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Traditionally, the stuffing model has been used to describe stress generation in chemically strengthened glass. Nevertheless, the associated unrealistic conditions, including an imaginary volume expansion and its suppression in an adiabatic closed system, inhibit a thorough understanding of the process. In this study, we propose a thermodynamic model in an isothermal open system to enable ion exchange without an imaginary volume expansion. We derive a fundamental equation and verify it using atomistic images obtained by Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. This study paves the way for further atomistic design and development of strengthened glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have fabricated perfectly-surface-crystallized glass-ceramics (PSC-GCs) consisting of polar frenoite-type Sr 2 TiSi 2 O 8 by different crystallization-process conditions, i.e., isothermal treatment at 880 °C for 72 h and 960 °C for 1 h, and have examined their Pockels effect in this study. The PSC-GCs obtained by the lower-temperature process exhibited the Pockels coefficients, i.e., r 13 ∼ 3.0 pm/V and r 33 ∼ 2.4 pm/V, and the coefficients exceeded the reported values of the PSC-GCs with Sr 2 TiSi 2 O 8 phase. The improvement of Pockels effect is attributed to the higher crystal-orientation, which is provided by the lower-temperature condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on visible light response of photocatalytic materials is very important research area for future energy society. Generally, in conventional photocatalysts, visible light response is provided by defect introduction. This phenomenon is based on formation of trap level between valence and conduction band. In our previous report, we have already succeeded in observing the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 crystallized glass. Since glass-based material is suitable for industrial use, crystallized glass is expected to be a novel bulk photocatalyst with high productivity if we provide visible light response ability to TiO 2 crystallized glass. In this study, we tried the defect introduction to TiO 2 crystallized glass and investigated the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. As a result, we have demonstrated water splitting by TiO 2 crystallized glass with Ti 3+ defect under visible light irradiation for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]