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The recent global pandemic impacted stock markets worldwide, including developed and emerging markets. This paper investigates changes in volatility from a sample of daily returns ofFTSE100, DAX and CAC for the UK, Germany, and France, respectively. We test the fitness of GARCH (1, 1) to model the volatility, measure the interrelationship between selected samples, and abstract the changes in volatility before and during the pandemic period. Used and analysed daily closing returns from 2000-01-01 to 2022-31-01 with Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH 1, 1) and Value-at-Risk (VaR) with Normal and Mills approach. Data has been divided into three phasesbefore, during, and after the Covid 19 pandemic. The finding confirms persistent volatility for selected samples, the strong interrelationship among the German stock market and UK stock market than in France and German markets, dynamic changes in volatility patterns before, during and after the pandemic. The study results confirm the increase in normal volatility patterns after the pandemic. Further, finding exhibits the dynamics of volatility and response during the different four-phases, changing the degree of risk and prospective returns.

India is the major producer of Areca nut in the world. Volatile demand and price are the major challenges for the Areca nut growers in India. The use of time series models to manage the price risk has become the interest of academicians today. This paper deals with developing an appropriate model to predict the prices of a new variety of Areca nut in Karnataka using monthly price data for the period January 2009 to December 2018. Box Jenkins ARIMA methodology is used to develop the model. Along with ARIMA estimates, log-likelihood, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criterion statistics are also estimated to decide on the appropriate model. ACF and PACF correlograms for residuals of ARIMA are used to do the diagnostic check of the selected ARIMA model. Appropriate model to forecast the new variety Areca nut price is ARIMA (3, 1, 3)

The purpose of this study is to test whether the Indian pharmaceutical companies support efficient market hypotheses (EMH) and examine the efficiency of the Indian stock market in three forms, i.e., the weak, the semi-strong, and the strong form of market efficiency. For testing the weak form of efficiency, researchers collected stock price data of 10 listed pharmaceutical companies for the past six years, from 2012 to 2017 from the NSE website, and conducted a run test. To test the efficiency of semi-strong form, researchers collected data on the announcement of events like buyback, stock split, rights issue, dividend, bonus issue. They conducted an event study on the data. For testing the strong form of efficiency, researchers collected data consisting of NAV of some mutual funds (pharmaceutical funds) and the returns of a benchmarking index to compare. The study concludes that the pharmaceutical companies and Indian stock market is efficient in the weak form of EMH and not efficient in the semi-strong and strong form of EMH. Keywords: Stock market efficiency, Buyback, Stock split, Rights issue, Dividend announcement, Bonus, Mutual funds, Benchmarking index. JEL Classifications: G13, G14, G 15, G18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9764

The purpose of this study is to test whether the Indian pharmaceutical companies support efficient market hypotheses (EMH) and examine the efficiency of the Indian stock market in three forms, i.e., the weak, the semi-strong, and the strong form of market efficiency. For testing the weak form of efficiency, researchers collected stock price data of 10 listed pharmaceutical companies for the past six years, from 2012 to 2017 from the NSE website, and conducted a run test. To test the efficiency of semi-strong form, researchers collected data on the announcement of events like buyback, stock split, rights issue, dividend, bonus issue. They conducted an event study on the data. For testing the strong form of efficiency, researchers collected data consisting of NAV of some mutual funds (pharmaceutical funds) and the returns of a benchmarking index to compare. The study concludes that the pharmaceutical companies and Indian stock market is efficient in the weak form of EMH and not efficient in the semi-strong and strong form of EMH. Keywords: Stock market efficiency, Buyback, Stock split, Rights issue, Dividend announcement, Bonus, Mutual funds, Benchmarking index. JEL Classifications: G13, G14, G 15, G18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9764

The purpose of this study is to test whether the Indian pharmaceutical companies support efficient market hypotheses (EMH) and examine the efficiency of the Indian stock market in three forms, i.e., the weak, the semi-strong, and the strong form of market efficiency. For testing the weak form of efficiency, researchers collected stock price data of 10 listed pharmaceutical companies for the past six years, from 2012 to 2017 from the NSE website, and conducted a run test. To test the efficiency of semi-strong form, researchers collected data on the announcement of events like buyback, stock split, rights issue, dividend, bonus issue. They conducted an event study on the data. For testing the strong form of efficiency, researchers collected data consisting of NAV of some mutual funds (pharmaceutical funds) and the returns of a benchmarking index to compare. The study concludes that the pharmaceutical companies and Indian stock market is efficient in the weak form of EMH and not efficient in the semi-strong and strong form of EMH. Keywords: Stock market efficiency, Buyback, Stock split, Rights issue, Dividend announcement, Bonus, Mutual funds, Benchmarking index. JEL Classifications: G13, G14, G 15, G18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9764

Banking sector plays a leading role in financing a country’s economic activities. Its performance is crucial in determining a country’s economic growth. This paper examines the performance of commercial retail banks (conventional and Islamic) in Bahrain and financial ratios were used for the period 2001-2015 on parameters such as profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, capital adequacy and leverage. The empirical results revealed that conventional retail banks, except for Bahrain Development Bank, have consistent performance in ROA and ROE while among the Islamic retail banks, the performance of Kuwait Finance House is satisfactory in terms of profitability. The data also shows that all banks have satisfactory risk assets ratio. The commercial banks’ profitability and capital adequacy as well as their profitability and efficiency are statistically correlated. There is a significant difference in the capital adequacy but no significant difference in profitability and liquidity was found among the listed commercial retail banks.

In financial literature we find numerous studies examining the presence of diverse types of calendar anomalies in different stock exchanges of the world. The current paper aims to investigate the month of the year effect in randomly selected ten companies from banking sector and service sector traded on the Bahrain Bourse for a period of five years commencing from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. The empirical research was conducted using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test. The findings of the study revealed that none of the companies selected for the study exhibited significant monthly returns for the study period except Bahrain Maritime & Mercantile International (BMMI). The paper suggests that the absence of said calendar anomaly may be due to thin trading practiced in the Bahrain Stock Exchange.

Banking sector plays a leading role in financing a country's economic activities. Its performance is crucial in determining a country's economic growth. This paper examines the performance of commercial retail banks (conventional and Islamic) in Bahrain and financial ratios were used for the period 2001-2015 on parameters such as profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, capital adequacy and leverage. The empirical results revealed that conventional retail banks, except for Bahrain Development Bank, have consistent performance in ROA and ROE while among the Islamic retail banks, the performance of Kuwait Finance House is satisfactory in terms of profitability. The data also shows that all banks have satisfactory risk assets ratio. The commercial banks' profitability and capital adequacy as well as their profitability and efficiency are statistically correlated. There is a significant difference in the capital adequacy but no significant difference in profitability and liquidity was found among the listed commercial retail banks. Keywords: Performance Analysis, Conventional Banks, Islamic Banks JEL Classifications: G20, G21

Banking sector plays a leading role in financing a country's economic activities. Its performance is crucial in determining a country's economic growth. This paper examines the performance of commercial retail banks (conventional and Islamic) in Bahrain and financial ratios were used for the period 2001-2015 on parameters such as profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, capital adequacy and leverage. The empirical results revealed that conventional retail banks, except for Bahrain Development Bank, have consistent performance in ROA and ROE while among the Islamic retail banks, the performance of Kuwait Finance House is satisfactory in terms of profitability. The data also shows that all banks have satisfactory risk assets ratio. The commercial banks' profitability and capital adequacy as well as their profitability and efficiency are statistically correlated. There is a significant difference in the capital adequacy but no significant difference in profitability and liquidity was found among the listed commercial retail banks. Keywords: Performance Analysis, Conventional Banks, Islamic Banks JEL Classifications: G20, G21

Banking sector plays a leading role in financing a country's economic activities. Its performance is crucial in determining a country's economic growth. This paper examines the performance of commercial retail banks (conventional and Islamic) in Bahrain and financial ratios were used for the period 2001-2015 on parameters such as profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, capital adequacy and leverage. The empirical results revealed that conventional retail banks, except for Bahrain Development Bank, have consistent performance in ROA and ROE while among the Islamic retail banks, the performance of Kuwait Finance House is satisfactory in terms of profitability. The data also shows that all banks have satisfactory risk assets ratio. The commercial banks' profitability and capital adequacy as well as their profitability and efficiency are statistically correlated. There is a significant difference in the capital adequacy but no significant difference in profitability and liquidity was found among the listed commercial retail banks. Keywords: Performance Analysis, Conventional Banks, Islamic Banks JEL Classifications: G20, G21

In financial literature we find numerous studies examining the presence of diverse types of calendar anomalies in different stock exchanges of the world. The current paper aims to investigate the month of the year effect in randomly selected ten companies from banking sector and service sector traded on the Bahrain Bourse for a period of five years commencing from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. The empirical research was conducted using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test. The findings of the study revealed that none of the companies selected for the study exhibited significant monthly returns for the study period except Bahrain Maritime & Mercantile International (BMMI). The paper suggests that the absence of said calendar anomaly may be due to thin trading practiced in the Bahrain Stock Exchange. Keywords: Calendar Anomalies, Month of the Year Effect, Bahrain Stock Exchange, Descriptive Statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Thin Trading. JEL Classifications: G10, G14, G15

In financial literature we find numerous studies examining the presence of diverse types of calendar anomalies in different stock exchanges of the world. The current paper aims to investigate the month of the year effect in randomly selected ten companies from banking sector and service sector traded on the Bahrain Bourse for a period of five years commencing from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. The empirical research was conducted using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test. The findings of the study revealed that none of the companies selected for the study exhibited significant monthly returns for the study period except Bahrain Maritime & Mercantile International (BMMI). The paper suggests that the absence of said calendar anomaly may be due to thin trading practiced in the Bahrain Stock Exchange. Keywords: Calendar Anomalies, Month of the Year Effect, Bahrain Stock Exchange, Descriptive Statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Thin Trading. JEL Classifications: G10, G14, G15

In financial literature we find numerous studies examining the presence of diverse types of calendar anomalies in different stock exchanges of the world. The current paper aims to investigate the month of the year effect in randomly selected ten companies from banking sector and service sector traded on the Bahrain Bourse for a period of five years commencing from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. The empirical research was conducted using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test. The findings of the study revealed that none of the companies selected for the study exhibited significant monthly returns for the study period except Bahrain Maritime & Mercantile International (BMMI). The paper suggests that the absence of said calendar anomaly may be due to thin trading practiced in the Bahrain Stock Exchange. Keywords: Calendar Anomalies, Month of the Year Effect, Bahrain Stock Exchange, Descriptive Statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Thin Trading. JEL Classifications: G10, G14, G15