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Aquaculture plays a vital role in meeting global food demand, and shrimp farming is a major contributor to this industry. Despite the immense economic importance of farmed shrimp, disease outbreaks continue to pose a significant challenge. This was attributed to fluctuations in various biotic and abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity, nutrition absorption, and water quality, which favor the abundance of invaders or opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the alterations in the gut microbiota, particularly decreased levels of commensals and increased prevalence of pathogens were reported during disease outbreaks. Shrimp physiology and immune function are intimately intertwined with the gut microbiome, leading to a dynamic interplay where the host shapes the microbial community through selection, while the microbes in turn influence the host's metabolism and immune responses. Although various literatures report the change in gut microbial diversity and the immune responses generated by the host against various pathogens, a crucial knowledge gap exists regarding the intricate communication between these two systems. This review bridges this gap by deciphering the intricate interplay between host immunity and gut microbes, elucidating on the mechanisms underlying successful shrimp disease establishment. Thus, this review could offer possibilities for generating ideas to carry out effective aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is inherently linked to several metabolic diseases and high mortality. The kidney is more susceptible to environmental pollutants compared to other organs as it is involved in concentrating and filtering most of these toxins. Few epidemiological studies revealed the intrinsic relationship between exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and CKD development. Though EDCs have the potential to cause severe pathologies, the specific molecular mechanisms by which they accelerate the progression of CKD remain elusive. In particular, our understanding of how pollutants affect the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) through the gut-kidney axis is currently limited. EDCs modulate the composition and function of the gut microbial community and favor the colonization of harmful gut pathogens. This alteration leads to an overproduction of uremic toxin and membrane vesicles. These vesicles carry several inflammatory molecules that exacerbate inflammation and renal tissue damage and aggravate the progression of CKD. Several experimental studies have revealed potential pathways by which uremic toxin further aggravates CKD. These include the induction of membrane vesicle production in host cells, which can trigger inflammatory pathways and insulin resistance. Reciprocally, CKD can also modulate gut bacterial composition that might further aggravate CKD condition. Thus, EDCs pose a significant threat to kidney health and the global CKD burden. Understanding this complicated issue necessitates multidisciplinary initiatives such as strict environmental controls, public awareness, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting EDCs. [Display omitted] • Kidney is more susceptible to pollutants compared to other organs. • Until now, few epidemiological studies established connection between EDCs and CKD. • EDCs mediate gut dysbiosis, and increase uremic toxins and membrane vesicles level. • Gut microbes-derived vesicles trigger inflammatory pathways and diabetes. • Uremic toxins mediate CKD by inducing vesicle formation in host cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of the gut microbiota substantially influences the health of the host, including shrimps. White faeces syndrome (WFS) is a multifactorial shrimp disease that can cause severe financial losses in Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture industry. WFS in shrimps is caused not only by the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection but also by gut microbial dysbiosis, specifically the Vibrio species. The objectives of this study are to explore the gut microbiota composition in L. vannamei shrimps and to gain insights into the genetic factors associated with the development of WFS. For this, PacBio Sequel II platform was utilized to obtain full-length sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V1-V9). Significant variations in the intestinal bacterial abundance were observed between healthy and WFS-affected shrimps. At the genus level, Candidatus Bacilloplasma, Photobacterium, Pirellula, Rhodobacter and Lactococcus are abundantly present in the healthy shrimps, whereas, Cyanobium PCC-6307, Staphylococcus , and Vibrio are overrepresented in WFS shrimp. V. parahaemolyticus was identified as the predominant species in WFS samples. Function prediction analysis revealed that shrimp samples affected by WFS exhibited decreased lipid metabolism pathways, while showing elevated nucleotide metabolism and glycan biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, exosome and bacterial toxin pathways are more commonly found in diseased samples than in healthy ones, suggesting the potential involvement of unfavourable gut flora colonization. Our study provides clear understanding of the gut microbial community, specifically at the species level, distinguishing between WFS and healthy shrimps. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of Vibrio in the development of WFS and underscores the significance of analysing the core genes related to pathogens in studying the etiology of the disease. • Long-read sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA gene (V1-V9) reveals pathobiome of WFS. • Vibrio was found to be the major risk factor of WFS. • WFS demonstrated increased nucleotide metabolism, exosome and glycan pathways. • Elevated exosome pathways in WFS are associated with the predominance of Vibrio sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing is a complex process that is associated with changes in the composition and functions of gut microbiota. Reduction of gut commensals is the hallmarks of ageing, which favours the expansion of pathogens even in healthy centenarians. Interestingly, gut Enterobacteriaceae have been found to be increased with age and also consistently observed in the patients with metabolic diseases. Thus, they are associated with all-cause mortality, regardless of genetic origin, lifestyle, and fatality rate. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae are also implicated in accelerating the ageing process through telomere attrition, cellular senescence, inflammasome activation and impairing the functions of mitochondria. However, acceleration of ageing is likely to be determined by intrinsic interactions between Enterobacteriaceae and other associated gut bacteria. Several studies suggested that Enterobacteriaceae possess genes for the synthesis of uraemic toxins. In addition to intestine, Enterobacteriaceae and their toxic metabolites have also been found in other organs, such as adipose tissue and liver and that are implicated in multiorgan dysfunction and age-related diseases. Therefore, targeting Enterobacteriaceae is a nuance approach for reducing inflammaging and enhancing the longevity of older people. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge of Enterobacteriaceae-mediated acceleration of ageing process. • Reduction of resident gut microbiota is one of the hallmarks of ageing. • Gut Enterobacteriaceae is increased with age regardless of genetic origin, lifestyle. • Enterobacteriaceae harbour uraemic toxins encoding enzymes. • Enterobacteriaceae accelerate the ageing by disturbing several cellular pathways • Gut Enterobacteriaceae can be targeted to control ageing and ageing-related diseases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]