe ser reconocido mundialmente para mejorar y proteger su valor estético y ambiental a través de actividades de geoeducación y geoturismo que contribuyan a su geoconservación. Ello puede motivar una gestión eficiente que describa lineamientos que promuevan el desarrollo de infraestructura turística adecuada, centros de interpretación científica, difusión y materiales educativos, intercambio activo con geoparques, mejora continua y participación de las comunidades locales. Ideas destacadas: artículo de investigación que buscar reconocer la región costera alrededor de Santa Marta desde su valor estético y ambiental, a través de actividades de geoeducación y geoturismo que contribuyen a su geoconservación. Resumo Este artigo de pesquisa refere-se à região costeira ao redor de Santa Marta (Colômbia), que mostra uma geodiversidade valiosa do ponto de vista da geomorfologia costeira, de grande importância científica para o estudo de paisagens costeiras e atraente para o desenvolvimento do geoturismo. O valor paisagístico das regiões costeiras do Caribe colombiano, particularmente a região costeira ao redor de Santa Marta, deve ser reconhecido mundialmente para melhorar e proteger seu valor estético e ambiental através de atividades de geoeducação e geoturismo que contribuam para sua geoconservação. Isso pode motivar uma gestão eficiente que descreve diretrizes que promovem o desenvolvimento de infraestrutura turística adequada, centros de interpretação científica, materiais educacionais e de divulgação, intercâmbio ativo com geoparques, melhoria contínua e participação das comunidades locais. Ideias destacadas: artigo de pesquisa que busca reconhecer a região litorânea do entorno de Santa Marta a partir de seu valor estético e ambiental por meio da geoeducação e atividades de geoturismo que contribuem para sua geoconservação.

Population estimation using remotely sensed data has been largely discussed in the literature relative to human geography. However, the previously established models can be applied on organized areas (mainly urban areas) but they are not suitable for unorganized areas which already suffer from a lack of population data. So, the aim of this study is the establish a statistical model for population estimation based on remote sensing data and suitable for unorganized areas. To do so, the morphological characteristics have been studied and a bivariate analysis was carried out to determine factors having a strong relationship with population data as a first step. Second, factors with strongest correlations have been chosen to establish the required model. As a result, an equation has been generated which relates the population data to building volume, density of roads, number of nodes, actual urban areas, and urban trend.

Environmental interpretation is a tool that helps in understanding the landscape and its elements, frequently used in protected areas (PA) to sensitize visitors. In order to improve environmental interpretation and promote bird watching in the Campos Gerais National Park, this paper aims to discuss the importance of interpretative means to achieve the objectives of the PA, presenting a proposal for a panel and a folder of the present avifauna. For this, besides the bibliographical research and experts consulting, we carried out field visits. It is concluded that the proposed tools could improve the interpretation/identification, as well as in the promotion of sustainable tourism potentially in the conservation of birdlife.

Geotourist evaluation of thirteen small geological, geomorphological and mining heritage objects was carried out in a small v alley of the Upper Łagowica River and in its surroundings (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The point grading method was used, which is functional in the case of evaluation of small geotourist objects. It was shown that the analysed objects are characterized by high and medi um geotourist attractiveness. When analysed together, they strengthen their own individual values. They are suited to mark out geotourist trails ( geotrail), and additionally become a source of information about spatial changes of geodiversity. They also determine the uniqueness of this type of small river valleys of the Holy Cross Mountains on a regional and supra-regional scale. The evaluation of these objects and the proposal of a geotourist trail in the Upper Łagowica River valley may contribute to the activation of local communities and government authorities in the promotion of geoeducation and geotourism, draw their attention to the need for preservation and protection of the geodiversity of small va lleys of the Holy Cross Mountains, and, what is especially important, may give information about the investment attractiveness of the area.

The study aims to compare motivation and profile between archaeotourists and non-archaeotourists. It utilizes the push and pull motivational model and distance decay theory, and questionnaire data from a sample of 252 international tourists visiting Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) in Tanzania. The analysis revealed that archaeotourists are more heterogeneous than non-archaeotourists, as they not only attach importance to fascinating stories and the authenticity of past objects, but also to enjoying nature, the geological scenery, doing research on archaeological features and each other's company. In addition, they are older, have plenty of time to visit and are well off.

When compared to in situ conservation sites like national parks and game reserves in Nigeria, zoos are the most visited wildlife tourism destinations given their proximity to people and close interactions with wildlife. This study explored the characteristics of visitors and the image they possess about zoos. A total of 1529 visitors were sampled using a structured questionnaire in four prominent Nigerian zoos in the southwest zone. The results revealed that the majority of visitors were single, young and mid adult male and female Nigerians within the age range of 18 -37 years. The foremost image of visitors about a zoo is that of close wildlife experience, recreation and entertainment, however, conservation was least acknowledged. Only age was found to have a significant relationship with the destination image. The st udy concludes that zoo managers should continually employ various strategies in projecting the right image of zoos. The study extends current re search on zoos by highlighting so far, the uninvestigated image of zoos in Nigeria and documenting practical implications.

Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world. Understanding residents’ perceptions of the industry assists tourism planners deliberately utilise resources to improve resident awareness and, therefore, increase the sustainability of future tourism development. The aim of the research paper was to determine resident’s perception on the environmental impacts of tourism in Bawa community in Butterworth, South Africa. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were both employed. A questionnaire was administered to collect data from the local commuity of Bawa.The main findings of the research reveals that the respondents perceive littering and overcrowding as the foremost issue to environmental impacts. This study contributes to the largely under researched area of tourism environmental impacts in Butterworth.

Rural tourism is an interpretation of the development of culture-based and environmentally sustainable tourism and involves various stakeholders including local communities. Data were analyzed using the SEM-PLS, sample Research respondents numbered 192 including farmers, tourism industry players, village leaders, NGOs, academics and the government. The findings of this study are that community involvement in sustainable rural tourism has a positive and significant impact on efforts to build a comparative advantage of village tourism. Meanwhile, community involvement does not have a significant effect on efforts to build competitive advantage. Government involvement in sustainable rural tourism has no significant effect on efforts to build a comparative advantage of village tourism. Meanwhile, government involvement has a positive and significant effect on efforts to build a competitive advantage in rural tourism. The involvement of the private sector and non-governmental organizations has a positive and significant effect on sustainable rural tourism and the competitive advantage of rural tourism. Meanwhile, the involvement of the private sector and non-governmental organizations has no significant effect on the comparative advantage of rural tourism. The role of the Government involvement, the private sector must be linked with the non-governmental organizations self-help so that it has a positive impact towards the development of sustainable rural tourism.

Climate change is a strategic issue and a serious problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Climate change can cause disasters that have a negative impact on food production (Tao and Zhang, 2010; Apriyana, 2011; Las et al., 2011; Mustangin, 2017). The negative impact of long-term climate change to humans and the environment can cause disasters such as extreme droughts, declining yields and food crisis (D’Arrigo et al., 2006; Behera et al., 2008; Hansen et al., 2011; Cullis et al., 2019; Naim and Hindmarsh, 2019). Fluctuations in the availability of food is influenced climate variations and weather (Apriyana, 2011). Extreme weather represents one evidence of dangerous climate change and is a signal of future climate change (Haden et al., 2012; Renn, 2011; Spence et al., 2011; Linden, 2014a; Mcdonald et al., 2015; Demski et al., 2017). Extreme weather can affect the production and productivity of agriculture. The decline in production and productivity can be minimized by planting a variety of plant species. Knowing the potential of a region can cope with crop failures in the region with good harvests in other regions with different commodities. Mapping the potential in agriculture, especially food crops and the determination of the growing season is an important strategy to do (Naylor et al., 2007; Yayan et al., 2017). The impact of changes in rainfall patterns and seasonal changes cause changes in planting dates (Apriyana and Siburian, 2014). The changes have affected the productivity and food security in each region. Seeing this, it is necessary to map the potential and mitigation of climate change, especially in agriculture. Mapping potential to knowing areas of potential and prospective development, so the government more easily take a strategic development policy. Potential identification can be used to anticipate the product over a particular commodity. Identification of Potential in this case is the identification Potential Land Suitability. Identification of Potential Land Suitability to determine the most suitable land for to be developed in agriculture (Kumalawati et al., 2017). Land Suitability Assessment can be carried out with the parameter of multiplication, addition, or using minimum laws. The minimum law is the match between land quality and land characteristics as parameters with land suitability class criteria based on the growing requirements of the evaluated crop or commodity, such as in agriculture (Zulkarnain and Hartanto, 2020). Many regions have the potential in agriculture but the land suitability of spatial data is not yet available. Land suitability spatial data is necessary because it can be used to select alternative land management so as to create a stable food security and sustainable. Problems with data availability are also experienced in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, resulting in inaccurate planning, utilization and development. Overcoming the problem of the availability of spatial data in agriculture can use Geographic Information Systems. Geographic Information System is a combination of database management in collecting and storing geospatial data function describes the relationship of data in the form of maps (Nyerges, 2009). Geographic Information System provides identification information Potential Land Suitability agriculture. Results Identification used as database in the Agricultural Sector Policy Analysis leading commodities include rice, corn, chili, red onions, bananas and oranges. Local development of superior commodities one attempt to compete in trade and improving the local economy (Rosalina et al., 2017; Wahyuningsih et al., 2014). Agriculture development of is needed to improve the quality of agricultural production, income and standard of living people in an area (Luvianita et al., 2017; Mensah and Ekwamu, 2020). The agriculture sector has a significant role in the survival of humanity. The problem of food due to climate change is a global problem, including in the area of research. Predictions of future climate change will occur as a result of the food crisis. The food crisis is an important issue so it is necessary to mitigate and map the suitability of land potential in agriculture. The aim of this research "Potential Mapping Agricultural Commodities to Mitigation of Food Problem in the Future"

In recent decades, Mashhad as the second largest city of Iran after Tehran has experienced rapidly physical expansion regardless of the citizens' need for green space. The importance of Mashhad's urban green space is understandable from two dimensions, the first one is the existing population of the area and its increasing trend as the second most populous city of Iran and the other is the religious position of Mashhad, which annually receives millions of domestic and foreign travelers. Therefore, the aim of this paper is the investigation of urban green spaces performance in term of economic and social indicators in the Mashhad metropolis area. This research is an applied study by considering to its goal, and a descriptive analytical study for respect to its nature. It was also predominantly carried out with a quantitative approach. The statistical population for this research included the total population of Mashhad, and 380 peoples were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula. Also, 20 managers of Mashhad green space were interviewed to obtain more accurate data. SPSS software was used in the form of Cronbach's alpha test and the looseness and elongation index. Data and information reliability were also analyzed by statistical tests. SPSS software was used in the form of Cronbach's alpha test and the looseness and elongation index. Also, data and information reliability were analyzed by statistical tests. Data collection tools included a questionnaire and measurement of items is based on the Likert spectrum and 5-choice options. The research questionnaire includes 15 social questions and 5 economic questions that have been tested and analyzed using SPSS22 software. The results showed that managerial performance in the field of urban green spaces in Mashhad metropolis did not have a significant effect. From the view of citizens and managers, the various dimensions of the social index (communication, education, leisure, access and participation) have been evaluated as desirable.

Na década de 1990, no auge das discussões a respeito da exploração dos recursos naturais e da busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, surge o termo geodiversidade. Inicialmente o mesmo foi utilizado nos estudos geológicos e geomorfológicos para descrever características físicas do planeta. Desde então, pesquisas desenvolveram-se com o objetivo de apresentar às sociedades elementos abióticos com importância científica, educativa, turística, cultural, econômica, entre outras. Nessa perspectiva destaca-se o litoral, composto por elementos de beleza cênica indiscutível, que promove o desenvolvimento de atividades focadas na apreciação de elementos geomorfológicos como dunas, praias, falésias, por exemplo. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o Patrimônio Geomorfológico do spit de Galinhos-RN, representada por elementos abióticos com características inerentes à temática apresentada. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de fotografias da área para a seleção dos elementos e a inventariação, realizada por meio da aplicação da ficha de caracterização da geodiversidade. Com isso, concluiu-se que o spit de Galinhos é composto de elementos representativos da geodiversidade local como praias, dunas e recifes que se configuram como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento econômico do município em função, principalmente, da atividade turística.

O artigo investiga alterações nos sistemas paraglaciais e interconexões com a retração glacial em setores da ilha Rei George, Antártica Marítima. Foi analisado o ambiente proglacial, resultado da deglaciação recente, e identificados os tipos de formas de relevo em suas diferentes escalas. Estes registros são úteis para a reconstrução de estágios sucessivos evolutivos no sistema paraglacial. Os resultados demonstraram que o ambiente marginal às geleiras e sistemas paraglaciais estão evoluindo na ilha Rei George e há novas paisagens. Algumas geleiras apresentaram uma mudança importante entre 2000 e 2019, onde sua classificação mudou de geleira de terminação marinha para geleira de terminação terrestre (não-marinha). Atualmente há 21 geleiras com término em terra na ilha Rei George (correspondendo a 31% das geleiras) e 11 destas estão localizadas na Baía do Almirantado. 25% destas geleiras eram marinhas em 2000. Os novos ambientes paraglaciais (desde 2000) têm 1,7 km2 ao total de área. Os ambientes marginais às geleiras (como as geleiras Ecology, Wanda, Windy, Anna Sul e Baranowski) mostraram formas de gênese não glacial, como planície de lavagem, depositos de tálus, ravinas e canais fluviais no sistema paraglacial recente. O mapeamento geomorfológico evidencia que os processos paraglaciais se diferenciam entre os ambientes marginais ao gelo das geleiras, não são padronizados. Palavras-chave: processos geomorfológicos glaciais, áreas livres de gelo, mudanças climáticas.

A presente pesquisa intitulada: A sustentabilidade ambiental e práticas turísticas na praia de Bilene - Uma leitura interpretativa das principais mudanças, tem por objectivo avaliar a dinâmica da actividade turística e a sua influencia na sustentabilidade ambiental na praia de Bilene. A pesquisa privilegiou a abordagem qualitativa apoiada pelo método de revisão bibliográfica, observação directa, método cartográfico e técnica de entrevista a 60 indivíduos, seguido da análise e síntese. O estudo revela que o turismo é o principal sector de actividade socioeconómica e que mais cresce no município. Por sua vez, este crescimento tem sido acompanhado por fortes alterações de sistemas ambientais que sustentam esta actividade, como por exemplo a praia, dunas e biodiversidade local. O estudo conclui que a actividade turística na praia de Bilene tende à sustentabilidade embora persistem alguns desafios referentes a degradação da paisagem. O estudo sugere a necessidade de uma Educação ambiental aos intervenientes, a comunidade, operadores, turistas, líderes locais, representantes locais do estado e estruturas municipais de forma a reduzir os riscos do equilíbrio dos ecossistemas locais. Sugere ainda a intensificação da fiscalização da costa, das lagoas, das dunas, da fauna endémica, em particular as Tartarugas marinha e outros é extremamente necessária de forma a reduzir os riscos do equilíbrio dos ecossistemas e infra-estruturas locais.

Didyma is an area which has been home to immigrants for 100 years and so experienced changes in many aspects. Immigration towards a region, alone, has the power to cause change. The development of tourism in Didyma has increased the power of migration to cause change and has turned migration into a self-acting social process. Starting from 1924, when first immigrants arrived at Didyma, if we call every movement of migration of a group of individuals with common characteristics a “stratum of migration,” it will be possible to distinguish three main strata; namely, the Balkanization, dam-induced and tourism related migrations. Within this framework, the purpose of this study is to investigate the sociocultural change created by social groups distinguished according to their sociocultural characteristics and reasons for migration related tourism. The data for this study were collected through interviews conducted in person and analyzed in accordance with grounded theory approach. As a result of this study, the dimensions of change were divided into five main categories; deterioration of social values, declination of business ethics, changes in senses of identity and belonging, socio-spatial accumulation and emergence of social hegemony.

Casimcea Plateau is an uplifted (exhumated) peneplain cut in Proterozoic green–schists and one of the oldest tec­tonic units around the Black Sea. Despite its overall monotonous physiognomy, the plateau is crossed by Casimcea Valley and presents a seaward façade to the east which preserves (sub)horizontal surfaces as testimonies of the paleoenvironmental changes (sea level and climate). This research aims to identify the marine and fluvio–marine terraces and to define their vertical distribution based on the morphometric analysis of two study sites (north – Ceamurlia; south – Tașaul Lake) using EU-DEM. 6 levels were identified as possible marine terraces within the 2–50 m altitude range and also some inferences were made concerning the age of the lower three levels. Also, the present work highlights a differential (stronger) uplift of the northern sector between Peceneaga – Camena and Ostrov – Sinoe faults reflected by both the elevation difference of 5–6 m between the terraces staircases identified at the two sites and by the elevation gaps analysed on an array of cross-fault transects carried on over Ostrov – Sinoe fault.

Snow avalanches are a common phenomenon in Parâng Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania) perturbing tourism activities and associated infrastructures, damaging forests, and causing fatalities. Its past history is an es­sential information to gather while assessing the hazard zonation areas. Usually, in Romania snow–avalanche activ­ity occurring in forested areas are neither monitored, nor recorded by historical archives. In these areas, environ­mental archives such as tree rings may provide useful information about the past avalanche activity. The purpose of the present study is to reconstruct snow–avalanche history with tree rings along a path located below Cârja Peak (2405 m a.s.l.), an area where past snow–avalanche activity still remains underestimated. In this sense, 57 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees showing clear signs of disturbance by snow avalanches were sampled and the growth anomalies associated with the mechanical impact produced by snow avalanches on trees were identified within their rings and served to reconstruct past events. The reconstructed chronology covers the period 1994–2018 showing the occurrence of a minimum of 11 major events, with an average return period of 2.1 years. Tree–ring records provided the most consistent avalanche event chronology in the study area. Although the lim­ited extension of the chronology back in time, a better understanding of snow–avalanche history which may be gained through dendro­chronological reconstructions represent nonetheless useful and pertinent information to consider before the imple­mentation and development of infrastructure in this mountain avalanche–prone area.

The last three decades have marked an unprecedented urban expansion of the city of Cluj-Napoca, leading to strong anthropogenic influences on the natural environment and important changes in the land-use. Due to the specific morphology of Cluj area, characterized by limited available plane surfaces which are insufficient to support the urban expansion, more and more territories with slopes between 5°-26° are used for constructions. These areas are marked by high risks of mass movements due to their specific geological and geomorphological characteristics, therefore the present study proposes a more detailed and complex GIS and remote sensing analysis of the western urban part of Cluj-Napoca, in order to highlight the main changes of the city and the consequences of the human actions. One of the most used radar interferometry (InSAR) technique was applied in order to detect land deformations that can threaten the infrastructure and the population. Sentinel-1B SAR imagery were processed by the DInSAR methodology, resulting in a land deformation map, which represents an important support in generating the vulnerability assessment. Based upon this evaluation, we concluded that the most vulnerable neighbourhoods to land deformations from the western part of the city are the peripheral ones, as following: Dâmbul Rotund, Bună Ziua, Europa, Mănăștur, West Iris and Făget, proving that human activity and the geological setting are the main triggering factors of the discussed phenomenon.

The period of high water flow from rivers is a complex phenomenon, which manifests itself in the form of large waters and floods. High flow periods are an important phase in the runoff of rivers, both by their extreme nature and by the effects they can produce on the components of the environment. The paper analyses several aspects related to the periods of water runoff from rivers: genetic factors, frequency, and temporal and spatial parameters of large waters and floods, case studies of the most representative floods, environmental, social and economic effects induced by floods.

The relationship between migration and socio-economic development as a whole cannot be less emphasized, especially when the movement involves economically productive individuals. Migration can aid economic growth and development of both the regions of origin and destination. This study focused on those migrants who move to work and earn a living in Akpabuyo local government, Cross River State, Nigeria, as well as their relationship with the indigenes of the area. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed to the migrants and non-migrants alike in a multi-staged process. Findings from the analyses revealed that migrant labourers contribute significantly to the overall socio-economic development of Akpabuyo and that the socio-economic well-being of migrants and non-migrants differ significantly. This was proven by the statistical result of the paired sample t-test which compared; the number of hours put into work by migrants and non-migrant (t= -3.4, p=0.001), the perception of commensurability of time and energy put into work and income derived (t=5.4, p=0.0), average monthly income (t=0.0, p=1.0) and sufficiency of income generated by migrants and non-migrants in taking care of education and healthcare needs (t=4.0, p=0.0).The study recommended that the government should set up institutions and facilities that would foster socio-economic development in Akpabuyo LGA such that can be affordable to both migrants and otherwise and encourage them to utilize same such as schools, low cost housing, health care centers, cottage industries, etc. Likewise, since migrants are key to the socio-economic development of Akpabuyo LGA, the inflow of migrants to the area should be encouraged.

In December 2016, Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park started the pilot work. It is the only pilot area that is directly managed by the central government. Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park System Pilot Area undertakes two major reform tasks. One is to explore the path to establish the national park system in China. Other is to improve the national natural resource asset management system. This paper comprehensively summarizes the progress and experiences of the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park System Area. It has concluded that the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park System Area has gained achievements in many aspect and the experiences has a possibility to be copied.

Qilian Mountain National Park became the pilot area of China National Park System Pilot Project in June 2017. This article provides a basic description of Qilian Mountain National Park System Pilot Area from the aspects of the important natural resources, key ecological functions, and important historical and cultural values. It explores, analyzes the construction path and effect of Qilian Mountain National Park System Pilot Area in management and operation, policy, ecological conversation and restoration, natural resources supervision and community. It has been concluded that the construction of Qilian Mountain National Park System Pilot Area has sound effect of ecological restoration, economic and social development and park governance capacity.