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In total, 154 wild raspberry samples were collected from 26 localities representing a large area in Norway (21 localities) and a narrowly defined region of the Giant Mountains in the northern parts of the Czech Republic (5 localities). The samples were characterized for genetic diversity and population differentiation as well as for their potential use in crop breeding. Choice of plant material was based on the biogeographical similarity between the Giant Mountains and relevant areas in Norway, where plant communities may have evolved in parallel since the ice ages. The overall level of genetic diversity ĥ = 0.786, I = 2.153 was high. Numerous rare alleles were found for raspberries originating especially from the East Giant Mountains populations Jeleni louky and Krakonosuv lom. The overall degree of population subdivision measured by Wright's fixation index (FST) was of a moderate level of 0.28. The highest level 0.33 was found between populations in Northern Norway and 0.31 between populations in the Giant Mountains. The genetic structure was evaluated using Bayesian analyses as implemented using STRUCTURE software. According to the ΔK value, eight clusters (K8) were identified among all the analysed samples. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 79.7% of the total variation could be attributed to differences among individuals within populations, 15.3% was credited to differences among populations within regions, and only 5.0% was attributed to differences among regions. We concluded based on the results that Czech and Norwegian raspberry (R. idaeus) populations growing in natural high altitude and northern ecosystems are important genetic resources and represent a valuable source of genes and unique allele compositions for in situ and ex situ conservation and future raspberry breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry is a vegetatively propagated, self-incompatible, perennial plant with a high level of heterozygosity and ancient breeding history. Maintenance and conservation of genetic resources are necessary for future breeding programmes, growers and fruit production stability. The knowledge about S-allele constitution of cultivars is very important for fruit growers and breeders. DNA molecular genetic methods were used for evaluation of genetic variability and S-genotyping within sweet cherry genetic resources. Totally, 13 different S-alleles in 29 S-locus combinations for 24 individual incompatibility groups within 153 sweet cherries accessions were detected. S3 (88 cultivars), S1 (60 cultivars) and S4 (54 cultivars), followed by S2 (34 cultivars) and S6 (28 cultivars) were the most frequent S-alleles. S-alleles distribution linked to ripening time was also analysed. A total of 117 microsatellite SSR and EST-SSR polymorphic markers were used for molecular-genetic analyses. The hierarchical cluster analysis divided sweet cherry cultivars into seven clusters. Genetic relationships of individual cultivars corresponded with genealogical and geobotanical characteristics and known breeding history. Genetic population structure analyses in seven clusters (K= 7) supported hierarchical clustering results and involved ripening period, fruit colour and country of origin to genetic diversity evaluation of germplasm collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible, which is determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system (GSI). The self-incompatibility is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus. Knowledge about the S-allele constitution of the cultivars is essential for fruit growers and breeders. Recently, molecular PCR-based methods have been developed to distinguish all S-alleles in sweet cherries. In our work, we analysed S-locus genotypes by 13 universal and allele-specific PCR primer combinations within 117 registered, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from the Czech genetic resources of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy, the Czech Republic. We confirmed the previous S-genotyping for 66 accessions except for Drogans Gelbe, Hedelfinger, Erika, Meckenheimer Frühe, Badeborner, Bing, Alfa, Gamma, Huldra, Rivan, Valerij Tschkalov, Viola and Winkler's Frühe. It could be due to either mislabelling or mistakes in the previous analyses. Newly, S-genotyping was determined for 51 accessions in which we found 4 new S-loci combinations. We detected the S-locus combinations in 19 incompatibility groups. The most frequent incompatibility groups were III (S3S4), II (S1S3), IV (S2S3), and VI (S3S6) with 22, 20, 12 and 12 genotypes, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry is a vegetatively propagated, perennial plant with high level of heterozygosity and ancient breeding history. Therefore, it is necessary to keep, conserve and evaluate known genetic resources for future breeding programs and fruit production stability. In present, the utilization of DNA molecular genetic analyses is the best suitable method for evaluation of individual accessions, thus we eliminated duplications and characterized the genetic relationships. In our work, we used PCR primer combinations for 19 SSR and 2 EST-SSR loci for analyses of 123 current, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from Czech genetic resources of Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy. In total, 115 polymorphic fragments were amplified, which we used for hierarchical cluster analysis of genetic variability. The result dendrograms were divided into three main clusters and ten subgroups. Clustering corresponded to genealogical and geobotanical characteristics of individual accessions as breeding history of several known accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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