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The initiation and evolution of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet are relatively poorly constrained. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 341 recovered marine sediments at Site U1417 in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Here we present alkenone-derived sea surface temperature (SST) analyses alongside ice-rafted debris (IRD), terrigenous, and marine organic matter inputs to the GOA through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. The first IRD contribution from tidewater glaciers in southwest Alaska is recorded at 2.9 Ma, indicating that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet extent increased in the late Pliocene. A higher occurrence of IRD and higher sedimentation rates in the GOA during the early Pleistocene, at 2.5 Ma, occur in synchrony with SSTs warming on the order of 1 ∘C relative to the Pliocene. All records show a high degree of variability in the early Pleistocene, indicating highly efficient ocean–climate–ice interactions through warm SST–ocean evaporation–orographic precipitation–ice growth mechanisms. A climatic shift towards ocean circulation in the subarctic Pacific similar to the pattern observed during negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) conditions today occurs with the development of more extensive Cordilleran glaciation and may have played a role through increased moisture supply to the subarctic Pacific. The drop in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 2.8 Ma is suggested as one of the main forcing mechanisms driving the Cordilleran glaciation.

The advance and retreat of the Greenland, Innuitian and Laurentide ice sheets (GIS, IIS, LIS) which surrounded Baffin Bay (West of Greenland) have been studied using numerous methods to gain insight into past ice sheet and ice stream dynamics. However, the exact timings, movements and relationships to climate events are still somewhat debated. Utilising osmium isotopes (187Os/188Os) as part of a multi-proxy strategy coupled with absolute age models, an enhanced understanding of the palaeoceanography and palaeoglaciology of this region for last ~40 kyrs is presented. Carbonate-enriched layers recorded in many cores across Baffin Bay (Baffin Bay detrital carbonate - BBDC) are thought to be sourced from Palaeozoic carbonate rich rocks in the north/north-west of the bay which were covered by the IIS and LIS. Age modelling indicates that core JR175 records BBDC 0 and BBDC 1. Coincident with the BBDC events, hydrogenous 187Os/188Os compositions abruptly become more radiogenic. This suggests that alongside the carbonate delivery from the north of the bay, there is also a radiogenic Os source. Radiogenic Os derives from typically older, continental inputs, such as the Archean/Proterozoic terrains of western Greenland and Baffin Island. The seemingly sudden nature (within 1000 years) of the increase in 187Os/188Os would suggest a catastrophic ice sheet break-up and a period of increased iceberg discharge, or a sudden advance of the glacier outlets closer to the core site from the GIS and/or LIS.These events are also coincident with the Younger Dryas (~12.8 ka BP) and the end of the Oldest Dryas/ beginning of the Bølling–Allerød interstadial (~14.7 ka BP). During periods of low carbonate enrichment, the 187Os/188Os values are less radiogenic. We invoke this to be a baseline during lower continental erosion periods and/or iceberg delivery, and more influence of oceanic Os from the Atlantic. Indeed, during the last 10 kyrs, 187Os/188Os values gradually decrease to compositions similar to the present day North Atlantic Ocean (~1.0). This could represent increased mixing of marine Atlantic waters into Baffin Bay and/or a decrease in sediment delivery from all ice sheets representing the gradual retreat of the ice sheets through the Holocene. In summary our data provide further insight into ice sheet advance, retreat, and sediment provenance within Baffin Bay during the past 40 kyrs, suggesting asynchronous behaviour of the surrounding ice sheets during theYounger Dryas and the end of the Oldest Dryas/ beginning of the Bølling–Allerød interstadial.

During the past four decades significant decrease in Arctic sea ice and a dramatic ice mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has been coincident with global warming and an increase in atmospheric CO2. In Northeast Greenland significant mass loss from the outlet glaciers Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79NG) and Zachariæ Isstrøm (ZI) and intensive seasonal breakup of the local Norske Øer Ice Barrier (NØIB) have also been observed since 2000. In order to better understand the processes driving these modern changes, studies of paleoclimate records are important and of major societal relevance. A multiproxy study including organic‐biogeochemical and micropaleontological proxies was carried out on a marine sediment core recovered directly in front of 79NG. Data from Core PS100/270 evidenced a strong inflow of warm recirculating Atlantic Water across the Northeast Greenland shelf from the early Holocene between ~10 and 7.5 ka. An overall high in phytoplankton productivity occurred within a stable sea ice margin regime, accompanied by 79NG retreat most probably triggered by peak solar insolation and changes in the local ocean circulation. Enhanced basal melt of the underside of 79NG at ~7.5 ka then led to the total disintegration of the ice shelf. The released freshwater would have driven water column stratification and promoted the formation of the local landfast ice barrier, which is shown by lowered biomarker values and foraminifera abundances toward the end of the early Holocene. Near perennial sea ice conditions with short summers and 79NG retreat to the inner fjord then prevailed from ~7.5 to ~0.8 ka., Key Points: Multiproxy record allowed reconstruction of NEG ice sheet retreat and sea ice history from the last deglaciation to the late Holocene. Increased inflow of warm recirculating Atlantic Water linked to retreat and disintegration of the 79NG between 10 and 7.5 ka. Extended to even perennial sea ice conditions were predominant on the inner NE Greenland shelf since 7.5 ka., Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003207, NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, UK NERC

In Svalbard, the rapid glacier retreat observed since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) has transformed the geomorphology and sediment budgets of glacial forelands, river valleys, and slope systems. To date, relatively little information exists regarding the impact of such a profound glacial landscape degradation on the evolution of coastal environment. This paper addresses this deficiency by detailing the post‐LIA sediment fluxes to the coastal zone in Billefjorden, central Spitsbergen (Svalbard). We analysed the response of the gravel‐dominated barrier coast to the decay of Ferdinandbreen, one of the fastest retreating glaciers in the region. Glacier retreat resulted in the development of paraglacial sediment cascade where eroded and reworked glacigenic sediments progressed through alluvial fans to the coast, thus feeding gravel‐dominated spit systems in Petuniabukta. We demonstrated that the coastal systems in central Spitsbergen responded abruptly to post‐LIA climatic changes. The acceleration of coastal erosion and associated spit development was coincident with rapid climate warming that dates from the 1980s and has been associated with longer ice‐free periods and activation of multiple sediment supply sources from the deglaciated landscape. In colder phases of post‐LIA period, coastal zone development was subdued and strongly dependent on the efficiency of sediment transport via in a longshore drift. Finally, we discuss the differences in the post‐LIA coastal responses between central Spitsbergen and western Spitsbergen highlighting the efficiency of paraglacial sediment delivery from land to the coast controlled by the state of glacial systems, bedrock topography, and development of river channels.

Fast-flowing outlet glaciers currently drain the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS), delivering ice, meltwater and debris to the fjords around Greenland. Although such glaciers strongly affect the ice sheet's mass balance, their glacimarine processes and associated products are still poorly understood. This study provides a detailed analysis of lithological and geophysical data from Disko Bay and the Vaigat Strait in central West Greenland. Disko Bay is strongly influenced by Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland's fastest-flowing glacier, which currently drains ∼7% of the ice sheet. Streamlined glacial landforms record the former flow of an expanded Jakobshavn Isbrae and adjacent GIS outlets through Disko Bay and the Vaigat Strait towards the continental shelf. Thirteen vibrocores contain a complex set of lithofacies including diamict, stratified mud, interbedded mud and sand, and bioturbated mud deposited by (1) suspension settling from meltwater plumes and the water column, (2) sediment gravity flows, and (3) iceberg rafting and ploughing. The importance of meltwater-related processes to glacimarine sedimentation in West Greenland fjords and bays is emphasised by the abundance of mud preserved in the cores. Radiocarbon dates constrain the position of the ice margin during deglaciation, and suggest that Jakobshavn Isbrae had retreated into central Disko Bay before 10.6 cal ka BP and to beyond Isfjeldsbanken by 7.6–7.1 cal ka BP. Sediment accumulation rates were up to 1.7 cm a−1 for ice-proximal glacimarine mud, and ∼0.007–0.05 cm a−1 for overlying distal sediments. In addition to elucidating the deglacial retreat history of Jakobshavn Isbrae, our findings show that the glacimarine sedimentary processes in West Greenland are similar to those in East Greenland, and that variability in such processes is more a function of time and glacier proximity than of geographic location and associated climatic regime.

Understanding the role of fjords in modulating the long-term interaction between ice sheets and glaciers with the surrounding ocean requires the investigation of glacigenic landform and sediment archives. In Svalbard, there is a wealth of data from fjords in west Spitsbergen that constrains the glacial history of this sector of the Svalbard-Barents Sea Ice Sheet (SBIS) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the nature and timing of subsequent ice retreat. In contrast, however, very little is known about the glacial history of fjords in east Spitsbergen. This paper combines multibeam swath-bathymetry, sub-bottom profiles, lithological data and radiocarbon dates from Lomfjorden, Svalbard, to provide the first insights into the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and associated glacimarine sedimentary processes in a northeast Spitsbergen fjord. At the LGM, a fast-flowing ice stream drained the SBIS through Lomfjorden, serving as a tributary to a south-north flowing ice stream in Hinlopenstretet. Ice advance is recorded by streamlined bedrock, glacial lineations and drumlins. A radiocarbon date of ∼9.7 ka BP from the outer fjord provides a minimum date for retreat of this ice stream, and suggests that Lomfjorden was ice-free earlier than fjords in west Spitsbergen. Ice retreat occurred in a slow and step-wise manner, indicated by the presence of recessional moraines and De Geer moraines. By 4.5 ka BP the local tidewater glaciers had probably retreated inland of their present positions. The limited extent of glacigenic landform assemblages in front of these glaciers implies that any Holocene re-advances were probably restricted. The principal sedimentary processes during deglaciation were suspension settling from meltwater, causing deposition of weakly stratified, bioturbated mud in ice-distal settings at rates of 0.02–0.08 cm a−1, and gravitational mass flows forming sandy turbidites in ice-proximal areas. Iceberg ploughmarks and ice-rafted debris provide evidence for the presence of large icebergs during deglaciation. Our data suggest an early and extensive deglaciation in east Spitsbergen fjords and show that previous reconstructions of the extent of the SBIS need to be revised as new data emerges from east Spitsbergen. The data confirm that tidewater glaciers from different regions of Spitsbergen behaved differently since the LGM, and that variations in landform-sediment assemblages occur even within geographically adjacent fjords.

New swath-bathymetric data from the inner parts of the three Svalbard fjords Ymerbukta, Trygghamna, and Magdalenefjorden reveal the landform assemblages deposited in front of tidewater glaciers in west and northwest Spitsbergen. Overridden moraines in Ymerbukta, a tributary of Isfjorden in central west Spitsbergen, record several re-advances of the Esmarkbreen glacier at the head of the fjord after deglaciation, and glacial lineations formed in seafloor sediments are indicative of fast ice advance during one of these events. A terminal moraine and associated debris lobe mark the maximum ice extent during the Holocene, which, implied by the presence of crevasse-squeeze ridges, is likely related to a surge of Esmarkbreen. Several De Geer moraines provide evidence for subsequent slow and step-wise retreat. In the adjacent Trygghamna and in Magdalenefjorden in northwest Spitsbergen the landforms are similar but the absence of overridden moraines and glacial lineations shows that the glaciers probably only re-advanced once during the Holocene and that ice flow was relatively slow. Terminal moraines and associated debris lobes mark the maximum extent of these advances and formed during the Little Ice Age (LIA). In Magdalenefjorden the relatively small size of the debris lobe suggests that the ice margin was at its maximum position for only a short period of time, or that sediment availability was restricted during the LIA advance. Similar to Esmarkbreen the retreat phase of the glaciers in Trygghamna and Magdalenefjorden was also characterised by periods of still-stand or small re-advances, although the comparatively small number of De Geer moraines in all three fjords shows that these landforms probably formed much less frequently than previously thought. Sub-bottom profiler data, four sediment cores and six radiocarbon dates from Magdalenefjorden further provide information about the Holocene sedimentary environments in a northwest Spitsbergen fjord. The main source of sediment is glacial meltwater entering the fjord from the surrounding coastline, which has led to the accumulation of thick sequences of fine-grained mud. Stratified and laminated muds record glacier-proximal conditions, probably related to a LIA re-advance of Waggonwaybreen around 300 cal a BP, where the interplay of a range of glacimarine processes led to the formation of partially rhythmic couplets of one coarser and one finer layer, accumulated at a rate of around 3 cm a −1. Multiple sandy layers intercalated with the glacimarine mud provide evidence for the occurrence of gravitational mass-flow events like turbidity currents. In ice-distal settings, massive to weakly stratified, occasionally bioturbated mud accumulated at a lower rate of 0.04–0.49 cm a −1. Occasional clasts and diamictic layers show that the depositional environment in Magdalenefjorden is also influenced by sedimentation from icebergs and sea ice, but the ubiquitous glacimarine mud underscores the predominance of meltwater-related sedimentation in the fjord.

Open Access funded by Natural Environment Research Council, Relative sea-level (RSL) data provide constraints on land uplift associated with former ice loading and can be used to differentiate between contrasting ice unloading scenarios. Isolation basin, coastal lowland and geomorphological evidence is employed to reconstruct RSL changes in northwest (NW) Iceland, which may have experienced contrasting uplift patterns. Under local (NW) uplift, highest RSL would be expected in central Vestfirðir, whereas highest RSL would be closest to the main ice-loading centre under regional (central Iceland) uplift. Four new RSL records are presented based on 16 sea-level index points and 4 limiting ages from sites principally focussed along a transect away from central Iceland. The new RSL records highlight spatial variability of Holocene RSL changes and provide constraints on deglaciation. There is an increase in marine limit elevation with proximity to the proposed principal ice loading centre in central Iceland. Highest recorded marine limit shorelines are found in Hrútafjörður-Heggstaðanes (southeast), the lowest in Hlöðuvík and Rekavík bak Látrum (north), and at an intermediate elevation in Reykjanes-Laugardalur (central Vestfirðir). Evidence from Breiðavik-Látrar records early rapid deglaciation in Breiðafjörður or a complex interplay of multiple uplift centres. RSL fell rapidly following deglaciation in several locations as a result of the quick response of the Icelandic lithosphere to unloading. The RSL data along the transect show an uplift pattern consistent with extensive regional glaciation emanating from central Iceland, which could have implications for ice sheet configuration and patterns of deglaciation, glacio-isostatic adjustment modelling and the volume of meltwater input into the North Atlantic., MDB was supported by an RGS-IBG Postgraduate Research Award, BGS Postgraduate Award, Van Mildert College Postgraduate Award, QRA Dudley Stamp Memorial Award and a Van Mildert College Principal's Award. Support in the field was provided by Sam Gunter, Harry Inman, Chris Darvill and Matthew Edwards. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of NERC Radiocarbon Allocations (Allocation No. 1689.0313 and 1748.1013) and NERC TAU Support (NERC TAU78/1012) and the assistance of Chris Hayward with electron microprobe analyses. We would also like to thank RANNIS (The Icelandic Centre for Research) and Umhverfisstofnun Islands for permission to undertake the research in Iceland. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments, which greatly improved the manuscript.

The Dongge Cave speleothem δ18O record, which lies in the Pearl River basin (China), has been interpreted as recording a regional decline in Asian Summer Monsoon precipitation over the last 6.5 ka. The same overall trend is seen in the bulk sedimentary organic δ13Corg record from a core in the Pearl River Estuary. However, the two records differ in detail and the regional nature of the Dongge palaeoprecipitation signal has therefore been questioned. Our study re-evaluates both records by constructing, for the same estuarine core, biomarker and compound-specific δ13C records, which have better constrained terrestrial and marine end members than δ13Corg, providing additional insights into the evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon. The Branched Isoprenoidal Tetraether (BIT) index reflects the ratio of soil versus marine organic matter. The BIT record from the estuarine core co-varies with the Dongge Cave δ18O record suggesting the two share a common control which is likely to be driven by regional climate. By contrast, the sterols, n-alcohols and n-fatty acid ratios show the same overall trend as Dongge, but parallel the δ13Corg record's variability between 6.5 and 2 ka indicating a partial decoupling between soil and land-plant organic matter fluxes in the Pearl River Basin. There is clear divergence between the biomarker and 13Corg records from 2 ka to present. Analysis of the leaf wax δ13C suggests that this results from an abrupt change in vegetation probably resulting from local, anthropogenic cultivation two thousand years ago. The basin scale of these estuarine records equates to up to 15 grid cells in typical Earth System Models used for simulating global climate. This permits comparison of Palaeoclimate Model Intercomparison Project simulations of the mid-Holocene with spatially equivalent data relating to the Summer Asian Monsoon, for the first time.

Variations in the Holocene circulation of the West Greenland Current (WGC) in the Disko Bugt region have been reconstructed from a suite of sediment cores. Palaeoceanographic proxies include magnetic susceptibility (MS) and X-ray fluorescence titanium counts, which document a major shift in circulation at c. 6000 cal a BP. Before this date, sediments in southern Disko Bugt were characterized by high terrigeneous and basaltic input, suggesting widespread influence of meltwater plumes. Our data show that the WGC re-circulated in the southern Disko Bugt area because a potential northern pathway, the narrow Vaigat Strait, was blocked by icebergs that calved from marine outlet glaciers in eastern Disko Bugt. Sediments in southern Disko Bugt deposited after c. 6000 cal a BP have significantly lower terrestrial and basaltic sediment input, which coincides with minimum Holocene ice sheet extent. The reduced meltwater and iceberg discharge to the embayment caused the Vaigat Strait to become free of blocking icebergs and terrigenous input was partly diverted to the outer shelf. Thus, the modern circulation pattern of the WGC was established in the Disko Bugt region through the opening of the Vaigat Strait c. 6000 cal a BP.

A decadally resolved diatom record from a sediment core collected from Disko Bay, central West Greenland, reveals variations in hydrological conditions for the late Holocene. The diatom flora record two clear trends in surface water temperatures: a pronounced cooling of surface waters during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and a progressive warming in surface waters during the Little Ice Age (LIA), previously identified in North Atlantic studies. Our data support the existence of a previously identified anti-phase relationship between surface water temperatures off West Greenland and climate events recorded in the north-east Atlantic. The diatom assemblages show relatively cool surface water conditions during warmer climatic intervals, e.g. 3.6–2.7 cal. ka BP, the MCA, while relatively warm surface water conditions during colder climatic periods, e.g. the Dark Ages (DA) and the LIA. The exception to this is the Roman Warm Period (RWP), which in West Greenland shows warmer surface waters and climatic conditions. Our data also show the existence of anti-phase relationship between surface and sub-surface water temperatures in Disko Bay during the interval 3.6–2.7 cal. ka BP (cooler surface with warmer subsurface waters) and towards the end of the LIA (warmer surface and cooler sub-surface waters). These anti-phases patterns are possibly linked to: 1) the local spring–summer hydrological conditions (e.g. warmer climatic intervals), such as meltwater flux from sea ice/continental ice and water stratification, and 2) large-scale ocean–climate interactions (e.g. cooler climatic intervals) within the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-type climate see-saw between West Greenland and north-west Europe associated with variability in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).

Relative sea-level (RSL) change is reconstructed for central Cumbria, UK, based on litho- and biostratigraphical analysis from the Lateglacial to the late Holocene. The RSL curve is constrained using ten new radiocarbon-dated sea-level index points in addition to published data. The sea-level curve identifies a clear Lateglacial sea-level highstand approximately 2.3 m OD at c. 15–17 k cal a BP followed by rapid RSL fall to below −5 m OD. RSL then rose rapidly during the early Holocene culminating in a mid-Holocene highstand of approximately 1 m OD at c. 6 k cal a BP followed by gradual fall to the present level. These new data provide an important test for the RSL predictions from glacial isostatic adjustment models, particularly for the Lateglacial where there are very little data from the UK. The new RSL curve shows similar broad-scale trends in RSL movement predicted by the models. However, the more recent models fail to predict the Lateglacial sea level highstand above present reconstructed by the new data presented here. Future updates to the models are needed to reduce this mismatch. This study highlights the importance for further RSL data to constrain Lateglacial sea level from sites in northern Britain.

We determined biomarker concentrations and distributions for surface sediments from 54 sites in the Pearl River Estuary, China. We focus on a suite of four biomarker-based indicators for relative terrestrial to marine organic matter (OM) source: the branched-isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index, the ratio of high/low molecular weight n-alcohols [(ΣC26–34/(ΣC16+18 + ΣC26–34)], an analogous ratio for n-fatty acids and the ΣC29-steroids/(ΣC29-steroids + brassicasterol) ratio. All four exhibit the same terrestrial to marine transition seen in previous bulk δ13C studies, but with an abrupt decrease in the relative terrestrial contribution across the delta front to pro-delta transition. Concentrations of terrestrially-derived biomarkers show no systematic decrease across the transition. Instead, the decrease in the proportion of terrestrial OM is due to a decrease in the sedimentation rate and associated terrestrial OM burial across the delta toe. This suggests that diagenetic controls on the fate of terrestrial OM, such as increased biodegradation where sedimentation rate is low, are subordinate to sedimentological processes. Biomarker-derived temperature values are cooler than expected for the lower Pearl River catchment, suggesting that the dominant component of the terrestrial OM is derived from the cooler upland regions of the catchment. The dominance of input from more distal terrain with greater topographic relief is evidence for the importance of geomorphological control on terrigenous OM transport. Collectively, the results demonstrate the importance of sedimentological processes in the supply, deposition and transport of terrestrial OM.

There is a known bias in C/N, δ13C and δ15N values of organic matter (OM) due to pre-analysis acid treatment methods. We report here, for the first time, the results of a pre-analysis acid treatment method comparison of measured C/N, δ13C and δ15N values in bulk OM from a sedimentary sequence of samples to illustrate this bias. Here we show that acid treatment significantly reduces the accuracy (between method biases) and precision (within method bias) of C/N, δ13C and δ15N values of OM, suggesting a differential response of sample OM between methods and sample horizons, and in some cases inefficient removal of inorganic carbon. We show that different methods can significantly influence environmental interpretation in some of our sample horizons (i.e. interpretation of aquatic vs. terrestrial OM source; C3 vs. C4 vegetation). Specifically, there are unpredictable and non-linear differences between methods for C/N values in the range of ∼1–100; δ13C values in the range of 0.2–6.8‰ and; δ15N values in the range of 0.3–0.7‰. Importantly, these ranges are mostly much greater than the instrument precision (defined as the standard deviation of replicate analysis of standard reference materials; for this study, ±0.5 for C/N values, ±0.1‰ for δ13C values and; ±0.1‰ for δ15N). The accuracy and precision of measured C/N, δ13C and δ15N values of bulk OM is not just dependent upon environmental variability, but on acid pre-treatment, residual inorganic carbon and organic matter state and composition. Collectively, this makes the correlation between samples prepared in different ways, including those from down-core reconstructions, highly questionable.

A new centennial scale benthic foraminiferal record of late Holocene climate variability and oceanographic changes off West Greenland (Disko Bugt) highlights substantial subsurface water mass changes (e.g. temperature and salinity) of the West Greenland Current (WGC) over the past 3.6 ka BP. Benthic foraminifera reveal a long-term late Holocene cooling trend, which may be attributed to increased advection of cold, low-salinity water masses derived from the East Greenland Current (EGC). Cooling becomes most pronounced from c. 1.7 ka BP onwards. At this point the calcareous Atlantic benthic foraminiferal fauna decrease significantly and is replaced by an agglutinated Arctic fauna. Superimposed on this cooling trend, centennial scale variability in the WGC reveals a marked cold phase at c. 2.5 ka BP, which may correspond to the 2.7 ka BP cooling-event recorded in marine and terrestrial archives elsewhere in the North Atlantic region. A warm phase recognized at c. 1.8 ka BP is likely to correspond to the ‘Roman Warm Period’ and represents the warmest bottom water conditions. During the time period of the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ we observe only a slight warming of the WGC. A progressively more dominant cold water contribution from the EGC on the WGC is documented by the prominent rise in abundance of agglutinated Arctic water species from 0.9 ka BP onwards. This cooling event culminates at c. 0.3 ka BP and represents the coldest episode of the ‘Little Ice Age’. Gradually increased influence of cold, low-salinity water masses derived from the EGC may be linked to enhanced advection of Polar and Arctic water by the EGC. These changes are possibly associated with a reported shift in the large-scale North Atlantic Oscillation atmospheric circulation pattern towards a more frequent negative North Atlantic Oscillation mode during the late Holocene.

An understanding of the interaction between ice sheet dynamics and forcing mechanisms, such as oceanic and atmospheric circulation, is important because of the potential contribution of these processes to constraining models that seek to predict future rates of sea-level change. Here we report new benthic foraminiferal data from Disko Bugt, West Greenland, showing a close correlation between subsurface ocean temperature changes and the ice margin position of the glacier Jakobshavn Isbrae over the past 100 yr. In particular, our faunal data show that warm ocean currents entered a bay, Disko Bugt, during the retreat phases of Jakobshavn Isbrae from A.D. 1920 to 1950 and since 1998. We also show a link between West Greenland ocean temperature and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a key climate indicator in the North Atlantic Ocean. The close coupling between the oceans and the cryosphere identified here should be assessed in future projections of sea-level change.

This study is the first systematic comparison of the effect of acid treatment methods on the reliability of organic carbon [C] and nitrogen [N], and carbon isotope (δ13C) values on a range of terrestrial and aquatic, modern and geological environmental materials. We investigated the 3 most common methods; (i) acidification followed by sequential deionised water rinses (“rinse method”); (ii) acidification in silver capsules (“capsule method”); and (iii) acidification by exposure to an acid vapour (“fumigation method”). We also investigated the effect of sample size and capsule type (silver and tin) on C/N ratio and δ13C values. We find (i) that %C, %N, C/N and δ13C showed significant within and between method variability; (ii) disproportionate and non-linear offsets of %C, %N and C/N values after acidification within and between methods and within and between sample materials; (iii) that alterations in %C did not necessarily manifest themselves in shifts in δ13C, and vice-versa; (iv) that small (~ 90 μg C) sample sizes showed consistent overestimations and inaccuracies after acidification; (v) that the effect of capsule type was not significant on most samples, but did show a notable effect on our aquatic materials, generally increasing %C and %N, and producing depleted δ13C values. These findings raise cause for concern on the interpretative nature of C/N ratios and their support for carbon isotope values. The comparability between laboratories (different preparation methods) and environmental settings (amount, type and nature of OM) is also likely to be problematic. We conclude that the response of C and N concentrations in organic matter to acid treatment in environmental materials is neither negligible nor systematic.

This research reconstructed the Late Quaternary salinity history of the Pearl River estuary, China, from diatom records of four sedimentary cores. The reconstruction was produced through the application of a diatom–salinity transfer function developed based on 77 modern surface sediment samples collected across the estuary from shallow marine environment to deltaic distributaries. The statistical analysis indicates that the majority of sediment samples from the cores has good modern analogues, thus the reconstructions are reliable. The reconstructed salinity history shows the older estuarine sequence formed during the last interglacial was deposited under similar salinity conditions to the younger estuarine sequence, which was formed during the present interglacial. Further analysis into the younger estuarine sequence reveals the interplays between sea level, monsoon-driven freshwater discharge, and deltaic shoreline movement, key factors that have influenced water salinity in the estuary. In particular, a core from the delta plain shows the effects of sea-level change and deltaic progradation, while cores from the mouth region of the estuary reveal changes of monsoon-driven freshwater discharge. This study demonstrates the advantages of quantitative salinity reconstructions to improve the quality of reconstruction and allow direct comparison with other quantitative records and the instrumentally observed values of salinity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study examines the sedimentary evidence of human activities during the last 4000 years in the Pearl River deltaic area. The analyses are focused on indentifying agricultural signatures present in the sedimentary record and establishing the timing of a change from a simple, rice-based agriculture to a more advanced, diverse agriculture. The examination is based on modern sediment and plant samples and a sediment core collected from the deltaic area. The analyses include particle size and diatom analysis to determine the environmental conditions that were associated with the period of human activities. Organic carbon isotope ratios and major metal elements reveal an expansion in commercial crop production and metal smelting in the Pearl River delta area about 2000 years ago. The input of organic matter from introduced sugarcane, a C4 plant, elevates the bulk organic carbon isotope values in the estuarine sediments above that represented by other common agricultural crops in the study area, including rice, banana and lotus, which are all C3 plants. The increase in bulk organic isotopic value coincides with the rise in the concentration of copper, iron and lead in the sedimentary sequence, suggesting a wider use of metal tools. These results indicate that advanced agriculture started about 2000 years ago as an expansion in human population took place in the area. This record also provides sedimentary evidence that help ascertain the timing and type of human activities that are linked to subsequent land reclamation on the deltaic plain, resulting in rapid shoreline advancement in the last 2000 years. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Foraminiferal assemblages and the sedimentology of two cores (POR20 and POR21) from eastern Disko Bugt, west Greenland, are used to identify environmental changes in the area over the past c. 2200 years. Changes in the sediment flux supplied to the core sites from Jakobshavn Isbrae are used to assess the relative position of the calving margin. An Atlantic water influence as strong as, or slightly stronger than, present prevailed at c. 2200?cal. yr BP. A trend of increasing Atlantic water influence then culminated in peak warm and saline hydrographic conditions c. 1664–474?cal. yr BP encompassing the `Medieval Warm Period'. This period was marked by a retreat of the calving front of Jakobshavn Isbrae and was followed by a marked cooling in hydrographic conditions relating to an increase in the influence of the East Greenland Current in the West Greenland Current corresponding to the climatic episode the `Little Ice Age'. A rise in sedimentation rate over this period relates to the well-documented advance of Jakobshavn Isbrae. The record from Disko Bugt shows good agreement with the temperature record from the Greenland ice cores and other climatic and oceanographic reconstructions in the region.

Accepted manuscript version. Published version available in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016) 147, p.122-135. The 3D geometrical evolution of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet (BSIS), particularly during its late-glacial retreat phase, remains largely ambiguous due to the paucity of direct marine- and terrestrial-based evidence constraining its horizontal and vertical extent and chronology. One way of validating the numerous BSIS reconstructions previously proposed is to collate and apply them under a wide range of Earth models and to compare prognostic (isostatic) output through time with known relative sea-level (RSL) data. Here we compare six contrasting BSIS load scenarios via a spherical Earth system model and derive a best-fit, χ2 parameter using RSL data from the four main terrestrial regions within the domain: Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and northern Norway. Poor χ2 values allow two load scenarios to be dismissed, leaving four that agree well with RSL observations. The remaining four scenarios optimally fit the RSL data when combined with Earth models that have an upper mantle viscosity of 0.2–2 × 1021 Pa s, while there is less sensitivity to the lithosphere thickness (ranging from 71 to 120 km) and lower mantle viscosity (spanning 1–50 × 1021 Pa s). GPS observations are also compared with predictions of present-day uplift across the Barents Sea. Key locations where relative sea-level and GPS data would prove critical in constraining future ice-sheet modelling efforts are also identified.

Benthic foraminifera from two cores collected from Disko Bugt, a large marine embayment in West Greenland, are used to investigate hydrographic changes during the mid to late Holocene. The records document fluctuations in the West Greenland Current (WGC) linked to large-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation and, for one core, impacts of local climate changes. In particular, changes in the cold East Greenland Current (EGC) and the warm, more saline Irminger Current (IC) influence the WGC and propagate into Disko Bugt. The cores record subsurface warming associated with the `Holocene Thermal Maximum' (HTM) from c. 6 to 5 ka cal. BP. Gradual cooling of WGC from 5 ka cal. BP was interrupted by an abrupt warm interval from 3.9 to 3.5 ka cal. BP, before cooling became more prominent from 3.5 to 2 ka cal. BP. This cold period corresponds to the well-documented Northern Hemisphere cooling of the neoglacial and we interpret it as reflecting enhanced flux from the EGC and reduced IC flux to the WGC in Disko Bugt. Colder subsurface conditions from 3.5 ka cal. BP correspond to major hydrographic and climate changes elsewhere in West Greenland, reflecting the final transition from HTM to the neoglacial in this region. Relatively warm conditions identified from c. 2.0 to 1.4 ka cal. BP are followed by gradual cooling to 0.7 ka cal. BP, interrupted by a brief warm episode around 1 ka cal. BP. The late-Holocene fluctuations in WGC recorded in Disko Bugt can be linked to North Atlantic oceanographic changes identified on the East Greenland and North Icelandic shelf.

We use lake sediment records from an epishelf lake on Alexander Island to provide a detailed picture of the Holocene history of George VI Ice Shelf (GVI-IS). Core analyses included; micropaleontology (diatoms/foraminifera), stable isotope (δ18O, δ13C), geochemistry (total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratios) and grain-size analyses. These data provide robust evidence for one period of past ice shelf absence during the early Holocene. The timing of this period has been constrained by 10 AMS 14C dates performed on mono-specific foraminifera samples. These dates suggest that GVI-IS was absent between c 9600 cal yr BP and c 7730 cal yr BP. This early Holocene collapse immediately followed a period of maximum Holocene warmth that is recorded in some Antarctic ice cores and coincides with an influx of warmer ocean water onto the western Antarctic Peninsula (AP) shelf at c 9000 cal yr BP. The absence of a currently extant ice shelf during this time interval suggests that early Holocene ocean-atmosphere variability in the AP was greater than that measured in recent decades.

Carbon isotopes (13C) and C/N ratios from bulk organic matter have recently been used as alternative proxies for relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction where there are problems associated with conventional biological indictors. A previous study on a single isolation basin (Upper Loch nan Eala) in northwest Scotland has shown a clear relationship between 13C, C/N ratios and palaeosalinity from Younger Dryas and Holocene aged sediments. In this paper we present results of 13C and C/N ratio analyses from other isolation basins in northwest Scotland over the Holocene and the Lateglacial period in order to validate this technique. The results from the Holocene sequences support the earlier findings that this technique can be used to identify RSL change from isolation basins over the Holocene in this region. The relationship between 13C, C/N ratios and RSL change is not apparent in sediments of Lateglacial age. Other environmental variables such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, poor vegetation development and temperature influence 13C values during this period.

The relatively fresh and cold East Greenland Current (EGC) connects the Arctic with the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean. Its strength and influence on the freshwater balance in the North Atlantic affects both the Subpolar Gyre dynamics and deep convection in the Labrador Sea. Enhanced freshwater and sea-ice expansion in the subpolar North Atlantic is suggested to modify the northward heat transport within the North Atlantic Current. High-resolution palaeoceanographic reconstructions, based on planktic and benthic foraminifera assemblage data, from the central East Greenland shelf (Foster Bugt) reveal distinct centennial to millennial-scale oceanographic variability that relates to climatic changes during the mid to late Holocene (the last c. 6.3 ka BP). Our data highlight intervals of cooling and freshening of the polar surface EGC waters that accompany warming in the subsurface Atlantic waters, which are a combination of chilled Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW) from the Arctic Ocean and of the Return Atlantic Current (RAC) from the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). Mid Holocene thermal optimum conditions prevailed until c. 4.5 ka BP. A thin/absent surface Polar Water layer, low drift/sea-ice occurrence and strong contribution of recirculating warm Atlantic waters at the subsurface, suggest a relatively weak EGC during this period. Subsequently, between 1.4 and 4.5 ka BP, the water column became well stratified as the surface Polar Water layer thickened and cooled, indicating a strong EGC. This EGC strengthening parallelled enhanced subsurface chilled AIW contribution from the Arctic Ocean after c. 4.5 ka BP, which culminated from 1.4 to 2.3 ka BP. This coincides with warming identified in earlier work of the North Atlantic Current, the Irminger Current, and the West Greenland Current. We link the enhanced contribution of chilled Atlantic Water during this period to the time of the ‘Roman Warm Period’. The observed warming offshore East Greenland, centred at c. 1.8 ka BP, likely occurred in response to changes in the interactions of i) a weakened Subpolar Gyre; ii) increased northward heat advection in the North Atlantic Current, and iii) a predominant positive North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation mode, prevailing during the time of the Roman Warm Period.

Relative sea-level change (RSL), from the Late Glacial through to the late Holocene, is reconstructed for the Assynt region, northwest Scotland, based on bio- and lithostratigraphical analysis. Four new radiocarbon-dated sea-level index points help constrain RSL change for the Late Glacial to the late Holocene. These new data, in addition to published material, capture the RSL fall during the Late Glacial and the rise and fall associated with the mid-Holocene highstand. Two of these index points constrain the Late Glacial RSL history in Assynt for the first time, reconstructing RSL falling from 2.47 ± 0.59 m OD to 0.15 ± 0.59 m OD at c. 14,000–15,000 cal yr BP. These new data test model predictions of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), particularly during the early deglacial period which is currently poorly constrained throughout the British Isles. Whilst the empirical data from the mid- to late-Holocene to present matches quite well with the recent GIA model output, there is a relatively poor fit between the timing of the Late Glacial RSL fall and early Holocene RSL rise. This mismatch, also evident elsewhere in northwest Scotland, may result from uncertainties associated with both the global and local ice components of GIA models.

This study employs a multiproxy approach in the reconstruction of Holocene monsoon history from sedimentary sequences obtained from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China. A set of modern surface sediment samples were collected within and outside the estuary, and a sediment core was obtained from the mouth of the estuary. A range of modern environmental variables were recorded including water salinity (summer, winter and annual average) and water depth. The diatom results show a good relationship with water salinity, with marine diatoms dominating the more distal samples from outside the main estuary and freshwater diatoms dominating the proximal samples influenced by higher freshwater flux. This pattern is matched by the bulk organic carbon isotopes. The isotope values vary between -21.1 +0.3%0 for samples from the fully marine environment, between -23.2±0.8%. and -23.7±0.8%. for samples from the mid to outer estuary brackish water environment and less than -24.7 + 1.3%. for samples from the inner estuary close to the freshwater sources. Similarly, the C/N ratios vary from below 7+0.6 in the marine end-members to over 14.8 + 3.0 in the freshwater end-members. Both the diatom and carbon data from the sediment core reveal a significant increase in freshwater flux from 8500 cal. yr BP resulting from the enhanced summer monsoon regime in early Holocene. The strength of freshwater flux reached its highest between 7500 and 6000 cal. yr BP. In the last 6000 years, freshwater flux decreased towards present, reflecting a gradual weakening of the summer monsoon.

Two new cores from Disko Bugt, a large marine embayment in West Greenland, are used to assess the deglacial chronology and palaeoceanography of the area during the early Holocene. Deglaciation of the main part of Disko Bugt is directly dated for the first time to a minimum of ca 10.2 ka cal. BP. By this time the Jakobshavn Isbrae ice stream had retreated to the eastern margins of Disko Bugt. Initial deglaciation took place before the relatively warm West Greenland Current (WGC) was initiated. A strengthening in the WGC is identified from ca 9.2 ka cal. BP accompanied by retreat of the ice stream to a shallow bank immediately west of the present day Jakobshavn Isfjord. While in this position the calving and melting ice stream produced large volumes of sediment and meltwater. The large volumes of meltwater prevented the relatively warm waters of the WGC reaching the eastern margins of Disko Bugt. The ice stream remained grounded on this bank for over a thousand years until ca 7.9 ka cal. BP when reduced sedimentation rates and an increase in boreal fauna point to its retreat inside the present day fjord system.

Microfossils in isolation basin sediments are frequently used to reconstruct sea-level change, but preservation problems and non-analogue situations can limit their usefulness. Here we investigate the potential of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) and C/N ratios from bulk organic matter, as an alternative proxy of salinity within isolation basin sediments from a basin in northwest Scotland. Within the Holocene sediment δ13C and C/N are determined largely by the mean weighted values of the predominant source of the organic material. Analysis of modern materials and comparison with the diatom record shows that the marine parts of the sequence are dominated by high δ13C and variable C/N. In the fresh water sequences the organic material is a mixture of both freshwater aquatic and terrestrial plant input that have relatively low δ13C and high C/N. The application of δ13C and C/N ratios in the studied basin in general follow the environmental change recorded by the diatoms and shows the potential of bulk organic matter in the investigation of salinity change in isolation basins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Isolation basins are widely used in sea-level reconstructions, but contemporary analogues have been poorly studied comparatively. Recent research has identified isolation basins with extended transitional isolation contacts that pose problems in sea-level interpretations. This paper presents foraminiferal results from 24 contemporary isolation basins combined with data from two isolation basins with extended isolation contacts. Foraminiferal associations identified from the contemporary basins show a clear relationship with water salinity and sill altitude that supports interpretation of the extended fossil sequences. An association dominated by Miliammina fusca, Mf, signifies a basin close to final isolation from marine influence. Increasing marine inundation of basins is signified by a series of associations dominated by the following foraminifera; Ja, Jadammina macrescens and M. fusca; ME, M. fusca and Elphidium williamsoni; Ew, E. williamsoni; HE, Haynesina germanica and E. williamsoni; Nd, Nonion depressulus. These associations can be used to interpret the sedimentary isolation sequences from Loch nan Corr and Rumach VI. A pilot study of the stable isotope signature from the two species H. germanica and E. williamsoni is reported from Rumach VI and Loch nan Corr. The results show the potential of stable isotope analysis for environmental reconstruction from isolation basins, in particular using 18O for salinity reconstruction.

The sedimentary sequence preserved in the isolation basin at Loch nan Corr (NW Scotland) represents a high resolution record of environmental changes over the last 9.5 ka (virtually the entire Holocene). The final isolation of the basin from the sea is recorded over a 6 m sediment sequence lasting c. 7000 years as the rock sill of the basin passes through the intertidal zone. This isolation is due to relative sea-level fall associated with isostatic rebound from the melting of the Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet. Combining faunal counts of foraminifera and thecamoebians from the same sample preparations allows an accurate reconstruction of sea-level and environmental changes at this site over the Holocene. This study shows the potential for isolation basins in mesotidal areas to provide a series of sea-level index points from a single isolation contact thus improving the ease and accuracy of sea-level reconstructions. Biostratigraphic data improve our understanding of the ecology of foraminifera in these relatively unstudied rock-enclosed lagoonal ecosystems. It seems likely that Miliammina fusca can tolerate the generally low and highly variable salinities in these lagoonal settings more readily than any other foraminiferal species.

Northumberland lies in the transition between Holocene emergence and submerg- ence and is thus a critical zone for testing models of isostatic rebound. We have collected data from this area to reconstruct relative sea-level changes and lateral coastline movements for the last 14000 y. These are deposits from tidal marsh, back-barrier wetland and terrestrial environ- ments producing 47 sea-level index points from 12 sites. There is no unequivocal evidence for Late Devensian sea levels above present and the reliable sea-level index points are restricted between 26 m and 12.5 m relative to present and 9.0-2.5 kyr cal. BP. Analysis of these quantifies differential responses to glacio- and hydroisostatic rebound, with the northern sites recording a mid-Holocene sea-level maximum ca. 2.5 m above present, whereas the southern sites show a maximum ca. 0.5 m above present. These observations show a reasonable fit with the predictions from quantitative models of glacio and hydroisostatic rebound, but there is currently no unique solution of Earth and ice model parameters that will explain all the sea- level observations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bio- and lithostratigraphic data from four sites from the inner Solway Firth allow an accurate reconstruction of Holocene RSL changes in the estuary. Radiocarbon assays give eleven new sea-level index points providing a total of 24 reliable index points for the inner Solway Firth. These data show a consistent pattern of rapid RSL rise during the early Holocene culminating in a mid-Holocene sea-level maximum, then a gradual fall to the present day level. Detailed analysis of this dataset quantifies for the first time differential crustal movement between the north and south shores of the Solway Firth. These data are used to test the accuracy of quantitative isostatic rebound models of Lambeck and Peltier, and show there is good general agreement between the data and the models, especially during the early Holocene. The models predict the mid-Holocene sea-level peak slightly later than shown by the data (c. 500 and c. 2000 yr), this may be partly due to lack of resolution in the models, and for the south Solway the maximum altitude at this peak is ∼1 and ∼2.5 m too high in the two models. The data are also compared to the isobase models of the Main Postglacial Shoreline, showing slight diachroneity between the north and south shore but otherwise general agreement with the postulated age, and indicating that the altitude of this feature is 1–3 m higher than suggested by the models.

A dataset consisting of 165 contemporary foraminiferal samples and associated tide level information was compiled by combining data from ten intertidal study areas situated on the east, south and west coasts of the UK. The relationship between the foraminiferal data and a series of environmental variables (elevation, pH, salinity, substrate and vegetation cover) are examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and partial CCA. To facilitate comparisons between study areas with different tidal ranges, the elevational data are expressed as a standardised water level index (SWLI). The foraminiferal distributions show a strong and highly statistically significant relationship with SWLI. A predictive transfer function has been developed for SWLIs using weighted averaging calibration with inverse and classical deshrinking regression (inverse r 2 jack = 0.74; classical r 2 jack = 0.75). Statistical measures assessing the performance of this model suggest that reliable reconstructions of former sea levels are possible. The transfer function has important implications for establishing continuous records of relative sea-level change or sedimentation.

New stratigraphic data collected from six sites in the Humber estuary establish a record of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) change, and enable testing of four possible causes of rapid coastal change: sea-level rise, changes in sedimentation, storm-surge history, and human impact. Mean high water of spring tides (MHWST) in the Humber rose from c. 9 m OD at 7500 cal. yrs BP to 0 m OD by 4000 cal. yrs BP, at an average long-term rate of c. 3.9 mm yr-1. After this, the rate of rise gradually decreased to c. 1 mm yr’. Discrete episodes of rapid RSL rise are not identified although their absence may reflect limited data availability. However, we do observe two episodes of rapid coastal change in the Humber estuary. The first occurs between c. 3200 and 1900 cal. yrs BP, as marine conditions expand to their Holocene maximum and then contract. This pattern of coastal development differs from that in the East Anglian Fenlands, suggesting local processes control sedimentation at one or both of these sites. The second period of rapid change relates to a well-documented episode of increased storm surge activity in the Humber estuary and elsewhere in the UK and the North Sea region between c. 700 and 500 cal. yrs BP. Coastal development during this period varies considerably with erosion, accretion and flooding in different parts of the estuary system. Finally, we examine evidence for accelerated sediment delivery to the Humber estuary due to woodland clearance and prehistoric agriculture from 5700 cal. yrs BP onwards. Maximum sediment input is likely at c. 3200 to 1900 cal. yrs BP; a period which tentatively correlates with an episode of estuary infilling and shoreline advance.

Records of foraminiferal assemblages combined with lithological properties (grain size, magnetic parameters and XRF data) of marine sediment cores from West Greenland coastal waters and the adjacent Labrador Sea document widespread early Holocene meltwater discharge. This discharge is concluded to originate from large-scale melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) having started prior to 8600 cal.yr BP and ended at about 7700-7500 cal. yr BP, when the GIS margin had withdrawn from the fjords and become mainly land-based. The benthic foraminiferal record from one of the coastal sites mainly reflects West Greenland Current (WGC) subsurface water properties and to a minor degree surface productivity. The most significant feature in this record is an abrupt shift to a higher-productivity regime around similar to 7700 cal.yr BP. We suggest that the cessation of a widespread GIS meltwater discharge at that time favoured an increased influence of (sub)surface water of Atlantic origin and initiation of modern subpolar gyre circulation enabling Labrador Sea deep convection. Further offshore, a record of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages shows an oceanographic change at ca. 9500 cal. yr BP, whilst a gradual but marked change in the planktonic foraminiferal assemblage between 8800 and 7000 cal.yr BP may be related to a narrowing of the WGC low-salinity surface water belt. The oceanic regime off West Greenland prior to similar to 7800 cal.yr BP was thus characterised by the presence of a permanent and widespread meltwater surface layer, presumably preventing deep convection in this region. Apart from indications of a slight decrease in meltwater discharge by the benthic foraminiferal fauna data, neither of the records show any clear signal of a regionally important 8.2 ka event. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Considerable uncertainty surrounds the extent and timing of the advance and retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) on the continental shelf bordering Baffin Bay during the last glacial cycle. Here we use marine geophysical and geological data to show that fast-flowing ice sheet outlets, including the ancestral Jakobshavn Isbrae, expanded several hundred kilometers to the shelf edge during the last glaciation ca. 20 ka. Retreat of these outlets was asynchronous. Initial retreat from the shelf edge was underway by 14,880 calibrated (cal) yr B.P. in Uummannaq trough. Radiocarbon dates from the adjacent Disko trough and adjoining trough-mouth fan imply later deglaciation of Jakobshavn Isbrae, and, significantly, an extensive readvance and rapid retreat of this outlet during the Younger Dryas stadial (YD). This is notable because it is the first evidence of a major advance of the GIS during the YD on the West Greenland shelf, although the short duration suggests that it may have been out of phase with YD temperatures.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from a core southwest of Disko Bugt provide a Holocene perspective (last ~7 ka BP) on ice-sheet/ocean interactions between the West Greenland Current (WGC) and the West Greenland ice sheet. Changes in the fauna reveal significant variations in the water mass properties (temperature and salinity) of the WGC through time. From 7.3 to 6.2 ka BP, a relatively warm/strong WGC influences ice-sheet melt in Disko Bugt and causes enhanced meltwater production, resulting in low surface-water productivity. The most favourable oceanographic conditions occur from 5.5 to 3.5 ka BP, associated with ‘thermal optimum-like’ conditions, encompassing minimum ice sheet extent in the Disko Bugt area. These conditions are attributed to: (1) reduced meltwater influence as the ice sheet is land based and (2) enhanced contribution of warm/saline water masses from the Irminger Current to the WGC. The transition into the late Holocene (last ~3.5 ka BP) is characterized by a cooling of oceanographic conditions, caused by increased advection of cold/low-salinity water masses from the East Greenland Current. A longer-term late-Holocene cooling trend within the WGC is attributed to the onset of Neoglacial cooling within the North Atlantic region. Superimposed on this cooling trend, multicentennial-scale variability within the WGC matches reconstructions from a nearby coring site in Disko Bugt as follows: (1) cooling at ~2.5 ka BP, linked to the 2.7 ka BP ‘cooling event’; (2) a warm phase centred at 1.8 ka BP, associated with the ‘Roman Warm Period’; (3) slight warming between 1.4 and 0.9 ka BP, linked to the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’; (4) severe cooling of the WGC after 0.9 ka BP, culminating at 0.3 ka BP during the ‘Little Ice Age’. We show that multicentennial-scale palaeoceanography variability along the West Greenland margin is driven by ocean forcing, i.e. variations in the relative contribution of Atlantic (Irminger Current) and Polar (East Greenland Current) water masses to the WGC during the last ~7 ka BP, influencing ice sheet dynamics.

The diatom flora from a high-resolution core collected from Disko Bugt, central West Greenland, records variations in surface water temperature for the late Holocene (1600—300 cal. BP). Our data support the existence of a previously identified anti-phase relationship between the surface water temperature from West Greenland and climate events recorded in the NE Atlantic and between surface and subsurface waters (identified from benthic foraminifera) of the West Greenland Current (WGC). The diatom flora record relatively cool surface water conditions during the end of the ‘Roman Warm Period’ and ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (MWP), and relatively warmer surface water conditions during the ‘Dark Ages Cold Period’ and ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA). This is particularly pronounced during the MWP, experiencing the coldest conditions, and the LIA experiencing the warmest conditions through the whole sequence studied. The most likely explanation for this anti-phase relationship is linked to the flux of meltwater delivered to the WGC from sea ice and the Greenland ice sheet off the West Greenland margin. The generally warmer conditions of the MWP resulted in increased melting of sea ice and the Greenland ice sheet producing an increased meltwater flux and cooling of the surface waters of the WGC. In contrast, reduced meltwater flux during the relatively cold LIA resulted in reduced meltwater flux to the WGC, producing a relative warming of the surface waters recorded by the diatom flora.

Benthic foraminifera were investigated from 20 grab samples collected from a large marine embayment, Disko Bugt, along the west Greenland margin. Agglutinated and calcareous foraminifera were found throughout Disko Bugt, with agglutinated species dominating 19 out of the 20 samples. The most common species are Adercotryma glomerata, Spiroplectammina biformis, Textularia earlandi, Cribrosto- moides crassimargo and Reophax fusiformis. Six faunal assemblage zones were identified from cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The relationship between the foraminifera and environmental variables was investigated using canonical correspondence analysis. From this analysis, bottom water salinity and water depth were identified as the most important environmental variables explaining the fora- miniferal assemblages. This result suggests water mass characteristics in Disko Bugt are an important control on the benthic foraminiferal assemblage zones. Where the warm and saline West Greenland Current water mass impinges on the seafloor, the assemblage is dominated by A. glomerata, T. earlandi, R. fusiformis and Reophax pilulifer. Sites with the cold, lower salinity Polar Water mass at the seafloor are dominated by S. biformis and A. glomerata, with common Cuneata arctica and C. crassimargo. In shallow locations with a relatively warm and low salinity surface water mass and coarse sediments the fauna is dominated by Cibicides lobatulus. In similar hydrographic locations with fine-grained sediments a mixed faunal assemblage dominated by Ammos- calaria pseudospiralis and Eggerella advena is found.

Foraminiferal assemblages have been collected from ten intertidal study areas situated on the east, south and west coasts of the UK. The assemblages display a vertical zonation which indicates that the distribution of foraminifera in these intertidal environments is usually the direct function of altitude with the duration and frequency of intertidal exposure the most important factors. Multivariate analyses separate foraminiferal assemblages into two faunal zones: a high- and middle marsh zone consisting of differing abundances of Jadammina macrescens, Trochammina inflata and Miliammina fusca; and a low-marsh and tidal flat zone dominated by calcareous foraminiferal species, notably Elphidium williamsoni, Haynesina germanica and Quinqueloculina spp. These faunal zones are similar to those in other mid-latitude, cool temperate intertidal environments although there are spatial and temporal variations between areas. The altitudinal ranges of the faunal zones are employed to identify the vertical relationship of the local environment in which the assemblage accumulated to a reference tide level.