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in Sarein city, which is done using Hofstede culture model and Padma service quality model. The statistical population of this study includes all domestic tourists who entered the city of Sarein in the period of June and early July of 2018. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and out of 400 distributed questionnaires, 372 people answered the questionnaires. Structural equations and LISREL software were used for data analysis. The results show that the relationship between pleasure-seeking/self-control and perceived quality of health tourism services The globalization of healthcare has led to the emergence of a new form of tourism known as health tourism. Given the special importance of tourism and especially health tourism and the resulting economic benefits, the quality factor can be important and fundamental. Among the factors that can affect the quality of health tourism services are cultural values. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of cultural values ​​on the perceived quality of health tourism services is significant and positive. Also, a positive and significant relationship between long-term/ short-term orientation, degree of ambiguity acceptance, power distance, masculinity/ feminism and individualism/collectivism with the perceived quality of health tourism services was confirmed.

One of the most important challenges facing urban management is informal housing. This phenomenon is one of the adverse consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which is especially formed as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and due to the deprivation and lack of informal settlements in urban living facilities compared to other Urban areas have made them the focus of acute urban issues and problems and against sustainable human development. The current situation of informal settlements shows that the plans, forecasts and measures taken to address the problems of this phenomenon, especially in the metropolis of Tabriz, have not been so effective that the expansion of informal settlements in this city is a reason for this claim. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt has been made to systematically identify and analyze the key drivers affecting the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with analytical-exploratory nature. The intersection of the components is formed. In the next step, the matrix is ​​analyzed using Micmac software. The results of the dispersion of variables in the axis of influence and the influence of factors in Mikmak software indicate the instability of the system in the study area and accordingly, five categories of variables were identified. Finally, due to the high score of direct and indirect influence of factors, eighteen main factors were identified as key drivers in the formation and expansion of informal settlement in the region. Among the studied drivers, the variables of the economic sector had the greatest impact on the formation and expansion of informal settlement in the study area.

In recent decades, urban spaces have come under pressure for a variety of reasons, including declining economic development rates, demographic change, industrial restructuring, and declining real estate markets, and the issue of urban decline and blight has become a global phenomenon. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the spread of urban blighted and strategic planning in order to deal with the spread of this phenomenon and the realization of sustainable development is an inevitable necessity. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the blighting of urban spaces in Tabriz metropolis. The research method is a combination of quantitative-qualitative approaches with applied purpose and descriptive-analytical nature and in order to analyze the data, structural equations based on variance with Smart-pls partial least squares method have been used. The statistical population of the study also includes experts, managers and city officials and academic elites (about 1400 people) and the sample size was determined using special rules of the partial least squares method and the modified Cochran model of 344 people. Findings show that the most effective in the formation of urban blighting in Tabriz metropolis is related to the variables of technocratic management system and shifting resources and facilities to high-income deciles of society, non-segregation of interventions in various urban contexts (new, old, worn and informal), tissue wear and obsolescence of equipment and transformation in economic centers with scores of 0.791, 0.744, 0.728 and 0.639, respectively. Also, the results indicate that developments such as population movements and changes in economic centers in recent decades have caused the formation of spatial imbalances in different dimensions and the blighting of some city spaces.

< p >Today, one of the most important approaches in the optimal organization of space is the creation of a balanced spatial structure that plays a fundamental role in sustainable development. Optimal spatial structure requires balanced spatial distribution of population and activity in the environment. Optimal spatial structure requires a balanced spatial distribution of population in the environment. These two factors are the main pillars of the spatial structure and important role in creating or lack of proper organization of space. on the other hand, population distribution in space depends on the activity of distribution; as a result, the distribution of activity plays an essential role in the organization of space. The aim of this study was to examine the balance or imbalance of the spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan core based on performance. The research method is descriptive and analytical and of type its Causal-correlation. Information and data collection is a library. The data includes urban activities extracted from documentary sources. The number of indicators based activities was 25 cases. There are 25 activities which are included in 7 industrial, commercial, administrative, educational, recreational, cultural and therapeutic indexes. These seven factors are considered as the core functional metropolis. To investigate the functional core in Tehran metropolis is used Peter Hall Method used (the division activities on population in urban areas). To analyze the distribution of functional core activities and population in the metropolis of Tehran is using kernel density estimation method. To analyze the spatial patterns is used from the the mean center and standard deviation ellipses. To model spatial correlation Is used whit the geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results indicate that spatial patterns of functional core are a single pole. However, some components might have been bipolar. The positive changes have been made compared to the previous period. Spatial correlation results show that there is no link between the core functional and population distribution. Consequently, the location and position of the functional core of Tehran metropolitan area have a lot of problems and crisis

In recent decades, cities have grown organically and urban areas in a short time have been several times its original size and city development has been the forms of the individual components, without planning, uncoordinated that urban sprawl pattern is the main feature. Urban Smart Growth cities were developed for deal with problems of sprawl. The case study is Maragheh city. The research method is descriptive and analytical. In this paper, the capacity of Maragheh, using the development from within the main principles of smart growth is about the sprawl, is marked. Indexes such as population density, rate of open space, building quality, access and permeability, compressibility, etc. are used. Neighborhoods with using Analytical Hierarchy presses (AHP) to prioritize and ultimately the level was estimated for each of them. Results show that in 1392 the gross population density of 59.3 persons per hectare is which is considered very low density and On the other hand there is a lot of undeveloped land, 333 hectares, Uses of unconventional urban, and the average per capita level of infrastructure per person is 162.3 square meters. With this description, using the principles of smart growth and in particular, the principle of development from within and Suitable density, Building on wasteland and etc., sprawl can be prevented the sprawl.

The growth and development pattern or city form is defined as spatial pattern of human activities. At present the city pattern is divided into two groups as horizontal or sprawl and vertical or compact. Evidences show that cities are grown unplanned in recent years and the cities' limits have expanded several times than their primary area. Thus, planners and policy makers are trying to identify the physical pattern of cities to manage and direct the city growth in line with sustainable development. Maragheh is the case study for this research which is located in the north west of the country. The research applied analytical-comparative methods to identify and assess the pattern of physical and spatial growth of the city in different periods. The quantitative models included accumulation degree (Moran and Grey), Entropy, Ginny coefficient, Heldern and density. The results show that the city has experienced a slow and compact physical and spatial growth in the past through which the start of rapid urbanization during 1355 to 1365 expanded rapidly. The area of city increased 16.5 times and this was in the form of sprawl and continued to 1385. Regarding the results of the research the compact city pattern is recommended for the change of growth pattern and approaching the urban sustainable development.