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Objective. Permanent visual impairment has been reported to occur in up to 19% of GCA patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether implementation of a fast-track approach could reduce the rate of permanent visual impairment and inpatient days of care in GCA patients. Methods. A fast-track outpatient GCA clinic (FTC) was implemented in the Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Southern Norway Trust Kristiansand, Norway in 2012. The patients included in this study were subsequently recruited between March 2010 and October 2014. Routine clinical and laboratory data and number of inpatient days of care were collected. Results. During the observation period, 75 patients were diagnosed with GCA. Among the 75 GCA patients, 32 were evaluated conventionally and 43 in the FTC. In the conventionally approached group, six patients suffered from permanent visual impairment, while in the FTC group only one patient suffered from permanent visual impairment. The relative risk of permanent visual impairment in the GCA patients examined in the FTC was 88% lower compared with the conventionally evaluated group (relative risk 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.97, P = 0.01). The mean difference in inpatient days of care between patients evaluated conventionally and patients evaluated in the FTC was 3 days (3.6 vs 0.6 days, P<0.0005). Conclusion. The implementation of the FTC in GCA care appears to significantly reduce the risk of permanent visual impairment and is more cost effective by reducing the need for inpatient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To compare limited with a more extended ultrasound examination (anteromedial ultrasound, A2-ultrasound) to detect large vessel (LV) involvement in patients with newly diagnosed GCA. Methods Patients with new-onset GCA were included at the time of diagnosis. All patients were examined using limited ultrasound (ultrasound of the axillary artery as visualized in the axilla) and an extended A2-ultrasound method (which also includes the carotid, vertebral, subclavian and proximal axillary arteries), in addition to temporal artery ultrasound. Results One hundred and thirty-three patients were included in the study. All patients fulfilled the criteria according to a proposed extension of the 1990 ACR classification criteria for GCA and had a positive ultrasound examination at diagnosis. Ninety-three of the 133 GCA patients (69.9%) had LV involvement when examined by extended A2-ultrasound, compared with only 56 patients (42.1%) by limited ultrasound (P  < 0.001). Twelve patients (9.0%) had vasculitis of the vertebral arteries as the only LVs involved. Five patients (3.8%) would have been missed as having GCA if only limited ultrasound was performed. Forty patients (30.0%) had isolated cranial GCA, 21 patients (15.8%) had isolated large vessel GCA and 72 patients (54.1%) had mixed-GCA. Conclusion Extended A2-ultrasound examination identified more patients with LV involvement than the limited ultrasound method. However, extended A2-ultrasound requires high expertise and high-end equipment and should be performed by ultrasonographers with adequate training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GCA is the most common large vessel vasculitis in the elderly population. In recent years, advanced imaging has changed the way GCA can be diagnosed in many locations. The GCA fast-track clinic approach combined with US examination allows prompt treatment and diagnosis with high certainty. Fast-track clinics have been shown to improve prognosis while being cost effective. However, all diagnostic modalities are highly operator dependent, and in many locations expertise in advanced imaging may not be available. In this paper, we review the current evidence on GCA diagnostics and propose a simple algorithm for diagnosing GCA for use by rheumatologists not working in specialist centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]