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Objectives: Increasing life expectancy and decreasing mortality in patients with HIV infection are well documented. However, details of how many of the years of healthy life are damaged by HIV infection vs. good health have not been understood. We conducted this study to provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of the global burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), of HIV infection.Methods: Data on HIV-related DALY were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The absolute numbers and age-standardised rates of DALYs due to HIV were reported between 1990 and 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes in age-standardised rates by sex, region and nation were calculated to quantify the temporal trends in HIV burden.Results: Global HIV infection caused 47.63 million DALYs in 2019, presenting a 1.28-fold increase from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, years of life lost contributed to most of the total DALYs, but the increases in HIV-related years lived with disability have outpaced increases in years of life lost. The age-standardised rates of HIV-related DALYs in 2019 decreased as the sociodemographic indexes increased. The highest age-standardised rates were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, and the greatest increments over time were detected in Oceania.Conclusions: Globally, HIV continues to cause enormous healthy life loss. The first and foremost strategy for controlling the HIV burden is still the reduction of premature deaths, and much effort needs to be exerted to mitigate the harm of comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study comprehensively analyzed the trend of conduct disorder burden at the global, regional, and national levels. • Globally, the conduct disorder burden, as measured by prevalence, slightly increased from 1990 to 2019. • Males had a higher burden than females, but females had a greater increment than males over time. • In 2019, the highest conduct disorder burden was observed in Western Europe, followed by Eastern Europe. • The most significant increment in conduct disorder burden was observed in high-income North America, followed by East Asia and South Asia. Conduct disorder is one of the least widely recognized and studied psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the burden of conduct disorder at the global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 estimates. Globally, the age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) of conduct disorder slightly increased from 1990 to 2019 with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) at 0.147. Males had a higher burden than females, but females had a greater increment in ASPRs than males over time. In 2019, the highest ASPR of conduct disorder was observed in Western Europe, followed by Eastern Europe, with the lowest one found in East Asia, then South Asia. However, the most significant increment in ASPRs was observed in high-income North America, followed by East Asia, and South Asia. The EAPCs at the national level were negatively associated with the ASPRs in 1990. The burden of conduct disorder continues to increase globally, especially in high-income North America, East Asia, and South Asia, and should have more attention focused on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leukemia and its subtypes impose a major public health challenge in China. Identifying the secular trend of leukemia burden is critical to facilitate optimal healthcare planning and improve the management of leukemia. The incidence rates of leukemia from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database according to the following: subtype (acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL], acute myeloid leukemia [AML], chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML], and other leukemia subtypes), sex, and age group. The average annual percentage changes and relative risks were calculated using joinpoint regression and the age–period–cohort model, respectively. The Bayesian age–period–cohort model was also applied to predict the future trend of the incidence of leukemia and its subtypes in the next 25 years. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of leukemia slightly declined in males and females, which is similar to the trend of other leukemia subtypes. However, the four major leukemia subtypes, namely, ALL, AML, CLL, and CML, have been on the rise over the past three decades. The incidence rates of leukemia in children and the elderly were considerably higher than those in other age groups in males and females. Age effects were the most influential risk factor for leukemia incidence. Period effects showed that the risks of leukemia and its subtypes incidence increased with time. For cohort effects, the risks of leukemia and its subtypes were higher among the early-born cohorts compared with the late-born cohorts. The ASIRs of leukemia and its subtypes will continue to increase in the next 25 years. The burden of leukemia and its subtypes is expected to continue to increase in the next 25 years in males and females. A comprehensive understanding of the risk characteristics and disease pattern of leukemia and its subtypes is needed to formulate timely and effective intervention measures to reduce the leukemia burden in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Larynx cancer is one of the most common cancers in head and neck, and imposes heavy burden on individual and societies. A comprehensive understanding of the burden of larynx cancer is necessary to improve prevention and control strategies. However, the secular trend of larynx cancer incidence and mortality in China remains unclear. Methods: The incidence and deaths rates of larynx cancer from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. The temporal trend of larynx cancer was analyzed using a joinpoint regression model. The age–period–cohort model was used to explore the age, period, and cohort effects on larynx cancer and predict future trends up to 2044. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the age‐standardized incidence rate of larynx cancer in China increased by 1.3% (95% CI 1.1 to 1.5) in males, but decreased by 0.5% (95% CI −0.1 to 0) in females. The age‐standardized mortality rate of larynx cancer in China decreased by 0.9% (95% CI −1.1 to −0.6) and 2.2% (95% CI −2.8 to −1.7) in males and females, respectively. Among the four risk factors, smoking and alcohol use contributed to a heavier burden compared to occupational exposure to asbestos and sulfuric acid with respect to mortality. Age effects showed that the incidence and deaths of larynx cancer were concentrated in people older than 50 years old. Period effects exerted the most significant effect on larynx cancer incidence for males. In terms of cohort effects, people born in the earlier cohorts presented a higher risk of larynx cancer compared with the later cohorts. From 2020 to 2044, the age‐standardized incidence rates of larynx cancer continued to increase in males, whereas the age‐standardized mortality rates continued to decrease in both males and females. Conclusion: The burden of larynx cancer in China has a significant gender difference. The age‐standardized incidence rates will continue to increase in males up to 2044. The disease pattern and risk factors of larynx cancer should be comprehensively studied to promote the development of timely intervention measures and relieve the burden effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]