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This paper proposes an unusual method for the dissemination of geological sciences and the promotion of geotourism: a scientific documentary, where a representative itinerary of geological and geomorphological evolution of the Umbria and Marche regions was presented. The considerations that led to the identification of the geological route proposed to the editorial staff of FOCUS TV are presented in detail. At each stop, there was an explanation by academic professors and researchers, mainly from the Geology Division of the University of Camerino (MC), who explained the outcrops in detail. During the episode, insights were also given into the anthropogenic frequentation of the epigean caves in Frasassi (AN), ancient places of frequentation and worship thanks to their suggestiveness and the sense of magnificence that they can elicit. In addition to the illustration of the individual stops, the article offers further insights into the geomorphology of the most important geosites depicted, all of which are in natural parks or protected areas and characterized by a high landscape value. The result was the production of an episode of the television program 'Geological Wonders of Italy: the Marche and Umbria Regions', which was broadcast in October 2022 by the Italian national Mediaset group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geography's fieldwork culture has been subject to much scrutiny in recent decades. With roots in colonial exploration and shaped by Enlightenment ideals of reason and rationality, the presence of emotion in physical geography fieldwork has remained invisible, unspoken. This article draws on geomorphologists' fieldwork stories, accessed via questionnaire and interviews, to provide insight into the emotion work involved in collaborative fieldwork, depicted here through a career/life-course chronology. This in turn enables articulation of the 'feeling rules' of geomorphology fieldwork; implicit, unwritten expectations of 'how to be' a field geomorphologist. Acknowledging that fieldwork is a positive aspect of the discipline for many, the article provides insight into the ways that the burdens of fieldwork may shift throughout a career and considers the implications for creating more inclusive field environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the recent conditions at the Paleogene thrust contact between the External Dinaric Thrust Belt composed of carbonate rocks and the External Dinaric Imbricate Belt composed of flysch rocks, geographically, between the Trnovski gozd (Trnovski gozd plateau) and the Vipava Valley at the northwestern end of the Dinarides. Fossil and recent gravity-related phenomena that indicate the uplift of the southwestern edge of the External Dinaric Thrust Belt and the larger complex in the hinterland are found there. However, these phenomena are not related to the reactivated Paleogene thrust tectonics, but to the Neogene-recent underthrusting as a consequence of the Microadria (Adriatic Microplate) movement towards the Dinarides. Only arguments for these processes are presented in this article.

Landslides in Colombia represent a serious threat to the safety of local communities and the surrounding infrastructure, especially in the mountain range zone. These events occur due to the variation and correlation of endogenous conditions existing in each area, such as geology, geomorphology and coverage, which are triggered by rainfall, seismic events or anthropic activities. This article aims to analyze the geoenvironmental conditions between 2016 and 2021 in the sector known as Cortinas (Toledo, Colombia), applying, for this purpose, the innovative concept of "accumulated geotechnical deterioration" in order to explain the evolution of susceptibility over time from the perspective of prediction, which under traditional methodologies is not properly considered, since unlike what has been thought, the conditioning factors do change in the short and medium term, especially in tropical areas. As a result of this part of the research, the hypothesis was validated that it is necessary for the terrain to be under certain specific conditions for an instability event to occur, which does not depend only on certain critical thresholds of rainfall and earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACTSemiarid areas face challenges in the availability of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. The freshwater availability in semi-arid is limited due to low periods of rainfall and high evaporation rate. Groundwater resource is the only promising source of freshwater in semi-arid regions. The increased demand for freshwater in the semiarid region has increased the demand for groundwater exploration. The availability of groundwater in the subsurface is influenced by the subsurface geology, geomorphological properties and climatical condition of the region. This review aimed to analyse and combine pieces of available information on groundwater potential assessments in the central part of Tanzania. Central TANZANIA is within the craton basement rocks, where most aquifers are crystalline and fractured crystalline rocks. The groundwater origin, movement and existence rely upon numerous geomorphological and geological factors. Because of the terrain's geology and the compartmentalization of aquifers, determining the groundwater potential is difficult in basement terrain. Studying the geomorphology and geology of groundwater recharge zones is the key to exploring groundwater availability. The integration of geomorphological, geological and geophysical information yields a promising groundwater potential zone for placement of a well. The selection of the geophysical methods depends on the nature and geology of the area. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) can be utilized in combination with other geophysical methods in fractured and weathered crystalline rocks in the semiarid environment, as in the Dodoma region, because it is the best geophysical tool for groundwater exploration in the fractured aquifer.

We developed a multi-source, integrated remote sensing approach to characterize the geomorphological features of the alluvial and coastal lowlands around the ancient Abdera (coastal Thrace, Gr.). By combining multi-temporal composites of satellite imagery, DEM-derived products, orthophotography, and different cartographic resources, more than 1000 linear km of ancient landforms have been identified and mapped. When crossed with archaeological and historical data, our results allowed to propose a reconstruction of the palaeogeographic evolution and geomorphological dynamics in the eastern lobe of the Nestos Delta, the Kosynthos plain, Lake Vistonida and the Porto Lagos coast since the Antiquity. Our results suggest that the delta developed mainly between Hellenistic times and the Late Antiquity, when it had reached a shape similar to the current. Most of the large palaeochannels visible in the delta seem to be Nestos’ short-lived avulsions occurring in late Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Eastwards progradation of the Kosynthos plain, especially during Byzantine and Ottoman periods and accelerating in the 20th c. due to river channelization, was the main cause of the silting and a significant size reduction of Lake Vistonida since the Antiquity. Lake Lafra was also partially silted in late Byzantine and Ottoman times, likely due to the sedimentary discharge of the Kosynthos after a change in its course. By contrast, other lagoons and wetlands in the coast of Porto Lagos seem relatively stable in the last millennia with only minor silting and coastline progradation. Further geomorphological and geoarchaeological research in the area will allow to draw more precisely long-term interaction of past societies with environmental dynamics and resulting landscape change.

The catchment geomorphology of the Zarqa River in Jordan was investigated using a three-dimensional model and interpretation of geology. There are three major elements that control the Zarqa River catchment and its drainage networks: lithological units, faults and paleovolcanism. The upper catchment is typical of a youthful stage of river development with relatively recent lava fields that have infilled and reduced the original size of the catchment. The lower part of the catchment includes a convex profile probably resulting from the coalescence of knickpoints generated by uplift along the Dead Sea fault. The lower and middle sections of the catchment contain remnants of an older, wider valley, 200–500 m above the present river level, that probably formed during a hiatus in tectonic and volcanic activity from ~ 22 to ~ 13 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of topography in forearc regions results from the complex interplay of crustal and mantle processes. The Southern Apennines represent a well‐studied forearc region that experienced several tectonic phases, initially marked by compressional deformation followed by extension and large‐scale uplift. We present a new structural, geomorphic and fluvial analysis of the Pollino Massif and surrounding intermontane basins (Mercure, Campotenese and Castrovillari) to unravel their evolution since the Pliocene. We constrain multiple tectonic transport directions, evolution of the drainage, and magnitude and timing of long‐term incision following base level falls. Two sets of knickpoints suggest two phases of base level lowering and allow to estimate ∼500 m of long‐term uplift (late Pleistocene), as observed in the Sila Massif. On a smaller spatial scale, the evolution and formation of topographic relief, sedimentation, and opening of intermontane basins is strongly controlled by the recent increase in rock uplift rate and fault activity. At the regional scale, an along‐strike, long‐wavelength uplift pattern from north to south can be explained by progressive lateral slab tearing and inflow of asthenospheric mantle beneath Pollino and Sila, which in turn may have promoted extensional tectonics. The lower uplift of Le Serre Massif may be explained as result of weak plate coupling due to narrowing of the Calabrian slab. The onset of uplift in the Pollino Massif, ranging from 400 to 800 ka, is consistent with that one proposed in the southern Calabrian forearc, suggesting a possible synchronism of uplift, and lateral tearing of the Calabrian slab. Key Points: Topographic evolution constrained by structural, geomorphic and river analysis of the Pollino range and surrounding extensional basinsAt short spatial scale, increase in rock uplift and fault activity controls the endorheic‐exorheic transitionAt regional scale, uplift increases between 400 and 800 ka, due to progressive lateral slab tearing, and inflow asthenospheric mantle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon is the largest drainage basin on Earth and contains a wide variety of abiotic landscape features. In spite of this, the geodiversity in this basin has not yet been objectively evaluated. We address this knowledge gap by combining a meta-analysis of an existing global geodiversity map and its components with a systematic literature review, to identify the key characteristics of geodiversity in the Amazon drainage basin (ADB). We also evaluate how these global geodiversity component maps, that are based on the geology, geomorphology, soils and hydrology, could be refined to better reflect geodiversity in the basin. Our review shows that geology—through lithological diversity and geological structures—and hydrology—through hydrological processes that influence geomorphology and soil diversity—are the main determinants of geodiversity. Based on these features, the ADB can be subdivided into three principal regions: (i) the Andean orogenic belt and western Amazon, (ii) the cratons and eastern Amazon, and (iii) the Solimões-Amazon river system. Additional methods to map geomorphological and hydrological diversity have been identified. Future research should focus on investigating the relationship between the geodiversity components and assess their relationship with biodiversity. Such knowledge can enhance conservation plans for the ADB. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGs) is to protect globally significant geoheritage and geodiversity, but quantitative evidence on the global representativeness of geodiversity components (i.e. geology, soils, geomorphology and hydrology) in these geoparks is in short supply. Here, we provide a first assessment by deriving a global map of geodiversity to test whether the presence of geodiversity components in UGGs is representative for the global availability and distribution of geodiversity. Using openly accessible global datasets and a newly developed workflow, we have calculated metrics for each geodiversity component and a global geodiversity index; we then quantified whether UGGs represent global geodiversity and then compared their components to a randomized spatial distribution of geoparks. Our results show that lithological and topographical diversity are more represented in UGGs than outside these sites, while soil type and hydrological diversity are not significantly different. Furthermore, individual soil types and lithological classes are under-represented and unevenly distributed in Asian and European UGGs. This is probably caused by the concentration of geoparks in Asian and European mountains. To better conserve geodiversity, we suggest an initiative to consider the protection and representation of all geodiversity components in their global context. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate multidisciplinary observations to provide a regional-scale synthesis of river drainage reconfiguration in Southland (New Zealand) between the Miocene and the Holocene. Distributions of sedimentary clasts, including alluvial gold, garnets and chromite, are combined with freshwater fish genetics, surface geomorphology, and basement geology to constrain river drainage directions and interconnections through time. River evolution in much of the South Island has been dominated by localised tectonic uplift linked to distant Alpine Fault tectonism. In the southeast, the rise of ranges between Central Otago and Southland severed initial long-distance southward drainage and gold transport and isolated fish species. Plio-Pleistocene range uplift caused the recycling of older alluvial gold deposits into the new Southland river systems. The most significant Southland drainage reorientations have occurred through the Pleistocene, in parallel with similar processes in Central Otago. In particular, the Pomahaka River has evolved geomorphologically from a Southland-linked catchment to become a major tributary of the Clutha catchment, with associated biological evolution of distinctive endemic freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Himalayan Mountain range is prone to landslides and its influential factors vary from region to region. To identify these factors, it is essential to have comprehensive information about the study area. This study aims to assess Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of the Aglar watershed in the Lesser Himalayas using the frequency ratio method in the GIS environment. An inventory map in the first place of landslide events was prepared using satellite data and field survey studies. In this study, pertinently, sixteen conditioning factors were considered as slope, aspect, profile curvature, plan curvature, elevation, relative relief, geology, distance to stream, distance to road, normalized difference vegetation index, stream power index, topographic wetness index, rainfall, distance to lineaments, geomorphology, and land use land cover based on the local topography and climate. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the study area, subsequently, the frequency ratio of each factor was analyzed. This determined the correlation between landslide classes and each class of conditioning factors. A thorough analysis was conducted to select the most significant factors using the higher and lower prediction ratio values. This study was eventually conducted by comparing three susceptibility maps that were created based on prediction ratio values. To confirm the comparison, the ROC–AUC curve was utilized. The accuracy of the results was evaluated through a prediction rate and success rate curve, resulting in 78.5 and 80.7%, respectively, demonstrating a commendable performance. In this paper, the significance of different conditioning factors is evident in the increase of the very high susceptible area from 2.44 to 5.99% and eventually to 8.44%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the geodiversity of the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic Sea, focusing on geological features and their spatial distribution. By adapting methods used in previous Baltic Sea studies, we conducted spatial analyses of geological data sets including bedrock type, seabed substrates and seabed structures. Bedrock and substrate data were freely available, while seabed structures were modelled from bathymetry data. Geodiversity was quantified using a geodiversity index, which considers the variety of physical elements, roughness and area of the unit. The analyses revealed a diverse seabed environment in the Archipelago Sea with varying geodiversity throughout the study area. Significant features contributing to geodiversity included bedrock fracture and fault zones and large end-moraine formations. Similar patterns have been observed in terrestrial areas of Finland. The analyses also detected relations between archipelago zonation and geodiversity with areas of open sea more homogeneous than the middle and inner archipelago. This study formally recognises the complexity of the seabed in the Archipelago Sea and highlights the importance of understanding the geological processes shaping the region. The results can inform maritime spatial planning and sustainable resource management.

A coordinated multi-year ocean exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the southeastern U.S. has mapped what appears to be the most expansive cold-water coral (CWC) mound province thus far discovered. Nearly continuous CWC mound features span an area up to 500 km long and 110 km wide, with a core area of high-density mounds up to 254 km long by 42 km wide. This study synthesized bathymetric data from 31 multibeam sonar mapping surveys and generated a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC mound habitats and compare mound morphologies among subregions of the coral province. Based on the multibeam bathymetry, a total of 83,908 individual peak features were delineated, providing the first estimate of the overall number of potential CWC mounds mapped in the region to date. Five geomorphic landform classes were mapped and quantified: peaks (411 km2), valleys (3598 km2), ridges (3642 km2), slopes (23,082 km2), and flats (102,848 km2). The complex geomorphology of eight subregions was described qualitatively with geomorphic “fingerprints” (spatial patterns) and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. This study demonstrated the value of applying an objective automated terrain segmentation and classification approach to geomorphic characterization of a highly complex CWC mound province. Manual delineation of these features in a consistent repeatable way with a comparable level of detail would not have been possible.

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Geological maps of Earth typically incorporate field observations of rock lithology, structure, composition, and more. In contrast, conventional planetary geological maps are often made using primarily qualitative morphostratigraphic remote sensing observations of planetary surfaces. However, it is possible to define independent quantitative spectral units (SUs) of planetary surfaces, which potentially contain information about surface composition, grain size, and space weathering exposure. Here, we demonstrate a generic method to combine independently derived geomorphic and SUs, using the Rachmaninoff basin, Mercury, as an example to create a new geostratigraphic map. From this geostratigraphic map, we can infer some compositional differences within geomorphic units, which clarifies and elaborates on the geological evolution of the region. Plain Language Summary: Geological maps of rocks on Earth include information about what landforms the rocks exhibit, what they are made from, their orientation, and more. Many such details require ground observations, but these are generally not available for planetary geological maps, which rely on spacecraft data. Spacecraft images can be used to map planetary surface textures (geomorphology), but they can also be used to measure surfaces' responses to light (reflectance or emission spectra), which contain information about what the surface rocks are made from, their physical properties (e.g., grain size, roughness, porosity), and how long they have been exposed at the surface. We have combined earlier, independent geomorphic and spectral maps of the Rachmaninoff impact basin on Mercury to create a new "geostratigraphic" map that is more like a geological map that could be made of Earth. The new map highlights places that in the original geomorphic map would have been mapped all as a single unit, but are divisible based on spectral variations, attributable to differences in what the rocks are made from. This allows us to reconstruct a more detailed geological history of the region. Our method can be applied to other regions on Mercury and to other planetary surfaces. Key Points: We combine independent morphostratigraphic and spectral units of Rachmaninoff basin to create geostratigraphic unitsGeostratigraphic units can distinguish volcanic plains and impact melt in contact with each otherGeostratigraphic units imply a wider distribution of (LRM‐composition) impact melt than previously recognized [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to deduce the geologic setting of the San Leo cliff from the natural sections exposed in its own rock walls. The line-drawings of the rock walls, coupled with a detailed geologic map and framed in a tectonostratigraphic scheme, allow us to reconstruct a 3D geological model of the San Leo cliff. The interpretation of the collected data also allows us to establish the relationships between lithostratigraphy, tectonics and geomorphology that control the evolution of this spectacular and delicate landscape emergency of Val Marecchia. The 2014 landslide (BORGATTI et alii, 2015) has been only the latest event in the evolution of the San Leo cliff, where fractures and faults of Late Pliocene to Present age have predisposed rock masses to fall, so that the current slope morphology is the result of a very long series of rockfalls (BENEDETTI et alii, 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 18, 2023, a rockslide occurred in Torkham town in Pakistan, near the border with Afghanistan. The rockslide buried trucks and people, resulting in seven deaths and many injuries. The area is prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods. The rockslide was triggered by heavy rainfall and may have been exacerbated by slope cutting for road widening. The authors recommend slope stabilization measures, such as drainage systems, vegetation planting, retaining walls, and rockfall barriers, to prevent future disasters. [Extracted from the article]

Mass removal phenomena are potentially dangerous because they cause damage to property and infrastructure in communities. Therefore, there is a growing governmental interest in knowing, studying and zoning these phenomena, developing projects and research that allow evaluating their behavior. In this work, the zoning of the susceptibility to mass removal phenomena will be obtained, in the vicinity of the municipality of Pueblo Bello, Cesar, upper basin of the Ariguaní River, located southwest of the Santa Marta Nevada massif. For the execution of this project, the discriminant statistical method was developed, taking into account the conditioning and triggering factors, which quantitatively determine the degree of influence that each geoenvironmental variable has on the generation of mass removal phenomena. These geoenvironmental factors were carried out by visiting strategic points within the area, in order to build maps of geology, superficial geological units, geomorphology, land cover and land use, achieving an analysis that led to the determination of homogeneous zones, failure mechanisms, characterization of drainage and its relationship with the phenomena of instability. In conclusion in the sector there is a higher category of medium susceptibility with 45.46%, followed by the low with 20.07%, the high with 17.40%, the very low with 10.31% and the very high category with 6.73%. The relationship with mass movements is higher in the very high category with 36.58%, followed by the average with 31.70%, the low with 14.63%, high with 9.75% and the very low with 7.31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluates spatial trend and distribution history of selected metals in the complex coastal environment of Odisha, India. The main objective is to analyse metal enrichment and level of contamination in sediment deposits. It is also attempted to evaluate the past depositional environment and prevailing process leading to metal enrichment and contamination. Three sediment cores up to a depth of 10 m were collected from older beach deposit of Chandbali (CB) and paleochannels of Agiviligan (AG) and Kasturikaran (KK) villages located along River Baitarani, coastal Odisha. The study area, to a large extent, is a transition zone of terrestrial and marine sediments. The assessment of metal contamination is based on spatial and down-core variability of selected metals- Al2O3, MnO, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, and Pb against their background values. Contamination is examined using enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The study exhibits a complex pattern of metal distribution over space and time. The sediments are enriched and contaminated with MnO, Cr, and Pb not only in the surface layers but also in the deeper layers such as CBL4 (–7.3 m), CBL5 (–7.9 m), CBL6 (–10 m), AGL3 (–6 m), AGL5 (–10 m) and KKL3 (–8 m). Metal enrichment in deeper layers can be associated with the past depositional environment, prevailing processes, geology and geomorphology of the region. In the surface layers, metal contamination can result from recent anthropogenic activities like untreated industrial waste from Ferro-alloys Corporation Ltd. (FACCOR) and domestic waste. There is a decline in contamination levels as we move from inland (CB) to coast (KK). The samples are also analysed for grain size and geochemistry to differentiate between sedimentary layers deposited under distinct depositional environments in the past. The results reveal the existence of humid and dry climatic phases along with oscillating sea levels in the past, influencing metal enrichment and contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the influencing factors of the presence of mercury in a river within the Savanna biome (Cerrado), we surveyed total mercury (THg) in bottom sediment from 50 lakes along 750 km of the Middle Araguaia floodplain. The sampling sites included non-urban and urban surroundings over three distinct geomorphologies. We measured water physicochemical parameters at each site and tested statistically if land use nested within the geological formation influenced the THg concentration in bottom sediments and related water parameters. Multivariate results indicate that the interaction between geological groups and land use is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Nested ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests confirmed that the geological formation with its nested land use influences the THg, pH, DO, conductivity, and TDS (p < 0.05). THg was significantly lower in Quaternary terrains (p < 0.05) and differed significantly between non-urban and urban areas in Neoproterozoic terrains (p = 0.02). The spatial projections of the THg eigenvector on the main axes with the scoring factors of the Neoproterozoic/Paleoproterozoic terrains, and urban/non-urban, confirmed the spatial correlations. These results indicate that the association of land use and geology could be the main driver of THg in the bottom sediments of lakes from the Middle Araguaia floodplain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the effect of geological and geomorphological factors on the water quality of Gotvand Dam in Iran. Given the role of geomorphological parameters in water quality, the water quality indices were analyzed in the Excel and Chemistry applications. Water quality was evaluated by analyzing water samples obtained from the Statistical Data Center of Water and Power Organization of Khuzestan, and the total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH of water were measured using the Mann-Kendall test. Then the effect of geomorphological factors on the physicochemical properties of the Karun River was assessed. The qualitative variables were pH, EC, and TDS in the statistical period of 2006–2021. The results of the Mann-Kendall test showed an insignificant decreasing trend in the TDS series in the Gotvand station. Meanwhile, August had a significant increasing trend in TDS, and considering the calculated Sen's slope, this parameter increased by 35% in the last 15 years (2006–2021). Like TDS, EC had both increasing and decreasing trends of changes. On the monthly scale, pH had a significant decreasing trend, meaning that the water is acidified, which severely affects the downstream fields and reservoirs. In the Gotvand station, the trend of changes in TDS and EC increased in 11 and 12 months of the year, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding, often triggered by heavy rainfall, is a common natural disaster in Indonesia, and is the third most common type of disaster in Sumedang Regency. Hence, flood-susceptibility mapping is essential for flood management. The primary challenge in this lies in the complex, non-linear relationships between indices and risk levels. To address this, the application of random forest (RF) and frequency ratio (FR) methods has been explored. Ten flood-conditioning factors were determined from the references: the distance from a river, elevation, geology, geomorphology, lithology, land use/land cover, rainfall, slope, soil type, and topographic wetness index (TWI). The 35 flood locations from the flood-inventory map were selected, and the remaining 18 flood locations were used for justifying the outcomes. The flooded areas from the RF model were 28.39%; the rest (71.61%) were non-flooded areas. Also, the flooded areas from the FR method were 8.02%, and the non-flooded areas were 91.98%. The AUC for both methods was a similar value – 83.0%. This result is quite accurate and can be used by policymakers to prevent and manage future flooding in the Sumedang area. These results can also be used as materials for updating existing flood-susceptibility maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid population and spatial growth of major cities occur on foundations which primarily depends on the local geological, geomorphological, and environmental conditions. The bedrock and alluvial geology of the cities prescribes ease of excavation and exploitable building materials, as well as arability and permeability of the urban soils, while the neotectonic setting specifies the convenient natural routs and landforms on which the city has to develop. The Tehran metropolitan area provides an interesting anecdote, presented here as an archetype of such social-natural interplay. Early simple urban development of the city was cradled by the ancient Ray city, while Tehran’s rapid growth between the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first century took on a complex pattern affected by the natural background factors discussed in this paper. Geology and geomorphology have imposed limitations and allowances for development of the city which are reflected both in the land use and the urban fabric. It is therefore suggested that the geological grain of the city is inherited and partially recorded by its infrastructure. Meanwhile, protecting the geological heritage using the geosites is highly recommended for such rapidly growing cities. The piedmont location of the city in an active tectonic setting imposes earthquake, flood, and rock avalanche hazards to the city. A fortuitous jumble of such urban development history and the resulting incipient threats implies an “unplanned evolution” or “instinctive growth” of the city which is pushed over its resiliency limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide is a geological hazard typically associated with extreme events such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, volcanic eruptions, changes in groundwater level, etc. This study was carried out in Okemesi-Ekiti (also known as Okemesi), Southwest Nigeria, with the purpose of using remote sensing and GIS technologies to analyze the environmental factors (grain size, direct shear strength resistance, rainfall data, wet density, surface, and slope) resulting in the occurrence of the Okemesi landslide. The study also aimed to conduct a vulnerability analysis in the study area to identify regions with a probability of landslide occurrence. The grain size analysis of the soil in the Okemesi landslide area showed that slope materials comprised 17.14% gravel, 59.31% sand, and 19.48% fines, thus the soil type could be classified as poorly graded gravely sand with a high possibility of landslide occurrence. The geomorphic characteristics of the study area was characterized by slopes ranging from 0.00° to 49.00°, while most slopes in the area were less than 8.00°. The slope aspect direction was mainly in south (157.51°–202.50°), southwest (202.51°–247.50°), west (247.51°–292.50°), and north (0.00°–22.50° and 337.51°–360.00°). The highlands were primarily bounded by the slope directions of north (0.00°–22.50° and 337.51°–360.00°), northeast (22.51°–67.50°), east (67.51°–112.51°), and southeast (112.51°–157.50°), which indicated the potential direction of mass movement. The study area can be divided into three vulnerability zones: high, medium, and low, with the area percentages of 9.00%, 61.80%, and 29.20%, respectively. The analysis suggested that the Okemesi landslide was likely triggered by rainfall, which might have weakened the physical structure of slope materials. Understanding the causes and impacts of landslides is crucial for policy-makers to implement measures to mitigate landslide hazards, protect infrastructure, and prevent the loss of life in the landslide-prone regions.

Deciphering the impact of short-term or long-term forcing on fluvial incision, as well as understanding the influence of local (channel lithology and morphology) and global (tectonic motions) parameters in the spatial variation of incision efficiency, are ongoing geomorphological research fields. To shed new light on these issues, we chose to study the “Hautes Gorges du Verdon” (High Verdon Gorges or HVG), located in the foreland of the Southwestern Alps. We collected 24 samples along three polished surfaces for Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) $^{36}$Cl dating, which allowed us to constrain short-term incision rates ranging from 0.06 to 0.2 mm/yr between 60 and 15 ka. Compared to known regional uplift and denudation rates, incision rates obtained in the HVG suggest tectonic or isostatic uplift as the main driver of Verdon River incision in the Late Quaternary. This comparison allows us to propose that the downcutting of the Verdon Gorges started approximatively 1.5 to 2 Ma ago, even if the drainage network of the Verdon catchment area could have been shaped earlier, during the Messinian salinity crisis.

In Slovakia, we singled out thirty areas in which flash floods occurred repeatedly. The aim of our analysis was to assess the influence of geological and geomorphological factors on the occurrence of such floods. Two areas were selected as an example of the influence of these factors. It is the area of the upper reaches of Rimavica River and the area of Levočské vrchy Hills. In the first case, the relief appears to be the main factor in the occurrence of sudden floods, in the second one it is mainly the geological composition of the area formed mainly by flysch formations, which make it difficult for intense precipitation to soak in and also encourage the susceptibility of the area to landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to present a quantitative evaluation of the sites of geomorphological interest in the surroundings of Pedra da Boca State Park, Northeast Brazil. The methodology used was based on the proposal and procedures of Diniz, Araújo, and das Chagas' study in 2022, which considers scientific and aesthetic value as central to the definition of a geomorphosite. After the choice of the form and its due adaptations, the field stage was carried out, consisting of the application of the evaluation at the sites of interest. Thus, to classify a site as a geomorphosite, it is necessary to have a high scientific and/or aesthetic value in quantification. If it does not have a high value in these categories, but has some other potential, it can be considered a geomorphological site. As a result, the geomorphological sites that stood out the most were Pedra da Boca (Mouth Stone) State Park, Pedra da Macambira (Macambira Stone), Cânion do Macapá (Macapá Canyon), Porão do Macapá (Macapá Basement), Pedra do Chapéu (Hat Stone), Cânion da Serra Verde (Serra Verde Canyon) and Peladas (Bare Rock), with only the latter not reaching the quantification needed to be considered a geomorphosite, thus constituting six geomorphosites and one geodiversity site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thorough evaluation of suburban rail route alternatives is essential for determining the appropriate route. Suburban lines provide transportation services to suburban areas; that is, they provide transportation services to distant points of the city where demand is high. In this study, five alternative suburban rail routes in the commuter rail standard, starting from the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge's European exit and ending at Istanbul Airport, were determined as a sample corridor in the province of Istanbul. High-standard suburban rail routes and their infrastructure construction costs were determined, and route options were delineated according to their construction costs. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods were examined, including the application of the decision matrix method (DMM) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to rank the routes in terms of the factors examined in the study. These routes were ranked according to the construction costs and according to the DMM and AHP methods, and the results were compared. In the decision matrix application, geomorphological-geological, geotechnical, infrastructural, and environmental factors were considered in the evaluation and determination process. A solution was developed in which all aspects were weighted to indicate their relevance, and these factors contributed to the determination of the results. The AHP method was also applied, in which five criteria were included in the evaluation: geology (including geomorphology and soil properties), engineering structures, construction costs, population values addressed by the routes, and railroad length. In addition, the distances to the active faults were examined according to the Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map specified in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBDY) 2018. Depending on the factors studied, the ordering of the routes was the same for all three methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Eustatic sea level changes and vertical tectonic movements are producing uplifted paleoshorelines. Along subduction zones, uplifted terraces are used to study fault activities and, overall, allow to interpret the tectonic history of plate convergence. Northeastern Oman is experiencing plate convergence following the late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail Ophiolite. Post‐obduction shallow‐marine carbonates have been uplifted to different elevations from 133 to >2,000 m. The present study employs a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the variability in relief and to introduce a geodynamic model that extends beyond the temporal constraints imposed by the late Quaternary age of the sediments found on the uplifted terraces. Stratigraphic and fault analyses produced a post‐obductional geodynamic model to advance the existing regional models in the framework of the subduction of the Arabian Plate in the Makran Zone. In addition, we rely on imaging geodesy, geomorphology and dating to explain the late Quaternary uplift scenario. Overall, analyses of geomorphology, stratigraphy, and fault patterns reveal spatially heterogeneous post‐late Cretaceous uplift in the region. Compartmentalization by major faults created individual blocks and relief variability. Within the timeframe of marine terrace formation (late Quaternary), we also observed spatially varied displacements. Ground displacements by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar document an ongoing spatial heterogenous uplift at approximately 1.3 mm/a. Finally, temporal variability was evident during the late Quaternary by unusually high late Pleistocene (40 ka) the uplift rate is distinctly lower (

Abstract Tectonics exerts a strong control over the morphology of Earth's surface that is apparent in active mountain belts. In lowland areas, subtle processes like lithospheric flexure and isostatic rebound can impact Earth surface dynamics, hydrologic connectivity, and topography, suggesting that geomorphic and hydrologic analyses can shed light on underlying lithospheric properties. Here we examine the effect of lithospheric flexure on the geomorphology, hydrology, and river water chemistry of the Rio Bermejo fluvial system in the east Andean foreland basin of northern Argentina. Results show that proximal to the mountain front, foredeep basin subsidence causes sedimentation along a braided channel belt that is superelevated relative to the surrounding flood basin. During floods, water flows from the superelevated channel into the groundwater reservoir, causing a net loss of discharge with distance downstream. Further downstream, forebulge uplift forces channel narrowing, high lateral migration rates, and incision up to 13 m into older river deposits. This incision locally allows groundwater flow into the river, causing a ∼20% increase in river solute load. Groundwater emerges from the forebulge into the backbulge, predominantly as spring‐fed channels. Here, channel migration rates decrease, suggesting a switch from net uplift to subsidence that reduces the depth to the groundwater table. This analysis shows that subtle lithospheric flexure can have significant effects on river channel morphology that determine hydrologic flow paths, and ultimately influence geochemical and ecological patterns. We suggest that these effects may elucidate lithospheric properties that are otherwise inferred from bulk geophysical observations.