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The dynamic fluctuations in autumn temperatures, particularly the marked diurnal variations and the subsequent precipitous drops are key and a pivotal role in viticulture, as they critically influence the acclimation process of grapevines to cold, thereby directly impacting their survival and productivity in cold-climate regions. In this comprehensive study, we investigated the cold hardiness of four grapevine cultivars: 'Itasca', 'Frontenac', 'La Crescent', and 'Marquette', focusing on how these cultivars and their individual buds (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th) respond to fluctuating weather and low temperatures typical of autumn [-1.1℃ (30°F) -9.4℃ (15°F) and -17.8℃ (0°F)]. Our results illuminated the striking variability in cold hardiness that was manifest not only among the different cultivars but also within individual buds on the same vine, underscoring the critical influence of bud position on a vine for cold hardiness. 'Frontenac' showed greater cold hardiness at critical temperatures at which 10%, and 50% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT10 and LT50) compared to 'Itasca' and 'La Crescent', with 'Marquette' exhibiting intermediate values. However, in cultivars such as 'Itasca' and 'Marquette', certain buds demonstrated a pronounced hardiness when faced with colder temperatures, while others exhibited a heightened sensitivity, thereby revealing a nuanced interplay between bud position and a vine's ability to withstand cold stress. Our study revealed a notable divergence from traditional viticulture understanding; apical buds demonstrated greater cold hardiness than basal buds and opened new paths for research into grapevine physiology. Our results also indicated a significant trend wherein older vines across all studied cultivars displayed enhanced cold hardiness, particularly pronounced at the critical LT50 and the critical temperature at which 90% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT90) thresholds, in comparison to younger vines. Moreover, our findings shed light on the impact of autumn's diurnal temperature variations and the subsequent drop in temperatures on vine cold hardiness, thus highlighted the complex interplay between environmental temperature dynamics and dormant bud hardiness. In conclusion, our study showed that the cold damage observed in grapevines in North Dakota was not a result of extreme temperature fluctuations in the fall. This was confirmed by testing the vines after they had reached various threshold temperatures through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and optical differential nucleation and expansion analysis (ODNEAL) methodologies, particularly before the onset of severe pre-winter cold conditions. These comprehensive findings highlighted the complexity of the vine's response to climatic conditions and viticultural management, pointing to the need for specific strategies in vineyard management and cultivar selection to optimize bud hardiness and productivity in the face of various environmental challenges, especially in cold climate viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic fluctuations in autumn temperatures, particularly the marked diurnal variations and the subsequent precipitous drops are key and a pivotal role in viticulture, as they critically influence the acclimation process of grapevines to cold, thereby directly impacting their survival and productivity in cold-climate regions. In this comprehensive study, we investigated the cold hardiness of four grapevine cultivars: ‘Itasca’, ‘Frontenac’, ‘La Crescent’, and ‘Marquette’, focusing on how these cultivars and their individual buds (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th) respond to fluctuating weather and low temperatures typical of autumn [-1.1°C (30°F) -9.4°C (15°F) and -17.8°C (0°F)]. Our results illuminated the striking variability in cold hardiness that was manifest not only among the different cultivars but also within individual buds on the same vine, underscoring the critical influence of bud position on a vine for cold hardiness. ‘Frontenac’ showed greater cold hardiness at critical temperatures at which 10%, and 50% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT10 and LT50) compared to ‘Itasca’ and ‘La Crescent’, with ‘Marquette’ exhibiting intermediate values. However, in cultivars such as ‘Itasca’ and ‘Marquette’, certain buds demonstrated a pronounced hardiness when faced with colder temperatures, while others exhibited a heightened sensitivity, thereby revealing a nuanced interplay between bud position and a vine’s ability to withstand cold stress. Our study revealed a notable divergence from traditional viticulture understanding; apical buds demonstrated greater cold hardiness than basal buds and opened new paths for research into grapevine physiology. Our results also indicated a significant trend wherein older vines across all studied cultivars displayed enhanced cold hardiness, particularly pronounced at the critical LT50 and the critical temperature at which 90% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT90) thresholds, in comparison to younger vines. Moreover, our findings shed light on the impact of autumn’s diurnal temperature variations and the subsequent drop in temperatures on vine cold hardiness, thus highlighted the complex interplay between environmental temperature dynamics and dormant bud hardiness. In conclusion, our study showed that the cold damage observed in grapevines in North Dakota was not a result of extreme temperature fluctuations in the fall. This was confirmed by testing the vines after they had reached various threshold temperatures through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and optical differential nucleation and expansion analysis (ODNEAL) methodologies, particularly before the onset of severe pre-winter cold conditions. These comprehensive findings highlighted the complexity of the vine’s response to climatic conditions and viticultural management, pointing to the need for specific strategies in vineyard management and cultivar selection to optimize bud hardiness and productivity in the face of various environmental challenges, especially in cold climate viticulture.

BACKGROUND: Grafting is widely used in horticulture and rootstocks are known to modify scion growth and adaptation to soil conditions. However, the role of scion genotype in regulating rootstock development and functioning has remained largely unexplored. In this study, reciprocal grafts of two grapevine genotypes were produced as well as the corresponding homo-graft controls. These plants were subjected to a low phosphate (LP) treatment and transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing was done on root samples collected 27 h after the onset of the LP treatment. RESULTS: A set of transcripts responsive to the LP treatment in all scion/rootstock combinations was identified. Gene expression patterns associated with genetic variation in response to LP were identified by comparing the response of the two homo-grafts. In addition, the scion was shown to modify root transcriptome responses to LP in a rootstock dependent manner. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified modules of correlated genes; the analysis of the association of these modules with the phosphate treatment, and the scion and rootstock genotype identified potential hub genes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insights into the response of grafted grapevine to phosphate supply and identifies potential shoot-to-root signals that could vary between different grapevine genotypes.

Abstract the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of juices and cuts of ‘Bordô’ and ‘Niágara Rosada’ grapes. The experimental design was in a one-factor scheme, with five levels. Treatments were: T1 – ‘Bordô’ (100%); T2 – ‘Bordô’ (70%) + ‘Niágara Rosada’ (30%); T3 – ‘Bordô’ (50%) + ‘Niágara Rosada’ (50%); T4 – ‘Bordô’ (30%) + ‘Niágara Rosada’ (70%); T5 – ‘Niágara Rosada’ (100%). Chemical analyses were: content of soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity, and sensory analyses were: color, aroma, flavor, body and global acceptance. For the soluble solids content, the highest averages were verified in T1, T2 and T3 treatments. As for pH, the highest value was recorded in T3, T4 and T5 treatments, while the highest titratable acidity was recorded in T4 and T5 treatments. In the sensory analysis, in juice with the highest percentage of ‘Bordô’ grape (T1 and T2) or with the same proportion of ‘Bordô’ and ‘Niágara Rosada’ (T3), the highest mean acceptance values were found. Thus, it could be concluded that the use of 100% ‘Bordô’ grape and ‘Bordô’ juice cut with up to 50% ‘Niágara Rosada’ are presented as alternatives for juice production.

Conduziram-se por dois anos experimentos com reguladores de crescimento, em vinhedo do cultivar Vênus. Em 2001, o CPPU foi aplicado nas doses 0; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; 12,5; 15,0 e e 17,5mg L-1, enquanto o GA3 a: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150mg L-1. Em 2002, o CPPU foi aplicado a 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90mg.L-1, e o GA3 nas doses , 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180mg.L-1. Os reguladores de crescimento foram aplicados por imersão dos cachos em solução aquosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos e seis repetições. Para cada cacho foram avaliadas a massa fresca do cacho, engaço e bagos, comprimento e largura dos bagos e número de bagos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos tanto com CPPU como o GA3 aumentaram de modo linear a massa fresca,comprimento e largura dos bagos. With the objective of studying the effects of CPPU and GA3 on the clusters and berries characteristics of ‘Venus’ grapes, two trials were carried out over two seasons. In 2001, CPPU was applied at 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5mg L-1, and the following doses of GA3 were used: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150mg L-1. In 2002, CPPU was applied at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90mg.L-1; and the following doses of GA3 were used: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180mg L-1. The growth regulators were applied by dipping clusters into aqueous solutions. For all trials the experimental design was randomized complete block, with 7 treatments and 6 replications. For each cluster were evaluated: weight of cluster, rachis and berries, length and width of berries and number of berries. In the two years of studying, both CPPU and GA3 treatments linearly increased weight, length and width of berries.

Plant growth and reproductivity of grape cv. 'Italia' subjected to two different irrigation levels in controlled glasshouse were investigated over 2 years. Initially, two years old vines were grafted on 5 BB (V. berlandieri Planch.⨰V. riparia Michx.), 99 R (V. berlandieri Planch.⨰V. rupestris Scheele) rootstocks or on its own root system in 40 L pots. During the cultivation, half of the vines of each experimental group were Fully Irrigated (FI: 100% of field capacity) while the others were subjected to continuous Deficit Irrigation (DI: 40% of field capacity). During the study, significant negative effects of DI on plant vegetative development and physiology were observed. The lignified shoot length of vine on 5 BB rootstock decreased by 29.1% under DI as compared to growth under FI. On the other hand, the vine with 99 R rootstock decreased by 18.2% under DI as compared to lignified shoot growth under FI, while a 20.1% decrease occurred for own root (DI vs. FI). Also, DI regime resulted in slight decreases in P, K, and Ca status of leaves, while Zn and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in the vines subjected to DI. DI resulted in reduced cluster weight and vine yield in varying degrees with respect to rootstock usage. Under DI condition, the vines on 99 R yielded better than those on 5 BB, but vines on on 5 BB reacted adversely to DI. Considering the overall findings, grapevines cv. 'Italia' on 99 R exhibited higher drought tolerance than 5 BB. Rootstocks had slight impairing effects on physiological traits, yield, and mineral acquisition of grapevine cv. 'Italia' as compared to own-rooted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vine is a culture in expansion in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul State comprises the largest area planted with the crop. The vine is subject to attacks by numerous pathogens and pests, and plant protection treatments up to 30% of the production cost. Several studies are performed with the purpose to find alternative control, but the main method used is still the chemical control. Thus, the objective of this work was a survey the main fungicides and insecticides sold in agricultural and animal production stores of Bento Gonçalves city, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, suitable for the vine culture in 2013. It was performed the survey in agricultural and animal production stores in 2014, with the completion of interviews, with a total of six agricultural and animal production stores consulted. The analyzes were performed by calculating the absolute and relative frequencies of the most marketed fungicides and insecticides associated to the main phytosanitary problems of the vine and the toxicological and environmental classes. All mentioned fungicides are registered for the vine culture and are used for the control of Plasmopara viticola, causing the mildew. In relation to insecticides, not all which were cited are registered, being a serious problem in the matter of residues in fruits. Most cited product belongs to toxicity class III and environmental class II. Among the products listed, the organophosphates and pyrethroid insecticides are not selective to natural enemies, and neonicotinoids are highly toxic to bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for the grapevine insect pest, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (an aphid species commonly known as phylloxera), in the European Union, identified risk reduction options and evaluated the effectiveness of the phytosanitary measures listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Entry was assessed as potentially very likely for plants intended for planting (although the pathway is closed by Article 15 of Annex III) and very unlikely for fruit for consumption because transport and transfer would be very difficult, even though phylloxera has a moderate likelihood of association with the pathway. Establishment is very likely as the pest is already very widespread in the risk assessment area, occurring almost everywhere Vitis plants are present. Successful eradication is very unlikely and small populations can persist undetected in the soil. Spread within the EU is considered to be very likely because there are no effective barriers, it can disperse up to a few kilometres aided by the wind and it can readily be moved long distances with planting material. Grafting with resistant rootstocks throughout the EU ensures that the production of fruit and plants for planting is rarely affected by phylloxera infestations and, if so, only at a limited level. The Panel considers that the IIAII measures for D. vitifoliae do not assist in preventing entry and are ineffective in preventing spread because detection is so difficult. Restricting movements of plants for planting to cuttings grafted on resistant rootstocks, in combination with treatments (e.g. particularly fungicides and hot water treatments), was found to be the most effective risk reduction option. Limitations in the Cyprus protected zone regulations were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The economic importance of grapevine has driven significant efforts in genomics to accelerate the exploitation of Vitis resources for development of new cultivars. However, although a large number of clonally propagated accessions are maintained in grape germplasm collections worldwide, their use for crop improvement is limited by the scarcity of information on genetic diversity, population structure and proper phenotypic assessment. The identification of representative and manageable subset of accessions would facilitate access to the diversity available in large collections. A genome-wide germplasm characterization using molecular markers can offer reliable tools for adjusting the quality and representativeness of such core samples. Results: We investigated patterns of molecular diversity at 22 common microsatellite loci and 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2273 accessions of domesticated grapevine V. vinifera ssp. sativa, its wild relative V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris, interspecific hybrid cultivars and rootstocks. Despite the large number of putative duplicates and extensive clonal relationships among the accessions, we observed high level of genetic variation. In the total germplasm collection the average genetic diversity, as quantified by the expected heterozygosity, was higher for SSR loci (0.81) than for SNPs (0.34). The analysis of the genetic structure in the grape germplasm collection revealed several levels of stratification. The primary division was between accessions of V. vinifera and non-vinifera, followed by the distinction between wild and domesticated grapevine. Intra-specific subgroups were detected within cultivated grapevine representing different eco-geographic groups. The comparison of a phenological core collection and genetic core collections showed that the latter retained more genetic diversity, while maintaining a similar phenotypic variability. Conclusions: The comprehensive molecular characterization of our grape germplasm collection contributes to the knowledge about levels and distribution of genetic diversity in the existing resources of Vitis and provides insights into genetic subdivision within the European germplasm. Genotypic and phenotypic information compared in this study may efficiently guide further exploration of this diversity for facilitating its practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance to phylloxera is one of the most important properties of grapevine rootstock. The breeding and selection of rootstock varieties represents a biological method of fight against phylloxera. In this study altogether 59 rootstock hybrids originating from nine different populations were evaluated. Pedigrees of all populations involved Vitis cinerea Arnold introduced through the hybrid Bruci/( Vitis berlandieri Planch. × Vitis rupestris Scheele) × Vitis cinerea Arnold/ and the variety Börner. Pot experiments were performed in a glasshouse while those with excised root pieces in root bioassay took place in a laboratory. This combination showed to be a very good selection tool for rootstock breeding. In seven rootstock hybrids, it was found that the resistance to phylloxera gallicoles and radicicoles was very high. The highest number of resistant hybrids was found in Binova × Börner. The variety Börner showed to be the best gene source of phylloxera resistance and even in case of a simple crossing produced sufficient number of resistant progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiencies of two published primer pairs (RSP13-RSP14 and RSP2-RSP21) were compared in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to improve the diagnosis of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), which has consistently been found associated with rupestris stem pitting (RSP), one of the most common infectious diseases of grapevine. Fifty-six grapevine accessions from different locations in Northern Italy were tested. Of these, 48 were positive with primers RSP13-RSP14 and 37 with primers RSP2-RSP21, suggesting that primer pair RSP13-RSP14 has a broader detection spectrum than primers RSP2-RSP21. The coat protein (CP) gene was also amplified by RT-PCR and the amplicons analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. The results support the existence of wide variability within this virus, independent of cultivar or geographic origin. Sequence analysis of the 17 Italian GRSPaV isolates examined showed a molecular identity ranging from 78·8 to 99·7%, within which, four groups of sequence variants were recognized. Flexuous rod-shaped particles, approximately 800 nm in length, were detected in plant extracts from infected grapevines and were positively decorated with the specific antiserum As7-276 in immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). This is the first report of GRSPaV particles in grapevines observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMOEste trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre 31 variedades de videira do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Semiárido, considerando características de qualidade, compostos de importância funcional e atividade antioxidante dos frutos. Foram avaliadas nas bagas as seguintes características: teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, resistência da baga à força de compressão, teor de taninos (dímeros, oligoméricos e poliméricos), polifenóis extraíveis totais, antocianinas totais, flavonoides amarelos e atividade antioxidante. Foi utilizada a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis para quantificar a divergência genética entre as variedades. Como estratégias de agrupamento, foram empregados UPGMA e a análise de variáveis canônicas. A variabilidade genética para teores de compostos fenólicos, determinados por meio de taninos poliméricos, de polifenois extraíveis totais e de antocianinas totais, existentes em variedades de videira do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Semiárido permitiu a identificação de genótipos divergentes com potencial aproveitamento em futuras ações de melhoramento voltadas para a melhoria das propriedades funcionais.