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The timing of nitrogen fertilizer application in vineyards can determine the amount of nitrogen (N) absorbed, distributed, and accumulated in grapevine organs. The study aimed to evaluate the annual contribution of N from urea, applied at different times in Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in sandy and clayey soil in a subtropical climate. The sandy soil received 21.42 kg N ha−1 and the clayey soil 30 kg N ha−1, both enriched with 3% excess 15N atoms, applied at different times. The N derived from the fertilizer in grapevines, at all times of N application, and in sandy and clayey soil did not exceed 8%, with the highest values being observed in annual organs, especially in the leaves. The application of N marked at the phenological stages of IBB (50% at beginning of budbreak + 50% at full budbreak) enabled greater absorption of N derived from the fertilizer by the vines grown in both sandy and loamy soil. The N present in the annual organs (leaves, berries, stalks, and shoots) and in the perennial organs (stems and canes) of Cabernet Sauvignon grown in sandy and clayey soil was derived in greater percentages from the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen (N) critical level in leaves and maximum technical efficiency (MTE) doses contribute to the grape yield, must quality, and fertilizers rationalization. This study aimed to define sufficient ranges and critical levels in leaves and maximum technical efficiency doses to obtain high yields and quality must in grapevines grown in sandy soil in a subtropical climate. 'Chardonnay' and 'Pinot Noir' grapevines were subjected to the annual application of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg N ha−1 in a vineyard. The nitrogen concentration in leaves at flowering and veraison, grape yield and grape must chemical parameters (total soluble solids—TSS, total titratable acidity—TTA and total anthocyanins—TA) were evaluated. The N critical level in leaves at flowering was different between grapevines cultivars, but this was not observed in leaves at veraison. It was possible to estimate MTE for 'Chardonnay' grapevines, in the evaluated growing seasons. In the range of higher probability of the N critical level in leaves, the TSS and TTA variables showed opposite responses, for both cultivars. This study proposes different N critical levels for red and white grapevines, in a subtropical climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazilian vineyards planted in sandy soils, nitrogen (N) should be applied at optimal rates and timing that correspond to greatest demand, thus minimizing N losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the grapevine N distribution and recovery of urea- 15 N applied at budding and bloom. In 2009, in a vineyard ( Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) planted in Santana do Livramento, south Brazil, grapevines were treated with 10 kg N ha −1 at budding +10 kg N ha −1 at full bloom (10B + 10F); 20 kg N ha −1 at budding +20 kg N ha −1 at full bloom (20B + 20F); 20 kg N ha −1 at budding (20B); and 40 kg N ha −1 at full bloom (40F). Budding of grapevines in 2009 and 2010 was at the end of August and full bloom in November. In February 2010 and 2011, grapevine organs (leaves, berries, stem and roots) were collected, and in February 2011 soil samples were also collected in the profile. The wine-producing grapevines grown in the sandy soil took up more N derived from 20B treatment, compared with other N treatments, especially in the first crop season. The N derived from fertilizer applied at different rates and time was preferentially distributed in annual plant organs, but most N contained in the plant organs was derived from other sources than the fertilizer N. In the following season, 15 N applied in the previous year was recovered preferentially in leaves and fruits, again in low amounts. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer applied at different rates and time in a sandy soil apparently contributes little to grapevine nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The recovery of N by ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape from the decomposition of rye residues deposited on the soil surface was evaluated. [•] We used in the study rye residues labeled with 15N. [•] The N derived from the litter of rye added into the soil surface was accumulated at similar percentage in the annual and perennial organs of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape. [•] The N derived from litter of rye apparently contributed little to the ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape nutrition in the time length studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) applied in vineyards may be lost through volatilization or lixiviation. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the N losses through volatilization or lixiviation in vineyard submitted the N fertilization, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil. In the experiment 1, the treatments were applications of 0, 40, 80 and 120kg N ha-1, as urea form, and analyze N concentration in soil solution. The soil solution was collected by lysimeters during the cycle of the grapevines. In the experiment 2, the treatments were 0, 20, 40, and 80kg N ha-1, as urea form, 40kg ha-1 N as composed organic form and 40kg N ha-1 as urea covered with polymer to evaluate ammonia volatilization until 80 hours after N fertilization. The largest concentration of mineral nitrogen were detected in the leach solution from treatments of higher doses of mineral fertilizer, along the budding and along the flowering of grapevines and this factors may decrease the nutrient efficiency. The largest flows and losses of ammonia to the atmosphere from a soil cultivated with grapevines happened at treatments with highest doses of mineral nitrogen. The highest lose happened 44 hours after fertilizer application on soil surface. The application of urea coated with polymers and organic compounds showed the smallest ammonia losses by volatilization, which may improve nitrogen efficiency by grapevines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization of grapevines with N is generally accomplished to supply the demand for N. However N should be used with prudence because affect the yield and chemical composition of the grape and your must. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on the grape yield and on the chemical composition of the grape and must of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines, at Udorthent soil at Southern Brazil, Bento Gonçalves city. The treatments were control, 15, 30, 45 and 60kg ha-1 N, added during the vegetative and productive period. In the maturation, the grape was collected. Grape yield by plant and by hectare, length and width of bunches were evaluated and 100 berries were weighted. Berries were collected and a part of them was used to evaluate soluble solids in the must, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and used to evaluated total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the yield of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in soils with medium content of organic matter is maximum with the fertilization of 15 and 30kg ha-1 N. The N fertilization increased the values of ammonia in the must and potassium percentage in the berry, but decreased the values of anthocyanins, what interferes the color of red wines and the formation of precipitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of P soil addition to mitigate the toxic effect of excess of Cu on grapevine on sandy non-calcareous soil. Micro-propagated plants of 1103 Paulsen rootstock were grown according to a factorial experimental design with two factors: Cu addition (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg −1 dw) and P addition (0, 50 and 100 mg kg −1 soil dw). The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and plants were grown on a sandy soil in rhizoboxes. At the end of the trial, plants were destructively harvested, the biomass and the nutrient concentration of organs were determined. Root growth was evaluated during the trial and the concentration of organic acid in root tissue and exudates was determined. Shoot length and plant biomass declined as Cu concentration in soil increased; the application of P enhanced plant growth and nutritional status. Root biomass decreased at Cu > 100 mg kg −1 and increased in P at 100 mg kg −1 . Phosphorous stimulated root length, diameter and the number of apexes. Root citric acid increased as a response of Cu at 300 mg kg −1 , root ascorbic acid decreased with the increase of Cu (200 and 300 mg kg −1 ) and P at 100 mg kg −1 . The concentration of citric acid from root exudations was higher in Cu at 300 mg kg −1 and Cu at 200 mg kg −1 (compared to control) and P at 100 mg kg −1 soils. The application of P fertilization seems to be a valuable strategy to overcome the toxicity of high concentration of Cu in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased phosphorus (P) available in soil can modify the partitioning of P forms in annual and perennial organs of grapevines throughout the growing season. This study was to evaluate the distribution and redistribution of P forms in organs of grapevines grown in soils with different contents of available P. The study was conducted in two vineyards installed in the city of Santana do Livramento, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in southern Brazil. The treatments were vineyard 1 (V1) with 11.8 mg kg −1 of available P in soil and vineyard 2 (V2) with 34.6 mg kg −1 . The cultivar of both vineyards is Tannat ( Vitis vinifera L.) grafted on SO4 ( Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia ) rootstock. Plant density per hectare was 2525 (1.2 m × 3.2 m) on a spur pruned cordon system. The grapevines were uprooted and partitioned into roots, trunks, arms, spurs, new-year shoots, leaves and clusters (when present) at flowering (F), veraison (V), harvest (H) and dormancy (D). The organs were dried, prepared and subjected to chemical fractionation of P, to estimate fractions of total acid-soluble P (P ST ), acid-soluble inorganic P (P SI ), acid-soluble organic P (P SO ) (by difference between T SP and P SI ), phospholipids P (P LIP ), P associated with RNA (P RNA ), P associated with DNA (P DNA ) and residual P (P RES ). P in grapevines of V1 and V2 accumulated mainly in the P SI fraction in leaves and clusters, which was collected at F, V and H, and in P SO fraction in roots, collected at D. Part of the root P SI was redistributed at F to the leaves and clusters in vines of V1. Vines grown in V2 accumulated more P in P SO form in roots and tended to redistribute less P SI to the leaves and clusters after F. Grapevines accumulated P in roots, both in soils with low and high available P contents, and P was subsequently redistributed and accumulated in leaves and clusters in inorganic form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar fungicide application in grapevines increases the content of heavy metals such as copper (Cu) in vineyard soils, which may reach phytotoxic levels. The application of soil amendments such as limestone and vermicompost may reduce Cu availability and phytotoxicity. The study aimed to assess growth, physiological status and changes in root morphology in young grapevines grown for 12 months in Cu-contaminated soil with and without the application of soil amendments. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf soil were collected in a vineyard with more than 30 years of cultivation. The following treatments were used: 1) control (without amendment), 2) application of organic vermicompost (86.7 g kg−1) and 3) application of limestone (3 Mg ha−1). Grapevines (Paulsen 1103 rootstock) were transplanted and grown for 12 months in PVC soil columns. We assessed parameters of growth, photosynthesis and root morphology. Grapevines grown in soil treated with limestone showed increased growth, dry matter yield and photosynthetic efficiency. The highest Cu concentrations in root tissue were found in grapevines grown in control soil. The application of vermicompost in this study did not alleviate Cu toxicity. Grapevines grown in soil treated with vermicompost showed high manganese (Mn) concentration in shoots before the winter pruning, reflecting the high Mn concentrations in soil solution that caused Mn phytotoxicity, resulting in plant death after the winter pruning. The vermicompost used in this study is not suitable for agronomic use. The use of limestone was an effective strategy to reduce Cu availability and phytotoxicity. • The use of limestone was an effective strategy to reduce Cu availability and phytotoxicity. • Cu-contaminated soil treated with limestone showed higher growth and development of young grapevines. • Vermicompost was not an effective alternative as a soil amendment. • Cu-contaminated soil treated with vermicompost showed high Mn concentration in soil solution that caused Mn phytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N addition promotes the increase in the surface area of live fine roots. • Fine root production is higher in grapevine flowering stage. • N concentration in leaves is promoted by the increase in the fine roots. • Total number of dead and mortality of fine roots is increased by the addition of N. Nitrogen (N) supply to the soil via fertilization can influence important processes of the root system growth, which can increase N uptake and, consequently, the shoot growth. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate how the application of N levels can affect the dynamics of spatial and temporal growth of the root system of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in sandy soil and subtropical climate. 'Alicante Bouschet' grapevines, grafted on 'Paulsen 1103' rootstock, implanted in 2011. The N addition were: Low N: control (without the N addition; 0 kg N ha−1 year−1); Medium N (40 kg N ha−1 year−1); and High N (100 kg N ha−1 year−1). The study was carried out during 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop seasons. N concentration in the leaves and morphological parameters of fine roots were evaluated using the minirhizotron technique. The addition of Medium N and High N significantly increased the values ​​of the total surface area of ​​live fine roots and the total number of live and dead fine roots, at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil depth, in both crop seasons evaluated. The addition of Medium N and High N also directly influenced the production rates of live fine roots, with patterns of seasonal changes, especially increased in the flowering stage of the grapevines. This occurs due to the increase in the physiological demand of growing plant tissues, such as new roots, leaves and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vine has an economic importance in the South of Brazil, but its productivity is associated with the utilization of fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N) ones, which affects the productivity and the composition of the grapes. Its nutritional state can be evaluated by the N content in the foliar lamina and petiole. Two experiments were carried out in 2006/07 to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the N content of the foliar lamina and petiole, which is used for the N recommendation, yield and grape composition of vine, at Haplumbrept soil in Southern Brazil, Planalto city. Bordô vines of the experiment 1 and Couderc 13 ones of the experiment 2 were submitted to applications of 0, 30, 60 and 90kg ha-1 of N as follow: 50% was applied after the beginning of bud burst, 25% during bud burst and 25% during the flowering. Samples of the foliar lamina and petiole were collected in the flowering and verasion. The samples were dried, grinded and prepared to the total N analysis. By the time of the grape maturation, five bunches were collected randomly in the center and in the external part of the plant, which were weighted and submitted to length and wide measurements. Sequentially, 100 grapes were taken from these bunches, weighted and reserved. Following, the other bunches were collected and weighted, in order to determine the yield per plant and per hectare. Berries reserved were triturated and N-total, P and K were evaluated. The results clearly showed that the samples of foliar lamina collected in the flowering of the 'Bordô' and 'Courdec 13' cultivars were suitable to evaluate the availability of N in the plant. The N fertilization had increased the yield of grape in the Bordô cultivar and the total N in the grapes of both cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]