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Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In South Africa, a connection exists between ignorance, poverty, greed, and corruption. A key aspect to understand this connection is by defining corruption and looking into its types, reasons, and trends; and the instances of fraud and corruption scandals tied to 'politically linked' people compared to the legal and procedural systems for fighting corruption in South Africa. Corruption and corruption scandals in South Africa not only erode the progress made since the 1990s democratic dispensation, but also hinder the country's efforts to address its key issues of poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Corruption and unethical behaviour by individuals with political connections pose an added risk to the well-being of the citizens. This is because dishonest behaviour hinders the provision of services, weakens economic development, and undermines the validity and operation of government entities. As long as the connection between ignorance, poverty, greed, and corruption is not tackled, addressing fraud and corruption will remain difficult. This study examines how ignorance, poverty, greed, and corruption are interconnected in South Africa. It adopted a qualitative research approach to examine that interconnectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychologists define greed as a desire to acquire more and the dissatisfaction of never having enough, but studies have not examined the psychological processes that underlie and sustain this disposition. We propose that a desire to attain pride might be one emotional mechanism that promotes greedy acquisition. In this account, greedy people experience a boost of pride from acquisition but these feelings are short‐lived, potentially leading to the perpetual acquisitiveness characteristic of dispositional greed. Method: Four studies (including one reported in the SOM due to space limitations) using correlational, longitudinal, and daily‐diary methods (N = 1778) test hypotheses about how individuals high in dispositional greed respond emotionally to new acquisitions, both when they occur and several weeks later. Results: Greedy people experience heightened feelings of authentic pride in response to new acquisitions, but these feelings quickly fade. This pattern is distinct to authentic pride and not attributable to shared variance with positive affect. Greedy people also feel elevated hubristic pride in response to acquisitions, but this seems to be part of a dispositional tendency observed in response to a range of events. Conclusions: These studies provide a new understanding of a psychological process that is associated with, and could partially explain, greedy acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Present Paper introduces Kino as a man with responsibilities towards his family and values learnt from life. In this article, we bring out the true essence of life not being materialistic but by relinguishing a lavish life style . Kino is described as a self-learner with personal ideas, thoughts about his actions and place in his town. Kino’s acquisition of The Pearlfrom sea tests his character which has been already complicated by his ‘Pride, idealism, greed, strength, despair and honor’ which guides all men of those times. Kino wants to sell the pearl in order to send his son to school and prosper ; so he demands a fair price to buyers but the greedy towns men decides to rob him instead showcasing ‘The World’ corrupted values of the society. Steinbeck implicates Social Realism to the extent the society is exacting on the psyche of Kino’s small family and the subsequent realization of not being moral amidst the greed and corruption in making money for oneself. The irony is of implicating morality of men and is the crux of the novel. It tries to differentiate selfrespecting idealism of few to all men to greed. Kino wantins to live in reality, decides to throw the pearlaway. He flung it, to disassociate with the ‘sense of possession and insanity’, that drew him to greedy buyers. His act of decadence vanishes as he relinquishes his final rare asset ‘the pearl’. This renunciation helps him to regain peace for his soul.Hence,The Pearlis a ‘parable’wheresalvation is relevant to the current age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the conflict in Côte d'Ivoire explained by greed or grievance? This study aimed to analyze the most important causes of the rebellion in Côte d'Ivoire. Specifically, it examines the effects of ethnicity on participation in a rebellion and checks the link between education, health and participation in a rebellion. To achieve this goal, a two- step approach is adopted. The first step was the establishment of the basics of an econometric model developed by Ballo and Rocco (2008) to analyze the causes of the civil war in Côte d'Ivoire. The second step was the description of data of 2.214 individuals used in the study, in order to test the hypotheses. By applying logit model, we obtained many significant results. We find that: educated people are less likely to join a rebellion; People from the North of Ivory Coast have more chance to join the rebellion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a general belief that when a person undertakes any business enterprise, he calculates profit as his ultimate aim. Profit is defined as the monetary gain made by a person by selling something for more than it costs him. As per the norms of the economic concept of medieval Europe, moral scruples such as greed and avarice were associated with the notion of profit. This in turn acted as a hindrance to pursue profit while undertaking the profession of business. In the sixteenth century, due to Calvinism, the life of business was given a new sanctity. In the context of India, we can anchor the fact that the calculation of profit was an integral aspect of the existence of the community of bania. This can be established with the help of a study of the Ardhakathanaka —an autobiographical memoir. It was written by Banarasidas in A.D. 1641 (V.S. 1698) when he was living at Agra. Banarasidas was a middle-class Jain merchant. While understanding the notion of profit, the present article looks into the aspect of whether religion acts as a restraint or promotes business as a profession. It enables us to seek an insight into the mercantile world of the early sixteenth and late seventeenth centuries. This was also the time when the Mughal Empire was in its heyday. The Ardhakathanaka is an invaluable contemporary source; hence, it has great historical value. Profit being an integral aspect of mercantile life, this feature is explicitly highlighted in the Ardhakathanaka. We get to know about the motives and methods employed by the bania community to earn profit. Despite providing immense, crucial information associated with mercantile life, historians have not highlighted this aspect of the Ardhakathanaka. The article is an attempt to draw the gaze of historians to a primary source providing vital first-hand information regarding the motives and methods in the pursuit of profit during the medieval period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literature Studies is the property of Turkiye Dil ve Edebiyat Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Harmonizing religion and economic pursuits is treacherous because mixing the two rarely resonate with consumers, often resulting consumers' greed perceptions. This paper aims to explore the antecedents and consequence of consumers' greed perceptions in the context of for-profit religious-affiliated companies (FPRCs) and how they can harmonize religious and commercial missions by using different ad types (direct vs indirect appeal). Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted two experiments: Study 1 was an online experiment with participants from the USA collected through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 410) to reveal the overall mechanism. Study 2 was a field experiment (n = 292) to corroborate Study 1's findings. The authors analyzed the data using a multigroup structural equation model. Findings: First, consumers perceive greed against FPRCs' dual identities incurred by their commercial activities. Second, when FPRCs obscure their religious identities by using third-party organizations (TPOs) as its promoter (i.e. indirect appeal), consumers' greed perceptions decline, but this does not increase consumers' future patronage intentions. Finally, in online and field experiments, consumers enhance their purchase intentions and behavior, respectively, under indirect appeal. Research limitations/implications: First, further investigation of the cognitive dissonance mechanism when consumers face seemingly contradictory identities of organizations is crucial to identify bottlenecks in promoting FPRCs' commercial offerings. Second, examining boundary conditions of indirect appeal is important to enhance our understanding of FPRCs' advertising, such as consumers' awareness of TPOs' intentionality. Lastly, not every type of indirect appeal brings the same effects. Future studies may explore diverse forms of indirect appeal, such as using artificial intelligence-based algorithms without TPOs. Practical implications: Despite heightened interest in supporting dual missions (i.e. purpose and profit), this study shows why doing well while doing good is inherently challenging in practice creating marketing liability. To deal with this, the present findings suggest that, first, rather than exposing an FPRC's religious (or communal) identity upfront, providing subtle cues through a TPO of its religious affiliation can be persuasive to win the hearts of target customers. Second, given the short-term effectiveness of indirect appeal, FPRCs need to use both direct and indirect appeal flexibly, as each type of ad delivers a distinctive advantage. Lastly, indirect appeal is particularly effective in offline promotional activities in the context of FPRCs. Originality/value: First, by meshing paradox theory, the authors show that dual identities of FPRCs expose them to a marketing liability that single-mission enterprises rarely face. Second, when FPRCs use indirect appeal, they face a tradeoff between mitigating greed perception and securing future patronage. Third, results from the online experiment and field experiment show when consumers' intention and actual behavior align. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cooperation often coexists with defection in social interactions. Individuals may choose non‐cooperation in social dilemmas either out of fear (fear of being exploited by a non‐cooperative player) or out of greed (the desire to increase private payoff by defecting from a cooperative player). However, the developmental trajectories of such motives in social interactions remain unclear. In order to find out how fear and greed influence children's cooperative behaviors differentially, children aged 7 to 11 were tested in Study 1 using a modified repeated one‐shot prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) in which the incentives to be greedy or fearful were parametrically and independently manipulated. Results showed that children were sensitive to the greed effect at age 7 and their sensitivity was stable across middle childhood, while only 11‐year‐old children were significantly affected by fear when the greed level was low. These findings suggest that in the context of PDG, sensitivity to social threat increases with age across middle childhood especially under low temptation to exploit others, and the greed motive may be less influenced by age in this period. By continuing to use the same experiment with young adults, Study 2 revealed that young adults also demonstrated a diminished fear motive when the greed level was low in the PDG. Moreover, the sensitivity to social motives of 11‐year‐olds was comparable to the levels of young adults. Together, the present findings confirm that two different social motives underlie the development of cooperation in middle childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media are at the forefront of modern political campaigning. They allow politicians to communicate directly with constituents and constituents to endorse politicians' messages and share them with their networks. Analyzing every tweet of all US senators holding office from 2013 to 2021 (861,104 tweets from 140 senators), we identify a psycholinguistic factor, greed communication, that robustly predicts increased approval (favorites) and reach (retweets). These effects persist when tested against diverse established psycholinguistic predictors of political content dissemination on social media and various other psycholinguistic variables. We further find that greed communication in the tweets of Democratic senators is associated with greater approval and retweeting compared to greed communication in the tweets of Republican senators, especially when those tweets also mention political outgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greed is an excessive form of self-interest that leads individuals to pursue material wealth and immaterial desires with little or no concern for the well-being of others. While the literature suggests that greed results in managers acting unethically, a situational strength perspective suggests that this may not always be the case. Therefore, this paper aims at understanding how the new venture context, particularly the role of a team member's affective and cognitive trust in the new venture team, shapes the manifestation of greed in entrepreneurs' unethical pro-organizational behavior—behavior that allows new venture team members to advance their ventures despite the violation of social norms. Consistent with our theorizing, we find that new venture team members' affective and cognitive trust in their teams shape the relationship between greed and unethical pro-organizational behavior in opposing ways. Particularly, higher levels of greed are more likely to be connected to unethical pro-organizational behavior when a member's affective trust in the team is high and cognitive trust in the team is low. Our study offers implications for the entrepreneurship and management literatures, alongside implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special issue on justice, ethics, and philosophy of religion, let us consider a historical case study. The trade of slaves across the Atlantic lasted 400 years and led to the forcible removal of about 12.5 million people from Africa, south of the Sahara. This paper examines the African slave trade in light of the notion that evil of whatever form is a menace to our very existence and a rupture of the very essence of hope. It will focus on the nature, development, and growth of the African/European Slave Trade, as it interrogates issues such as: if evil is coterminous with human cruelty, then the slave trade was the apogee of human evil and avarice; the notion of slavers saving the enslaved from themselves; and providing an avenue for conversion into Abrahamic religions. The essay will also be interested in how slavers—European and Africans alike—rationalized slavery and how the enslaved and onlookers responded to the spectacle of enslavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a widespread belief that greed keeps corruption alive. We tried to testify this belief and further proposed that this pattern would fade under conditions of low descriptive corruption norms. Therefore, two studies were conducted to examine the effect of greed on corruption and the buffering role of descriptive corruption norms. In Study 1, we strengthened support for the causal effect of greed on corruption. In Study 2, we further illustrated that greed positively predicted corrupt intent when descriptive corruption norms were high; by contrast, the relationship disappeared when descriptive corruption norms were low. The present research refines the belief that greed leads to corruption absolutely, and suggests feasible ways to reduce the negative influence of greed on corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the effects of greed on human mind through a comparative study of the works of Christopher Marlow and Leo Tolstoy, the greatest writers of their ages. The study mainly focuses on Dr. Faustus by Marlow and How much Land does a Man need by Tolstoy to prove the research questions. The study belongs to comparative literature and is qualitative in nature. The framework for the study is Susann Basinet comparative analysis. The study is significantly significant for the readers to know about the workings of greed on man and to avoid its consequences in their real life. By reading this article the reader will become conscious the various workings of greed in man's life and so will abstain from it. The findings of the study show the worst effect of greed on the two protagonists and its dire consequences for their later life. The conclusion sums up various reasons, causes and effects of greed on human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high level of greed and corruption and their attendant socio-political stasis and ineptitude in contemporary Nigeria has been portrayed in Chidubem Iweka's August Inmates. Existing literary and scholarly engagements on greed and corruption are ubiquitous and they have focused on the havoc they have unleashed on the society. Nonetheless, it appears that the prognostic studies on how to raise future leaders without the influence of the cancerous greed and corruption have been given little or no consideration. This is the critical gap this paper attempts to fill. This paper therefore investigates the social and vicious greed and its sociopolitical consequences in order to raise future leaders that will eschew the protracted and recalcitrant greed in Nigerian socio-political environment. The primary text is Chidubem Iweka's August Inmates. It will be subjected to critical analysis in both content and form. Inspirations will be drawn from Postcolonialism as theoretical framework. The essence of literary Postcolonialism is to allow for the examination of socio-political vices and imbalances in contemporary Nigeria in order to seek for ways of ameliorating them through the selection of ideal future leaders; it will also undergird the analysis of our findings. The study identifies significantly greed as the bane of socio-political peace and progress. It concludes that in raising breed of leaders without greed some priceless socio-political virtues must be explicitly injected into the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of social ventures are for-profit companies (i.e., for-profit social ventures) that seek to advance a social cause while making a profit. In a series of seven studies, this research investigates consumer support for organizations as a function of their social mission and profit orientation. The impact of profit orientation on consumer support depends on the prominence of the organization's social mission. For organizations with a prominent social mission, profits are interpreted as a signal of greed; absent a prominent social mission, a for-profit orientation can instead imply greater competence. As a result, consumer support of for-profit social ventures suffers in comparison to both nonprofits and traditional for-profits--a downside to the organizational benefits of for-profit social ventures identified in prior research. In addition, this research investigates organizational factors--including excessive organizational spending, profit perceptions, and operational efficiency cues--that alter greed perceptions and consequently support for for-profit social ventures. Together, this research sheds light on consumer reaction to organizations that support social causes, with implications for the social venture marketplace, including the nonprofit versus for-profit quandary faced by social entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analysis of Juvenal’s XIV Satire based on the expressions avarus felix and pauper beatus, which shape a relevant dilemma to the interpretation of the Satire. First, I will evaluate avarus felix, looking to show that, besides being an incompatibility, it holds the notion of egestas, which would lower the individual to the moral quality of a slave. Second, I will point out that along the Satire XIV several pictures show individuals under that very conception of needed beings, so that no matter how much they show themselves publicly as free romans, in a moral level they are quite the contrary. Finally, I will evaluate pauper beatus and explain that true wealth is not the indiscriminate amassing of goods but sufficiency achieved through those owned. Thus, the relation shown by Juvenal between morality and wealth would be mediated by the ideas of sufficiency and necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stalker appeared to pursue the victim with an insatiable greed, the defence of "Idealisation of the Breast Greedily", (Klein, [17]) determined to fuse with or take from the victim/breast, and consume them whole, thereby satiating their own emptiness but also taking everything from the victim. The stalker here exhibits traits of the Intimacy Seeker, Rejected and Resentful stalker typologies (Mullen et al., [24]), with the victim falling under the Professional Contact victim category. Keywords: envy; greed; stalking; melanie klein; psychodynamic; attachment pathology EN envy greed stalking melanie klein psychodynamic attachment pathology 170 186 17 04/21/22 20220501 NES 220501 Introduction I "[T]he ego hates, abhors, and pursues with intent to destroy all objects which are a source of unpleasurable feeling for it." By examining and interpreting the unconscious processes being enacted in the stalker-victim dynamic, exploring the impact of envy and greed in this insidious dance of love and hate, and facilitating a processing and metaphorical decontaminating and "handing back" of the disowned and split-off parts of the stalker, the victim can begin a journey of healing. [Extracted from the article]

This article is split in to two parts. Part One of the article aims to explore the theory, processes and presence of envy and greed in the dynamic between stalkers and their victims. In doing so, I wish to contribute to, rather than critique, the current vast and existing field of understanding of the psychodynamics of stalking as well as furthering an understanding of how such processes impact the victim. Part Two will draw upon a case vignette to further illustrate these ideas and how these processes might be worked with therapeutically to enable recovery and a reclaiming of the violated-self in the aftermath of being subjected to envy-driven stalking behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the cause of morally self-defeating acts at the collective level is greed and, at the individual level, an unrestrained impulse for pleasure beyond Innocent Asouzu's primordial instinct for self-preservation and ignorance. In investigating why humans act in self-defeating ways, Asouzu came up with two possible factors responsible for self-defeating acts: The primordial instinct for selfpreservation and ignorance. Besides Asouzu's explanation, I here argue that the problem of self-defeating acts goes beyond the primordial instinct for selfpreservation and ignorance to reveal a flaw characteristic of the human condition. At the collective level, the flaw responsible for self-defeating acts is greed and the unrestrained impulse for pleasure at the individual level. I employ the conversational method to interrogate the different views on self-defeating acts from Socrates to Asouzu and show why my explanation offers a better understanding of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envisioning the future of positive psychology (PP) requires looking at its past. To that end, I first review prior critiques of PP to underscore that certain early problems have persisted over time. I then selectively examine recent research to illustrate progress in certain areas as well as draw attention to recurrent problems. Key among them is promulgation of poorly constructed measures of well-being and reliance on homogeneous, privileged research samples. Another concern is the commercialization of PP, which points to the need for greater oversight and quality control in profit-seeking endeavors. Looking ahead, I advocate for future science tied to contemporary challenges, particularly ever-widening inequality and the pandemic. These constitute intersecting catastrophes that need scientific attention. Such problems bring into focus "neglected negatives" that may be fueling current difficulties, including greed, indifference, and stupidity. Anger, which defies easy characterization as positive or negative, also warrants greater scientific study. Going forward I advocate for greater study of domains that likely nurture good lives and just societies – namely, participation in the arts and encounters with nature, both currently under study. Overall, my entreaty to PP is to reckon with persistent problems from its past, while striving toward a future that is societally relevant and virtuous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments investigated the possibility that greed is not just a consequence of scarcity but may also result from abundance of common resources. It was predicted that abundance causes greed not through increasing competition but because it reduces social concerns for the outcomes of others, resulting in resource waste. Consistent with these predictions, we found that people take and waste more from common resources if these resources are more—rather than less—abundant. These findings were robust to different types of resources (chocolates and money). Implications of these findings for attempts at sustainable resource use are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, there are no investigations into the psychological and sociodemographic correlates of greed. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between greed and human values. In addition, we tested the mediating effect of greed on gender differences in the endorsement of values. Participants answered the Dispositional Greed Scale, Basic Values Survey and demographic questions. The value correlates indicated that greed people, although materially motivated (existence values), express higher-order needs of aesthetics (suprapersonal values). However, greed personality was a more important predictor of the personal values. There were differences between the sexes only regarding greed and personal values, in which men had higher scores. Finally, the greed partially mediated the gender difference in the endorsement of personal values which suggests that men have an egocentric orientation because are greedier. The results are discussed taking into account the Functional Theory of Human Values, personality of individual differences and evolutionary psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the ways in which fate appears in Norse Medieval cultures. Special attention will be paid to Volsunga saga and its context of production. We will see that the social dynamics of Iceland and Norway during the 13th century influence the representation of fate and its effects on the individual. The necessity of reciprocity was crucial for the maintenance of a society based on personal relationships and systems of friendship. Hence, greed is one of the principal transgressive elements condemned in the saga. In this narrative, a cursed treasure attracts the character´s greed and motivates them to transgress other fundamental norms. This doom also sets an ominous fate that casts doubt on the freedom an individual might have in a conditioned world. These determinants are also imposed by other external forces that are compared to destiny. Thus, we will demonstrate that honor and the obligations imposed within the kinship structure are represented with the same inexorability as destiny and the same destructiveness as greed. Excessive honor and greed have the capacity to drag individuals into a fateful future that will engulf both the complicit and the innocent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, interest in greed among empirical business scholars has emerged. It starts with the trailblazing attempt to analyze greed by Wang and Murnighan (2011), followed by the development of the Dispositional Greed Scale by Seuntjens et. al. (2015a, 2015b), which serves as a basis for the research done by Zhu et. al. (2019) and Bao et. al. (2020). However, since Seuntjens' work, the overwhelming focus has been on greed as a disposition to "always want more and never being satisfied with what one currently has" (Seuntjens et. al., 2015b). Independently, Cheung (2019) proposed a more sophisticated philosophical analysis of greed, which argues that there are three dimensions of greed and its dimension of unfairness has largely been neglected. This article reports on our investigation of that neglected dimension of greed. Our cross-cultural study (n=395) shows that when the rating of greediness was not very high, the perception of greed went hand in hand with the perception of unfairness, such that there was a positive linear association between the two. The demographics of the participants suggests that the sample is diverse enough to make a broad generalization. The result of this study confirms the conception of greed in Cheung (2019), which claims that the perception of unfairness, i.e., (2) above, is a significant component of perceived greed. Cheung's account of greed can also explain the data when the rating of greediness is very high, but logically there could be other explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greedy individuals often exhibit more impulsive decision-making and short-sighted behaviors. It has been assumed that altered reward circuitry and prospection network is associated with greed personality trait (GPT). In this study, we first explored the morphological characteristics (i.e., gray matter volume; GMV) of GPT combined with univariate and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) approaches. Second, we adopted a revised version of inter-temporal choice task and independently manipulated the amount and delay time of future rewards. Using brain-imaging design, reward- and prospection-related brain activations were assessed and their associations with GPT were further examined. The MVPA results showed that GPT was associated with the GMVs in the right lateral frontal pole cortex, left ventromedial prefrontal cortex, right lateral occipital cortex, and right occipital pole. Additionally, we observed that the amount-relevant brain activations (responding to reward circuitry) in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex were negatively associated with individual's variability in GPT scores, whereas the delay time-relevant brain activations (responding to prospection network system) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, and anterior cingulate cortex were positively associated with individual's variability in GPT scores. These findings not only provide novel insights into the neuroanatomical substrates underlying the human dispositional greed, but also suggest the critical roles of reward and prospection processing on the greed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore the metaphors of genocide and how they are communicated in the discourses of imperial desire, in the book, King Leopold's Ghost: A story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (hereafter KLG). This book focuses on the colonial activities of King Leopold of Belgium in Congo, once named Zaire, and now the Democratic Republic of Congo. This geographical space was once descried by Joseph Conrad as the Heart of Darkness (1906). The ambiguity of the metaphor of Africa in general and Congo in particular as a heart of darkness manifests its meanings as narratives of: (1) contestation over knowledge of and about Congo/Africa; (2) desire to control African material wealth and its consequences, and; (3) African abjectivity and resistance to imperial desire. These narratives undergird the grand narrative represented in the archetypal images of genocide which ultimately the book is about. This article argues that the historical rendition of King Leopold's Ghost is one of the new initiatives to rethink the stereotypical images of Congo/Africa in the European imagination. The destruction of this romantic tropes of Africans as noble savages who desire white-authored civilization is upended and depicted as the ultimate historical alibi for the continued exploitation of Congo/Africa in the postcolonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigeria with its neighboring countries has endured a decade (2009–19) of insurgent attacks from Boko Haram, an Islamic fundamentalist group, that have led to the death of over 30,000 people, displacement of over three million people, and the destruction of properties. Boko Haram has remained active and dangerous, despite the relatively successful counterterrorism and counter insurgency efforts by the Nigerian military, the regional counterterrorism force, and assistance from the international community. Several publications on Boko Haram have shed light on its different aspects and manifestations, but questions remain. This article attempts to answer two inadequately answered questions: first, is Boko Haram a local or global terrorist organization? Second, is Boko Haram driven by ideology, grievance, or greed? The article seeks to connect the dots and tie the loose ends by assessing the group's motivations, threats, activities, and responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a proliferation of studies of the micro-level dynamics of protests and petitions against land takings in China, we know very little about how meso-level factors, such as the local economy, influence petitions to Beijing and provincial governments. Drawing upon the economic approach to civil war, this article examines the roles played by grievances and greed in determining the scale of mobilization at the county level in Zhejiang province. Through archival evidence and interviews in Ningbo and Lishui, as well as an original dataset of petitions, this article suggests that both grievances and greed influence petitioning. Mobilization is especially high in Ningbo, where valuable real estate markets have prompted landless farmers to compete with local governments over control of the rents from land. The article proposes the concept of resource value activation as a cognitive mechanism that has contributed to this process of mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Metafísica y Persona. Revista Sobre Filosofía, Conocimiento y Vida is the property of Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Do men and women perceive corruption differently? While evidence suggest that there is a strong link between gender and corruption, and that gender differences can at least partly be derived from men and women having different attitudes towards corruption, most studies to date focus on gender differences in perceptions of the scale or severity of the corruption in general, rather than its different forms. However, we argue that factors such as role socialization, social status and life experiences may make men and women perceive different kinds of corruption. Drawing on the distinction between 'need' and 'greed' corruption, we suggest that women are more likely than men to perceive that corruption is driven by need rather than greed. In particular, women may be more likely to be exposed to need corruption because of their greater care taking responsibilities both in the professional and private sphere, and, much in line with marginalization theory, have easier access to forms of corruption that are less dependent upon embeddedness in collusive networks. Using unique survey data, we show that women and men indeed differ in their perceptions of need vs. greed, and that women perceive more need corruption, while men perceive more greed corruption. This suggests that perceptions of different forms of corruption are indeed gendered and we discuss the implication of this for anti-corruption policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Do people become greedier when interacting with others they perceive to be greedy? It has been speculated that greed contagion exits and may have influenced the 2008 financial collapse. We examined this possibility in four experimental studies using a common pool resource dilemma. Specifically, whether participants' second‐round (R2) withdrawal from the common pool was influenced (a) by their assessment of how greedy their opponents' first‐round (R1) withdrawal was, (b) by R1 opponents' reputation for being greedy, (c) by observing past behavior of others in unrelated interactions, and (d) when R1 opponents directly confronted them with an assessment of their own greediness of their R1 withdrawal. In addition, Study 2 examined R2 interactions involving new opponents. Taken together, results suggest that there is contagion of greed. However, the connection appears to be driven by participants adjusting to their opponent's actual behavior, not by their evaluation of the greediness of such behavior. It seems that perceptions of greed do not mediate future behavior and, thus, are not necessarily contagious, but norms of selfish behavior are. In this sense, greed perceptions appear to by epiphenomenal in that they are an incidental by‐product of the behavioral interaction. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the moral status of wealth creation, particularly within its theological and religious contexts, across Reformed confessions from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These confessional standards are a key source for the moral teaching of Reformed churches, and their treatments of the eighth commandment demonstrate a relatively nuanced and sophisticated view of wealth. Rather than simply denouncing wealth itself as intrinsically evil, these confessional standards, from a variety of national and ecclesial contexts, both on the European continent and Britain, provide a basis for viewing wealth creation as a moral good, even while warning against excess, temptation, and vices such as avarice and envy. This survey of the treatments of wealth from a diverse set of Reformed confessional standards provides a foundation for understanding a critical element in the formation of Reformed, and more broadly Protestant, economic ethics in the early-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australian mining towns like Moranbah, relationships between labour, capital and the state have long been defined by struggles over housing amidst cascading cycles of boom and bust linking global commodity markets to local real estate. Most recently, the emergence of 'fly-in-fly-out' labour arrangements, partially in response to rampant real estate speculation, have challenged mine workers' rights to housing and community. Focusing on the schadenfreude that accompanied the public vilification of one failed, small-time real estate speculator as a case study who is contrasted with the figure of the Cashed-up-Bogan, this article shows how accusations of greed are mobilized to political effect. While greed's tendency to emerge discursively as an accusation might make it seem like an attractive critical discourse, its putative connections to embodiment and the visceral give it an individualizing tendency that allows it to be wielded more easily against persons than institutions, undermining broader structural critiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eastern part of Jordan's capital, Amman, where women maintained friendships through the exchange of help and support, accusations of maslaha (opportunism) had the potential to undermine relationships. Those accusations generated ugly feelings characterized by a confusion between the things wrong with oneself that make one vulnerable to the problem of maslaha and the things wrong with Jordanian society that make maslaha so widespread. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in one East Amman neighbourhood, Tal al-Zahra, between 2011 and 2015, this article explores the ways that encounters with maslaha felt ugly, the way these ugly feelings generated critiques of contemporary Jordanian morals, and the role of these feelings in generating ethical reflection by prompting women to see themselves as separate from, and critical of, the societies in which they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greed is one of the most common features of human nature, and it has recently attracted increasing research interest. The aims of this paper are to provide one of the first empirical investigations of the effects of greed on job performance and to explore the mediating role of the need for social status and perceived distributive justice. Using a working sample (N = 315) from China, the current study found that greed promoted both task and contextual performance through the intermediary effect of the need for social status. At the same time, greed inhibited both types of performance through perceived distributive justice. These results confirmed our hypothesis that greed is a double-edged sword with opposite effects on one's performance. The findings suggest that organizations should both address greedy employees' social status concerns and ensure that they are treated fairly so that organizations can fully utilize the talents of greedy people and channel their energy in a beneficial direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Greed is often seen as immoral. Although the assumption that greed elicits unethical behavior is widespread, there is surprisingly little empirical research testing this relationship. We present a series of three studies investigating the association between greed and unethical behavior, using different methodologies and samples from the USA, The Netherlands, and Belgium. Study 1 (3 samples, total N = 3413) reveals that more greedy individuals find a variety of transgressions more acceptable and justifiable as well as indicate that they have more often engaged in a variety of transgressions compared to less greedy individuals. Study 2 (N = 172) replicated these findings in an incentivized behavioral laboratory study where participants decided to accept a bribe or not. Greedy people were more likely to take a bribe and also preferred higher bribes. Study 3 (N = 302) examined a potential process relating greed to unethical behavior. Greedy people were more likely to transgress because they found the positive outcomes associated with the transgression more desirable, and therefore displayed lower self-control. Implications for general theories of greed and morality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis in 2008 and 2009 has sparked considerable interest among researchers in individual differences in greed. Recently, five scales have been independently developed to assess the construct of trait greed. Definitions of greed underlying these scales have a lot in common, but also deviate regarding some important aspects. In the current study, we investigated the convergent validity of these scales. We found that, despite the conceptual differences, these scales converged on a common latent factor. Moreover, evidence regarding reliability, construct- and criterion-related validity support the notion that the five scales are largely similar and, in general, well suited to assess the targeted construct. We discuss how the conceptual differences between the definitions might reveal insights into the nature of the construct of greed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary life history theory offers a unifying theoretical framework, emphasizing that human behaviors have been selected because they are adaptive responses to environmental challenges. There is little extant empirical research on the evolutionary origin of greed. The purpose of this study, which was based on the evolutionary life history approach, was to examine the relationships between childhood environmental unpredictability, attachment, and greed. A sample of 364 university students completed measures of greed, attachment, and childhood environment. Structural equation modeling revealed that, as predicted, childhood environmental unpredictability was positively associated with greed. Furthermore, attachment was confirmed as a mediator of the association between childhood environmental unpredictability and greed. These results define the evolutionary origin of greed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main causes of the economic crisis is the "greed" manifested at the different levels of society. From a moral point of view, in all religions of the world greed is repulsive and evil. In this paper, we'll look at how the degree of greed displayed by bank directors and the unscrupulous tactics significantly contributed to the collapse of the financial system and we will focus on the consequences of repealing the Glass Steagall Act. Though, over time, both philosophers, scientists, politicians, church have tried, through their works, to influence human behavior in order to be more selfless, these actions are not enough. It requires government intervention, through strict regulations applied to institutions and individuals that lead to extreme greed and affect the population through their actions. We have to launch a strident call for a new kind of humanism to confront a world seemingly out of control! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greed is a variable which might explain and predict a range of real-life criteria. Although often consulted as explanation in the public media, related scientific research has only recently begun. We approached greed from a personality psychology perspective regarding its nomological net and the prediction of theoretically related criteria. We found that a wide array of indicators, including behavior in economic games and risk games, as well as self-reported money investment and aimed at income, can be meaningfully predicted by dispositional greed, over and above the Big Five. Additionally, we found that dispositional greed is substantially related to psychopathy. According to our results, dispositional greed is an important variable which might explain unique variance with regard to theoretically related behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, pride and greed were hailed for their capacity to tame man's unruly passions and induce cooperation. Both narratives concur in the work of Mandeville. How, and to what extent, does the Mandevillean alliance of pride and greed account for social cooperation? Seeking to gratify his pride in a socially acceptable manner by accumulating wealth, man unintentionally creates the conditions that promote cooperation. Nevertheless, society remains the scene of conflicting forces. Social cooperation is unstable in being sought for reasons of gain in the zero-sum struggle for distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the critique of greed in America, with special reference to how that critique of greed varies with economic conditions. American history is characterized by an alternation between celebrations of acquistion and calls for asceticism. This dialectical process illustrates a fundamental cultural contradiction of American capitalism, first discussed by Daniel Bell. The analysis focuses on the disourse of greed during the Great Recession of 2008, and suggests that cultural criticisms of greed have powerful, but limited, political effectiveness. As economic crises continue and people come to blame polticians who fail to resolve them, rather than the 'greedy' who are purported to cause them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]