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Despite the excellent ductility and energy absorption properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), a low modulus of elasticity and excessive drying shrinkage remain some of its major disadvantages. With the current trend in the application of nanotechnology in cementitious composites research, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the properties of ECCs is yet to be fully investigated, despite its promising results in ordinary cement paste, mortar, and concrete. ECCs need extensive material tailoring to provide the required mechanical characteristics and controlled fracture size with strain-hardening behavior. Striking a balance between these crucial hardened aspects of ECC without compromising any desired properties is a challenge. Hence, the main aim of the study reported in this paper is to use the response surface methodology (RSM) multi-objective optimization technique to identify an appropriate GO content via the weight of cement and also the volume fraction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber as input variables that positively impact ECCs’ properties. Using RSM’s central composite design (CCD), 13 mixtures of various combinations of the variables (GO: 0.05%, 0.065%, 0.08%; PVA: 1%, 1.5%, 2%) were developed. Six responses were studied, including compressive strength, direct tensile strength, tensile capacity, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and drying shrinkage. Moreover, the microstructural properties of the composites were assessed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The outcomes revealed that all the properties of ECCs were significantly enhanced by adding an optimum amount of 0.05% GO and 1–1.5% PVA fiber volume fractions. A maximum increase in 30%, 35%, 49%, and 33.9% in the compressive strength, direct tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, respectively, of the mixes with 0.05% GO addition was recorded. It is demonstrated that the use of 0.05% GO as a nanoscale particle can provide good outputs for the construction industry.

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) are widely used in various structures due to their high strength, durability, and ductility. However, they are still vulnerable to environmental factors such as sulphate and acid attack. These attacks damage the concrete matrix, which leads to cracking and corrosion of the reinforcing steel. To mitigate these issues, various techniques have been developed, including the addition of graphene oxide to the ECC mix. Graphene oxide has shown potential in improving the mechanical properties and durability of ECC. The purpose of this study was to use multi-objective optimization to identify an appropriate GO by the weight of the cement and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber volume fraction in an ECC mixture. Using RSM’s central composite design (CCD), thirteen mixtures of various possible combinations of variables (GO: 0.05 percent to 0.08 percent, PVA: 1–2 percent) were established, and eight response responses (compressive strength, change in length, weight loss, pH test, weight gain, expansion, rapid chloride permeability test and water absorption) were examined. However, analysis of variance was used to effectively design and evaluate eight (six quadratic and two linear) response models. All the models had extremely high R2 values, ranging from 84 percent to 99 percent. The multi-objective optimization produced ideal variable values (GO: 0.05 percent and PVA: 1%) and projected optimum response values. The predicted values were verified experimentally and found to correlate extremely well with the experimental data, with less than a 5% error. The outcome showed that the maximum increase of 30% in the compressive strength was recorded at 0.05% of GO as a nanomaterial in ECC. In addition, the expansion due to sulfate resistance and change in length due to acid attack were decreased by 0.0023% and 0.28%, respectively, when the use of 0.08% of GO as a nanomaterial in the ECC matrix was reinforced with 1% PVA fiber for 28 days. Moreover, the weight loss and weight gain of ECC combined with 1% of PVA fiber due to chemical attack decreased by 66.70% and 77.80%, respectively, at 0.08% of GO as a nanoscale particle than that of the reference mix for 28 days. In addition, the pH value due to acid attack, rapid chloride permeability test value, water absorption, and slump flow of the fresh mixture were decreased as the concentration of GO rose in ECC. The results indicated that the incorporation of 0.05% GO as a nanomaterial and 1 to 1.5% of PVA fiber will provide the best outcomes for the construction industry.