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The development of two-dimensional (2D) materials for biomedical applications has accelerated exponentially. Contrary to their bulk counterparts, the exceptional properties of 2D materials make them highly prospective for contrast agents for bioimage, drug, and heat delivery in biomedical treatment. Nevertheless, empty space in the integration and utilisation of 2D materials in living biological systems, potential toxicity, as well as required complicated synthesis and high-cost production limit the real application of 2D materials in those advance medical treatments. On the other hand, green technology appears to be one of strategy to shed a light on the blurred employment of 2D in medical applications, thus, with the increasing reports of green technology that promote advanced technologies, here, we compile, summarise, and synthesise information on the biomedical technology of 2D materials through green technology point of view. Beginning with a fundamental understanding, of crystal structures, the working mechanism, and novel properties, this article examines the recent development of 2D materials. As well as 2D materials made from natural and biogenic resources, a recent development in green-related synthesis was also discussed. The biotechnology and biomedical-related application constraints are also discussed. The challenges, solutions, and prospects of the so-called green 2D materials are outlined. SYNOPSIS. The so-called green 2D materials could be used in biomedical applications more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique properties of MXenes have been deemed to be of significant interest in various emerging applications. However, MXenes provide a major drawback involving environmentally harmful and toxic substances for its general fabrication in large-scale production and employing a high-temperature solid-state reaction followed by selective etching. Meanwhile, how MXenes are synthesized is essential in directing their end uses. Therefore, making strategic approaches to synthesize greener, safer, more sustainable, and more environmentally friendly MXenes is imperative to commercialize at a competitive price. With increasing reports of green synthesis that promote advanced technologies and non-toxic agents, it is critical to compile, summarize, and synthesize the latest development of the green-related technology of MXenes. We review the recent progress of greener, safer, and more sustainable MXene synthesis with a focus on the fundamental synthetic process, the mechanism, and the general advantages, and the emphasis on the MXene properties inherited from such green synthesis techniques. The emerging use of the so-called green MXenes in energy conversion and storage, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications is presented. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects of greener MXene synthesis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly CZTS solar cells having moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) could be easily modified into wearable devices through green synthesis. [Display omitted] Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is considered a solar cell material alternative to CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS); they have almost the same performance; except for power conversion efficiency (PCE). CZTS is stable beyond organic solar cells. Considering it's low-cost and eco-friendly, CZTS has become one of the best candidates to replace Si-, GaAs- and Cd-based solar cells in the marketplace. By using an appropriate fabrication strategy, CZTS solar cells could be transformed into wearable devices. Thus, a comprehensive study on how to boost the CZTS solar cell's performance is very crucial to increase their value. In this review, we compile information and strategy to increase the PCE of the CZTS solar cell and how to transform it into wearable devices. It starts from the explanation of CZTS's structure and properties up to their development in the next-generation of solar cell devices. A proper choice of eco-friendly complement layer in CZTS solar cells is presented. The recent fabrication together with the green synthesis approach is also explained. We also propose a plausible strategy for the commercialization and waste management of CZTS solar cells. We believe that the present article paves the way for increasing the realization of CZTS solar cells in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]